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All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark ... more All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such To my parents, Blima and Elchanan, who inspired me with their love of learning, scholarship, and teaching Contents Preface xvii Unique features of this text xviii The book's audience xix Publisher's acknowledgements xxi About the author xxii Guides for special groups of readers xxiii Guide to readers interested in ISO 9000-3 requirements xxiii Guide to readers interested in ASQ'S CSQE body of knowledge xxiv Part I Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The software quality challenge 3 1.1 The uniqueness of software quality assurance 4 1.2 The environments for which SQA methods are developed 7 Summary 11 Review questions 12 Topics for discussion 12 Chapter 2 What is software quality? 14 2.1 What is software? 15 2.2 Software errors, faults and failures 16 2.3 Classification of the causes of software errors 19 2.4 Software quality-definition 24 2.5 Software quality assurance-definition and objectives 25 2.6 Software quality assurance and software engineering 30 Summary 30 Selected bibliography 32 Review questions 32 Topics for discussion 33 Chapter 3 Software quality factors 3.1 The need for comprehensive software quality requirements 3.2 Classifications of software requirements into software quality factors 3.3 Product operation software quality factors 3.4 Product revision software quality factors 3.5 Product transition software quality factors 3.6 Alternative models of software quality factors 3.7 Who is interested in the definition of quality requirements? 3.8 Software compliance with quality factors Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 4 The components of the software quality assurance system-overview 4.1 The SQA system-an SQA architecture 4.2 Pre-project components 4.3 Software project life cycle components 4.4 Infrastructure components for error prevention and improvement 4.5 Management SQA components 4.6 SQA standards, system certification, and assessment components 4.7 Organizing for SQA-the human components 4.8 Considerations guiding construction of an organization's SQA system Part II Pre-project software quality components Chapter 5 Contract review 5.1 Introduction: the CFV Project completion celebration 5.2 The contract review process and its stages 5.3 Contract review objectives 5.4 Implementation of a contract review 5.5 Contract review subjects 5.6 Contract reviews for internal projects viii Contents Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 5A: Proposal draft reviewssubjects checklist Appendix 5B: Contract draft reviewsubjects checklist Chapter 6 Development and quality plans 6.1 Development plan and quality plan objectives 6.2 Elements of the development plan 6.3 Elements of the quality plan 6.4 Development and quality plans for small projects and for internal projects Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 6A: Software development risks and software risk management Part III SQA components in the project life cycle Chapter 7 Integrating quality activities in the project life cycle 7.1 Classic and other software development methodologies 7.2 Factors affecting intensity of quality assurance activities in the development process 7.3 Verification, validation and qualification 7.4 A model for SQA defect removal effectiveness and cost Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 8 Reviews 8.1 Review objectives 8.2 Formal design reviews (DRs) ix Contents 8.3 Peer reviews 8.4 A comparison of the team review methods 8.5 Expert opinions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 8A: DR report form Appendix 8B: Inspection session findings report form Appendix 8C: Inspection session summary report Chapter 9 Software testing-strategies 9.1 Definition and objectives 9.2 Software testing strategies 9.3 Software test classifications 9.4 White box testing 9.5 Black box testing Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 10 Software testing-implementation 10.1 The testing process 10.2 Test case design 10.3 Automated testing 10.4 Alpha and beta site testing programs Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 11 Assuring the quality of software maintenance components 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The foundations of high quality 11.3 Pre-maintenance software quality components 11.4 Maintenance software quality assurance tools Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion x Contents Chapter Assuring the quality of external participants' contributions 12.1 Introduction: the HealthSoft case 12.2 Types of external participants 12.3 Risks and benefits of introducing external participants 12.4 Assuring quality of external participants' contributions: objectives 12.5 SQA tools for assuring the quality of external participants' contributions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 13 CASE tools and their effect on software quality 13.1 What is a CASE tool? 13.2 The contribution of CASE tools to software product quality 13.3 The contribution of CASE tools to software maintenance quality 13.4 The contribution of CASE tools to improved project management Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part IV Software quality infrastructure components Chapter 14 Procedures and work instructions 14.1 The need for procedures and work instructions 14.2 Procedures and procedures manuals 14.3 Work instructions and work instruction manuals 14.4 Procedures and work instructions: preparation, implementation and updating Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 14A: Design review procedure xi Contents Chapter Supporting quality devices 15.1 Templates 15.2 Checklists Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 16 Staff training and certification 16.1 Introduction: Surprises for the "3S" development team 16.2 The objectives of training and certification 16.3 The training and certification process 16.4 Determining professional knowledge requirements 16.5 Determining training and updating needs 16.6 Planning training and updating programs 16.7 Defining positions requiring certification 16.8 Planning the certification processes 16.9 Delivery of training and certification programs 16.10 Follow-up subsequent to training and certification Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 17 Corrective and preventive actions 17.1 Introduction: the "3S" development team revisited 17.2 Corrective and preventive actions-definitions 17.3 The corrective and preventive actions process 17.4 Information collection 17.5 Analysis of collected information 17.6 Development of solutions and their implementation 17.7 Follow-up of activities 17.8 Organizing for preventive and corrective actions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion xii Contents Chapter Configuration management 18.1 Software configuration, its items and its management 18.2 Software configuration management-tasks and organization 18.3 Software change control 18.4 Release of software configuration versions 18.5 Provision of SCM information services 18.6 Software configuration management audits 18.7 Computerized tools for managing software configuration Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 19 Documentation control 19.1 Introduction: where is the documentation? 19.2 Controlled documents and quality records 19.3 The controlled documents list 392 19.4 Controlled document preparation 19.5 Issues of controlled document approval 19.6 Issues of controlled document storage and retrieval Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part V Management components of software quality Chapter 20 Project progress control 20.1 The components of project progress control 20.2 Progress control of internal projects and external participants. 20.3 Implementation of project progress control regimes 405 20.4 Computerized tools for software progress control Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topic for discussion xiii Contents Chapter Software quality metrics 21.1 Objectives of quality measurement 21.2 Classification of software quality metrics 21.3 Process metrics 21.4 Product metrics 21.5 Implementation of software quality metrics 21.6 Limitations of software metrics Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 21A: The function point method Chapter Costs of software quality 22.1 Objectives of cost of software quality metrics 22.2 The classic model of cost of software quality 22.3 An extended model for cost of software quality 22.4 Application of a cost of software quality system 22.5 Problems in the application of cost of software quality metrics Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part VI Standards, certification and assessment Chapter 23 Quality management standards 23.1 The scope of quality management standards 23.2 ISO 9001 and ISO 9000-3 23.3 Certification according to ISO 9000-3 23.4 Capability Maturity Models-CMM and CMMI assessment methodology 23.5 The Bootstrap methodology 23.6 The SPICE project and the ISO/IEC 15504 software process assessment standard Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 23A: CMMI process areas Appendix 23B: ISO/IEC 15504 model processes xiv Contents Chapter SQA project process standards-IEEE software engineering standards 24.1 Structure and content of IEEE software engineering standards 24.2 IEEE/EIA Std 12207-software life cycle processes 24.3 IEEE Std 1012-verification and validation 24.4 IEEE Std-reviews Summary Selected bibliography Review questions...
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark ... more All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such To my parents, Blima and Elchanan, who inspired me with their love of learning, scholarship, and teaching Contents Preface xvii Unique features of this text xviii The book's audience xix Publisher's acknowledgements xxi About the author xxii Guides for special groups of readers xxiii Guide to readers interested in ISO 9000-3 requirements xxiii Guide to readers interested in ASQ'S CSQE body of knowledge xxiv Part I Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The software quality challenge 3 1.1 The uniqueness of software quality assurance 4 1.2 The environments for which SQA methods are developed 7 Summary 11 Review questions 12 Topics for discussion 12 Chapter 2 What is software quality? 14 2.1 What is software? 15 2.2 Software errors, faults and failures 16 2.3 Classification of the causes of software errors 19 2.4 Software quality-definition 24 2.5 Software quality assurance-definition and objectives 25 2.6 Software quality assurance and software engineering 30 Summary 30 Selected bibliography 32 Review questions 32 Topics for discussion 33 Chapter 3 Software quality factors 3.1 The need for comprehensive software quality requirements 3.2 Classifications of software requirements into software quality factors 3.3 Product operation software quality factors 3.4 Product revision software quality factors 3.5 Product transition software quality factors 3.6 Alternative models of software quality factors 3.7 Who is interested in the definition of quality requirements? 3.8 Software compliance with quality factors Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 4 The components of the software quality assurance system-overview 4.1 The SQA system-an SQA architecture 4.2 Pre-project components 4.3 Software project life cycle components 4.4 Infrastructure components for error prevention and improvement 4.5 Management SQA components 4.6 SQA standards, system certification, and assessment components 4.7 Organizing for SQA-the human components 4.8 Considerations guiding construction of an organization's SQA system Part II Pre-project software quality components Chapter 5 Contract review 5.1 Introduction: the CFV Project completion celebration 5.2 The contract review process and its stages 5.3 Contract review objectives 5.4 Implementation of a contract review 5.5 Contract review subjects 5.6 Contract reviews for internal projects viii Contents Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 5A: Proposal draft reviewssubjects checklist Appendix 5B: Contract draft reviewsubjects checklist Chapter 6 Development and quality plans 6.1 Development plan and quality plan objectives 6.2 Elements of the development plan 6.3 Elements of the quality plan 6.4 Development and quality plans for small projects and for internal projects Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 6A: Software development risks and software risk management Part III SQA components in the project life cycle Chapter 7 Integrating quality activities in the project life cycle 7.1 Classic and other software development methodologies 7.2 Factors affecting intensity of quality assurance activities in the development process 7.3 Verification, validation and qualification 7.4 A model for SQA defect removal effectiveness and cost Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 8 Reviews 8.1 Review objectives 8.2 Formal design reviews (DRs) ix Contents 8.3 Peer reviews 8.4 A comparison of the team review methods 8.5 Expert opinions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 8A: DR report form Appendix 8B: Inspection session findings report form Appendix 8C: Inspection session summary report Chapter 9 Software testing-strategies 9.1 Definition and objectives 9.2 Software testing strategies 9.3 Software test classifications 9.4 White box testing 9.5 Black box testing Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 10 Software testing-implementation 10.1 The testing process 10.2 Test case design 10.3 Automated testing 10.4 Alpha and beta site testing programs Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 11 Assuring the quality of software maintenance components 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The foundations of high quality 11.3 Pre-maintenance software quality components 11.4 Maintenance software quality assurance tools Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion x Contents Chapter Assuring the quality of external participants' contributions 12.1 Introduction: the HealthSoft case 12.2 Types of external participants 12.3 Risks and benefits of introducing external participants 12.4 Assuring quality of external participants' contributions: objectives 12.5 SQA tools for assuring the quality of external participants' contributions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 13 CASE tools and their effect on software quality 13.1 What is a CASE tool? 13.2 The contribution of CASE tools to software product quality 13.3 The contribution of CASE tools to software maintenance quality 13.4 The contribution of CASE tools to improved project management Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part IV Software quality infrastructure components Chapter 14 Procedures and work instructions 14.1 The need for procedures and work instructions 14.2 Procedures and procedures manuals 14.3 Work instructions and work instruction manuals 14.4 Procedures and work instructions: preparation, implementation and updating Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 14A: Design review procedure xi Contents Chapter Supporting quality devices 15.1 Templates 15.2 Checklists Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 16 Staff training and certification 16.1 Introduction: Surprises for the "3S" development team 16.2 The objectives of training and certification 16.3 The training and certification process 16.4 Determining professional knowledge requirements 16.5 Determining training and updating needs 16.6 Planning training and updating programs 16.7 Defining positions requiring certification 16.8 Planning the certification processes 16.9 Delivery of training and certification programs 16.10 Follow-up subsequent to training and certification Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 17 Corrective and preventive actions 17.1 Introduction: the "3S" development team revisited 17.2 Corrective and preventive actions-definitions 17.3 The corrective and preventive actions process 17.4 Information collection 17.5 Analysis of collected information 17.6 Development of solutions and their implementation 17.7 Follow-up of activities 17.8 Organizing for preventive and corrective actions Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion xii Contents Chapter Configuration management 18.1 Software configuration, its items and its management 18.2 Software configuration management-tasks and organization 18.3 Software change control 18.4 Release of software configuration versions 18.5 Provision of SCM information services 18.6 Software configuration management audits 18.7 Computerized tools for managing software configuration Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Chapter 19 Documentation control 19.1 Introduction: where is the documentation? 19.2 Controlled documents and quality records 19.3 The controlled documents list 392 19.4 Controlled document preparation 19.5 Issues of controlled document approval 19.6 Issues of controlled document storage and retrieval Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part V Management components of software quality Chapter 20 Project progress control 20.1 The components of project progress control 20.2 Progress control of internal projects and external participants. 20.3 Implementation of project progress control regimes 405 20.4 Computerized tools for software progress control Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topic for discussion xiii Contents Chapter Software quality metrics 21.1 Objectives of quality measurement 21.2 Classification of software quality metrics 21.3 Process metrics 21.4 Product metrics 21.5 Implementation of software quality metrics 21.6 Limitations of software metrics Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 21A: The function point method Chapter Costs of software quality 22.1 Objectives of cost of software quality metrics 22.2 The classic model of cost of software quality 22.3 An extended model for cost of software quality 22.4 Application of a cost of software quality system 22.5 Problems in the application of cost of software quality metrics Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Part VI Standards, certification and assessment Chapter 23 Quality management standards 23.1 The scope of quality management standards 23.2 ISO 9001 and ISO 9000-3 23.3 Certification according to ISO 9000-3 23.4 Capability Maturity Models-CMM and CMMI assessment methodology 23.5 The Bootstrap methodology 23.6 The SPICE project and the ISO/IEC 15504 software process assessment standard Summary Selected bibliography Review questions Topics for discussion Appendix 23A: CMMI process areas Appendix 23B: ISO/IEC 15504 model processes xiv Contents Chapter SQA project process standards-IEEE software engineering standards 24.1 Structure and content of IEEE software engineering standards 24.2 IEEE/EIA Std 12207-software life cycle processes 24.3 IEEE Std 1012-verification and validation 24.4 IEEE Std-reviews Summary Selected bibliography Review questions...