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Papers by afrizal itam

Brine shrimp lethality assay is a method for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity of drug or dr... more Brine shrimp lethality assay is a method for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity of drug or drug substances. In this study, brine shrimp lethality assay have been done to various Strobilanthes crispus and Sonchus arvensis leaves extracts. Brine shrimp lethality activities (LC 50) of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of S. crispus were 302.36; 240.96; 25.87 and 402.17 mg/L, respectively, while LC 50 of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of S. arvensis were 413.04; 2,517.68; 403.65 and 125035 mg/L, respectively. These results showed that the highest brine shrimp lethality activity was methanol extract either S. crispus or S. arvensis. Furthermore, methanol extract is fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and then these fractions have been done brine shrimp lethality assay. The results were LC 50 of hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of S. crispus methanol extract were 127.06; 245.47 and 411.15 mg/L, respectively, while LC ...

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2019

Pometia pinnata belonging to the Sapindaceae family has been traditionally used as the therapeuti... more Pometia pinnata belonging to the Sapindaceae family has been traditionally used as the therapeutic agent for burns and wounds in Indonesia. Based on the result of the experiment conducted, the ethyl acetate fraction of P. pinnata leaves showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. After two flavonol rhamnoside compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of P. pinnata leaves methanol extract using chromatography method, their structures were identified as kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (1) and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (2). The ultra-performance liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-TOFMS) chromatogram showed compounds 1 and 2 were the major compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction. In this study, the structure-activity relationship among the kaempferol, quercetin, and their derivatives bearing sugar moiety were also evaluated. Among tested eight compounds, kaempferol 7 (percent inhibition = 80.10% ± 0.8) and quercetin 8 (percent inhibition = 82.93% ± 0.4) had stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of other derivatives. Among kaempferol derivatives bearing sugar moiety, compound 1 showed the strongest activity. Moreover, compound 2 showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among quercetin derivatives. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the hydroxyl group at C-3 position is very important for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of flavonol compounds.

Chemical Science International Journal

The aim of this study is to isolate phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of the lea... more The aim of this study is to isolate phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of V. pinnata Linn, which have antioxidant properties, guided by a TLC-Bioautography (Thin-layer chromatography) with a reagent of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The TLC-antioxidant bioautography technique has several advantages. It does not require a long time in testing, the sample used is small, and it can potentially obtain promising antioxidant-positive compounds.The isolation process led to obtaining two phenolic compounds. The UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR spectrum analysis showed that the compounds were (1) p-hydroxybenzoate and (2) luteolin. Further antioxidant evaluation by DPPH assay showed a potential radical scavenging DPPH of luteolin (2) with an IC50 of 1.56±0.18 µg/mL.

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is a folk medicine to treat several diseases. S. ferruginea is ... more Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is a folk medicine to treat several diseases. S. ferruginea is the mistletoe that lives by deriving nutrients from the host. Hence, the host has a significant effect on the biological activities and bioactive components of S. ferruginea. In this study, the leaves of S. ferruginea were macerated by methanol solvent to extract the chemical components and fractionated by hexane and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively, to separate organic compounds. The biological activity of crude extracts as the antioxidant was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The result showed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction with the IC50 of 10.88 ± 0.39 µg/mL. Furthermore, the trituration method used several solvents to isolate secondary metabolites from the initial crude methanol extract. This purification process produced a flavonoid compound of quercitrin. The antioxidant activity of quercitrin was als...

Biomedical Chromatography, 2009

Daptomycin (DPT) is a lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity in vitro against G... more Daptomycin (DPT) is a lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, which has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its unique mechanism of action and due to the immediate need for new antibiotics in the era of multidrug resistance. In order to assess its pharmacokinetics in rabbits a new analytical method has been developed and validated using ultra performance liquid chromatography in conjugation with ultraviolet detection for the quantitation of the antibiotic in rabbit plasma, using the internal standard methodology. The separation was achieved employing a C(18) column with gradient elution using 0.1% aq. trifluoroacetic acid and methanol. The total analysis time was 2.5 min. The sample pretreatment employed protein precipitation with acetonitrile-methanol mixture and centrifugation. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, short-term and freeze-thaw stability and was applied to the quantification of DPT in plasma samples obtained from rabbits treated with 25 mg kg(-1) DPT.

Sonchus arvensis adalah salah satu tumbuhan yang telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional seperti... more Sonchus arvensis adalah salah satu tumbuhan yang telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional seperti sebagai zat diuretik, litotriptik, antiurolithiasis, menghilangkan panas dan racun, serta juga mempunyai aktifitas sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian uji kestabilan dari ekstrak tumbuhan ini dilakukan berdasarkan metode International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH, (2003) dengan masa penyimpanan selama 6 bulan pada suhu kamar (25  2 0 C). Setiap bulan ekstrak dianalisis dengan kromatografi lapisan tipis kinerja tinggi (HPTLC) dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (HPLC). Sebagai senyawa penanda digunakan lupeol. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tidak stabil selama penyimpanan pada suhu kamar tersebut. Namun demikian lupeol dalam ekstrak masih cukup stabil sampai penyimpanan 3 bulan, yaitu hanya terdegradasi 2,92%. Setelah 6 bulan penyimpanan lupeol yang terkandung dalam ekstrak terdegradasi 25,16 %.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2010

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities and cytotoxic properties of... more The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities and cytotoxic properties of the various extracts of Syzygium malaccense leaves and its correlation with total phenolic content. To determine the antioxidant properties 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide methods have been used while to determine cytotoxic properties brine shrimp lethality test method has been used. Furthermore, to determine total phenolic content the Folin-Ciocalteu method has been carried out. The results showed that all extracts have antioxidant activity both against DPPH and hydrogen peroxide. IC50 hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts against DPPH were 181.26; 34.35; 36.87 mg/mL respectively and against hydrogen peroxide were 18.24; 12.03; and 13.04mg/mL, respectively. All extracts have also cytotoxicity properties on brine shrimp A. Salina where LC50 of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 204.69, 70.03 and 329.76μg/mL, respectively. Total phenolic con...

Brine shrimp lethality assay is a method for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity of drug or dr... more Brine shrimp lethality assay is a method for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity of drug or drug substances. In this study, brine shrimp lethality assay have been done to various Strobilanthes crispus and Sonchus arvensis leaves extracts. Brine shrimp lethality activities (LC 50) of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of S. crispus were 302.36; 240.96; 25.87 and 402.17 mg/L, respectively, while LC 50 of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of S. arvensis were 413.04; 2,517.68; 403.65 and 125035 mg/L, respectively. These results showed that the highest brine shrimp lethality activity was methanol extract either S. crispus or S. arvensis. Furthermore, methanol extract is fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and then these fractions have been done brine shrimp lethality assay. The results were LC 50 of hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of S. crispus methanol extract were 127.06; 245.47 and 411.15 mg/L, respectively, while LC ...

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2019

Pometia pinnata belonging to the Sapindaceae family has been traditionally used as the therapeuti... more Pometia pinnata belonging to the Sapindaceae family has been traditionally used as the therapeutic agent for burns and wounds in Indonesia. Based on the result of the experiment conducted, the ethyl acetate fraction of P. pinnata leaves showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. After two flavonol rhamnoside compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of P. pinnata leaves methanol extract using chromatography method, their structures were identified as kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (1) and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (2). The ultra-performance liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-TOFMS) chromatogram showed compounds 1 and 2 were the major compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction. In this study, the structure-activity relationship among the kaempferol, quercetin, and their derivatives bearing sugar moiety were also evaluated. Among tested eight compounds, kaempferol 7 (percent inhibition = 80.10% ± 0.8) and quercetin 8 (percent inhibition = 82.93% ± 0.4) had stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of other derivatives. Among kaempferol derivatives bearing sugar moiety, compound 1 showed the strongest activity. Moreover, compound 2 showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among quercetin derivatives. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the hydroxyl group at C-3 position is very important for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of flavonol compounds.

Chemical Science International Journal

The aim of this study is to isolate phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of the lea... more The aim of this study is to isolate phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of V. pinnata Linn, which have antioxidant properties, guided by a TLC-Bioautography (Thin-layer chromatography) with a reagent of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The TLC-antioxidant bioautography technique has several advantages. It does not require a long time in testing, the sample used is small, and it can potentially obtain promising antioxidant-positive compounds.The isolation process led to obtaining two phenolic compounds. The UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR spectrum analysis showed that the compounds were (1) p-hydroxybenzoate and (2) luteolin. Further antioxidant evaluation by DPPH assay showed a potential radical scavenging DPPH of luteolin (2) with an IC50 of 1.56±0.18 µg/mL.

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is a folk medicine to treat several diseases. S. ferruginea is ... more Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is a folk medicine to treat several diseases. S. ferruginea is the mistletoe that lives by deriving nutrients from the host. Hence, the host has a significant effect on the biological activities and bioactive components of S. ferruginea. In this study, the leaves of S. ferruginea were macerated by methanol solvent to extract the chemical components and fractionated by hexane and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively, to separate organic compounds. The biological activity of crude extracts as the antioxidant was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The result showed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction with the IC50 of 10.88 ± 0.39 µg/mL. Furthermore, the trituration method used several solvents to isolate secondary metabolites from the initial crude methanol extract. This purification process produced a flavonoid compound of quercitrin. The antioxidant activity of quercitrin was als...

Biomedical Chromatography, 2009

Daptomycin (DPT) is a lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity in vitro against G... more Daptomycin (DPT) is a lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, which has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its unique mechanism of action and due to the immediate need for new antibiotics in the era of multidrug resistance. In order to assess its pharmacokinetics in rabbits a new analytical method has been developed and validated using ultra performance liquid chromatography in conjugation with ultraviolet detection for the quantitation of the antibiotic in rabbit plasma, using the internal standard methodology. The separation was achieved employing a C(18) column with gradient elution using 0.1% aq. trifluoroacetic acid and methanol. The total analysis time was 2.5 min. The sample pretreatment employed protein precipitation with acetonitrile-methanol mixture and centrifugation. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, short-term and freeze-thaw stability and was applied to the quantification of DPT in plasma samples obtained from rabbits treated with 25 mg kg(-1) DPT.

Sonchus arvensis adalah salah satu tumbuhan yang telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional seperti... more Sonchus arvensis adalah salah satu tumbuhan yang telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional seperti sebagai zat diuretik, litotriptik, antiurolithiasis, menghilangkan panas dan racun, serta juga mempunyai aktifitas sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian uji kestabilan dari ekstrak tumbuhan ini dilakukan berdasarkan metode International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH, (2003) dengan masa penyimpanan selama 6 bulan pada suhu kamar (25  2 0 C). Setiap bulan ekstrak dianalisis dengan kromatografi lapisan tipis kinerja tinggi (HPTLC) dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (HPLC). Sebagai senyawa penanda digunakan lupeol. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tidak stabil selama penyimpanan pada suhu kamar tersebut. Namun demikian lupeol dalam ekstrak masih cukup stabil sampai penyimpanan 3 bulan, yaitu hanya terdegradasi 2,92%. Setelah 6 bulan penyimpanan lupeol yang terkandung dalam ekstrak terdegradasi 25,16 %.

International Journal of Pharmacology, 2010

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities and cytotoxic properties of... more The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities and cytotoxic properties of the various extracts of Syzygium malaccense leaves and its correlation with total phenolic content. To determine the antioxidant properties 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide methods have been used while to determine cytotoxic properties brine shrimp lethality test method has been used. Furthermore, to determine total phenolic content the Folin-Ciocalteu method has been carried out. The results showed that all extracts have antioxidant activity both against DPPH and hydrogen peroxide. IC50 hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts against DPPH were 181.26; 34.35; 36.87 mg/mL respectively and against hydrogen peroxide were 18.24; 12.03; and 13.04mg/mL, respectively. All extracts have also cytotoxicity properties on brine shrimp A. Salina where LC50 of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 204.69, 70.03 and 329.76μg/mL, respectively. Total phenolic con...