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Papers by amer habib

Plant Protection

The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in th... more The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. The cabbage white mold is one of the destructive diseases prevalent worldwide. The present study reports the finding of four fungicides and botanicals for the management of the pathogen. The efficacy of four fungicides was evaluated against the pathogen Sclerotiorum sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary on PDA medium through the poisoned food technique. The recorded data advocated that the percentage inhibition of the fungal growth increased as the concentration of the fungicides increased. According to the results, fungal mycelial growth inhibition ranged from 92.91% to 34.69% after 96 hours. Similarly, the efficacy of three plant extracts was examined under laboratory conditions at four concentration levels viz. S, S/25, S/50 and S/75 by poisoned food technique on PDA. The radial growth of the fungus was recorded after 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 ho...

Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine the mineral contents of the healthy and inoculated plant... more An experiment was conducted to determine the mineral contents of the healthy and inoculated plant of lentil and their relationship toward the Ascochyta lentis disease. The results revealed that magnesium, copper and zinc contents of un-inoculated lentil lines, included in susceptible group were higher than those included in resistant group whereas, sodium, calcium and iron contents were more in the resistant as compared to the susceptible group. Upon inoculation with Ascochyta lentis, the cause of lentil blight disease, sodium, calcium, zinc, copper and iron contents increased invariably in both the susceptible and resistant groups of lentil lines. On the other hand, magnesium contents increased in susceptible group but decreased in resistant group. The over all results proved that considerable variation exists in micromineral contents of resistant and susceptible lines of lentil.

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2016

Watermelon is a highly nutritious crop and its yield is affected by powdery mildew worldwide. Pow... more Watermelon is a highly nutritious crop and its yield is affected by powdery mildew worldwide. Powdery mildew incidence has increased in recent years due to the tunnel farming trend. Conventional strategies like cultural practices e.g. sowing time and over fertigation have not been effective to control the powdery mildew. So, present study was carried out to evaluate different watermelon cultivars against powdery mildew and to provide information about the effectiveness of different fungicides and plant extracts for its control. The experiments were carried out in research area of Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2013-2014. Twelve varieties of watermelon were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications. Inoculation was done by spray method. After the onset of disease, fungicides and plant extract treatments were applied weekly. Data were analyzed statistically and treatment means were compared by using Least Significant D...

Journal of Plant and Environment

In present study four types of botanical extracts including neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safeda ... more In present study four types of botanical extracts including neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safeda (Eucalyptus cameldulensis Dehnh.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Spenn.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum-ammi L.) were selected and pre-inoculated on susceptible wheat cultivar “Morocco” to evaluate their effect on oxidative enzyme activity, chlorophyll contents, phenol contents and yield components against Puccinia triticina Eriks under In-vivo conditions during 2018/2019 growing seasons. Coefficient of infection (ACI) for all botanicals ranging between 6.50-16.50 as compared to control (ACI= 78.00) reflect the significant response in reducing infection of leaf rust. Ajwain was the most effective, its efficiency reached 91.66%, similar to the efficiency of fungicide spotless 12.5 WP (93.20%) followed by rosemary (85.25%), neem (82.00%) and safeda (78.84%). Moreover, all tested botanicals significantly increased the wheat yield components. Similarly, the biochemical analysis revealed that c...

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS)

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is vegetable crop belongs to family Solanaceae. It is an important sou... more Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is vegetable crop belongs to family Solanaceae. It is an important source of vitamin A and C. In developing countries most of chilli diseases are due to fungal attack and cause severe losses in yield. Fusarium wilt of chilli which is caused by Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. capsici is an important disease of chilli which causes heavy yield losses in Pakistan. Present research was planned to evaluate effect of different concentrations of plant based phyto-extracts against Fusarium wilt on chilli pathogen under natural field condition. In research trails the leave extract of Euclayptus globulus, Cassia fistula, Moringa oleifera, Vachellia nilotica and Azadirachta indica were evaluated in the management of fusarium wilt. These trails were planned under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three concentrations of above mentioned leaf extracts were used 20%, 30% and 40%. At 40% Eucalyptus, Moringa and Azadiracta gave best results with maximum reduction in Fusar...

Botrytis cineria is a momentous pathogen of different economically important crops, causing seve... more Botrytis cineria is a momentous pathogen of different economically important crops, causing severe diseases on more than five hundred species of plants, mainly affects fresh vegetables and fruits with economic losses of 10 to 100 billion dollars throughout the world. Grey mould, caused by B. cineria is considered as a major post-harvest disease of a wide range of fruits especially strawberry. Medicinal desert plants like Citrullus colocynthis , Capparis decidua , and Calotropis procera are used as antifungal agents against post-harvest diseases of fruits caused by B. cineria. Different products are obtained from these desert plants and are being used for medicinal purposes and also proven good to control different diseases in fruit plants. They contain antifungal properties that cease fungal growth through different ways. These plant extracts are used because they do not contain any side effects and control the fungal growth. These medicinal plant extracts are also cheap in their c...

Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is an economically important cash crop of Pakistan (GOP, 2014... more Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is an economically important cash crop of Pakistan (GOP, 2014) which is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas of world (Chatenet et al., 2001). Cane syrup, ethanol, rum and wax are the main by products derived from sugarcane whereas molasses are used as sweetener, alcohol fermentation and feed stalk. (Mackintosh 2000; Sansoucy et al., 1988). It covers an area of over 1.17 million ha with an average productivity of 66.5 million tons ha (GOP, 2014) which is quite low when compared with other major sugarcane producing countries of the world like Brazil, India, China, Thailand and Mexico. Pakistan ranks 4 in sugarcane acreage and conquers 5 position in sugar production worldwide (Shahina et al., 2007). More than 100 diverse diseases have been reported in sugarcane which are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and pyhtoplasma (Bharti et al., 2012). A number of sugarcane diseases like whip smut, pokkah boeng, red rot, sugarcane mosaic virus...

An in vitro evaluation of the effect of Topsin M, Daconil, Copper oxychloride and Mancozeb fungic... more An in vitro evaluation of the effect of Topsin M, Daconil, Copper oxychloride and Mancozeb fungicides against the mycelial growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae, the causal organism of quick decline of mango (Mangifera indica L) revealed that effectiveness of the fungicides increased with increased dosage rate. Topsin M, and Daconil were found to be most effective fungicide, Copper oxychloride was intermediate while Mancozeb was the least effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. theobromae. Similarly in vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of the extract of neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa) and safeda (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) against the mycelial growth of B. theobromae revealed that safeda and neem extracts were the most effective while garlic and onion extracts were comparatively and statistically less effective in inhibiting the vegetative growth of the fungus.

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences, 2017

Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of un-inoculated plants of lentil lines included in susceptible ... more Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of un-inoculated plants of lentil lines included in susceptible group were higher than those of the resistant one whereas, potassium, contents were more in the un-inoculated lines of resistant as compared with the susceptible group. Upon inoculation with Ascochyta lentis, the nitrogen and potassium contents, increased invariably in both the resistant and susceptible group of lentil lines. On the other hand, phosphorus contents increased in inoculated lentil lines of the susceptible group but decreased in those of the resistant group. In general, it was found that the plants lower in nitrogen and phosphorus were resistant to lentil blight while those with higher nitrogen and phosphorus were susceptible to lentil blight disease caused by Ascochyta lentis.

To determine the mycoflora of grain samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 150 samples collecte... more To determine the mycoflora of grain samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 150 samples collected during 2007-08, were examined for the presence of fungi by plating surface disinfected seeds by using blotter paper, deep freezing and agar plate methods. At least 37 species representing 18 fungal genera were recovered and identified from these seed samples. The percentage incidence of different fungi varied with the storage periods. After 0 days storage Aspergillus niger recorded at maximum level 17% and 21% both in blotter paper and agar plate methods respectively but at very low level in deep freezing method (3.3%). Fusarium oxysporum and F. semitectum recorded in high percentage (11.3-12.3% and 9.7-13.3%) through deep freezing and blotter method as compared to agar plate method. After the storage duration of 120-160 days, some saprophytic storage fungi recorded in higher percentages, which were not recorded at 0 days storage duration. An increasing trend of field and storage fungi...

Received: 2013-01-30 Revised: 2013-02-27 Accepted: 2013-02-28 This study was conducted to explore... more Received: 2013-01-30 Revised: 2013-02-27 Accepted: 2013-02-28 This study was conducted to explore the potential of bacteriocins, produced by lactic acid producing bacteria, against Staphylococcus aureus, Eneterococcus fecalis and Escherichia coli. Different lactic acid producing bacteria viz. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were isolated from milk, milk products of dairy animals and intestinal contents of healthy broiler chicken. These isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by conventional methods. Bacteriocins were obtained from these bacteria, by precipitation method. Antibacterial activity of bacteriocins was determined by disk diffusion method. Isolated bacteriocin showed the inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus feacalis but showed very poor inhibitory activity (2mm) against Eschrechia coli. The result of this study showed that bacteriocins are quite useful against commonly known foo...

Pea is an important rabi crop in plain areas of Pakistan. However, in hilly areas it is cultivate... more Pea is an important rabi crop in plain areas of Pakistan. However, in hilly areas it is cultivated in spring or summer season to meet the cool temperature requirements (a mean temperature 12 to 20°C). In Pakistan, 1465 thousand tons of peas were harvested from an area of 26569 hectares during the year 2017-18. Punjab province has the highest share regarding area (81.3%) and production (97.7%) for national level. Regarding area under cultivation, share of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan is 7.3, 7.3 and 4.1% respectively. Share of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan for production is 0.5, 1.0 and 0.8%, respectively (MNFSR, 2018). Pea improves soil fertility and reduces the nitrogen requirement of succeeding crop. Average per unit area yield of pea in Pakistan is low in comparison with yield of other countries such as India (Anonymous, 2016), which can be attributed to numerous factors, viz., poor quality seed, insect-pests, pathogens, low fertilizers use efficiency and...

Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. induces paramount losses in di... more Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. induces paramount losses in different parts of the world. In the present study, potential of 25 onion genotypes was evaluated against purple blotch and their yield response during two years (2014-15) under field conditions. Selected onion genotypes were also evaluated for the mineral and proximate parameters. Five varieties (Phulkara, Sunset, Ceylon, TI-172, XP-Red) showed resistant response while Desi Red, Early Red, Robina, Dark Red and Mirpurkhas exhibited moderately resistant response. VRIO-6, VRIO-1, VRIO-4, Red Nasik and Desi Black were found moderately susceptible against the disease. VRIO-9, Pak-10321, Fsd Red, Pusa Red and Red Imposta gave susceptible response, while VRIO-3, VRIO-5, VRIO-8, VRIO-7 and VRIO-2 exhibited highly susceptible response. Phulkara exhibited maximum yield followed by other tested varieties whereas minimum yield was recorded in case of VRIO-2. Regarding the mineral and proximate analys...

Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L ., Allium cepa L. , Azadirachta indica , Capsicum Annum , ... more Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L ., Allium cepa L. , Azadirachta indica , Capsicum Annum , Calotropisgi gantea , Dalbrgia sissoo , Eucalyptus camelduensis , Gardenia florida Melia azedarach and Zingiber officinalis were tested in vitro at Standard dose S and S/2 against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri . All the plant extracts at both the doses reduced the multiplication of Xac except Zingiber officinalis and Capsicum Annum. Allium sativum and Azadirachta indica at doses (S, S/2) exhibited statistically significant inhibition zones as compared to other treatments, followed by Dalbergia sisso . Gardenia florida and Melia azedarach which produced similar effect and raked 4 th . Calotropisgi gantea ranked 5 th while Eucalyptus camelduensis (Sufeda) and Allium cepa L. inhibited the growth of Xac at a minimum level. Capsicum Annum and Zingiber officinalis produced no inhibition zone and showed similar results as a control. All the plant extracts at standard doses reduced the multip...

Isolations were made from 25 seed samples of different varieties of eggplant collected from local... more Isolations were made from 25 seed samples of different varieties of eggplant collected from local seed market. These seed lots yielded various fungi including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, ranging from 6.75-13%. Some saprophytic and non-pathogenic species of Epicoccum, Mucor and Penicillium were also isolated, which ranged from 1.29-37.8%. During the component analysis, most of the fungi were located in seed coat and tegmin but not in embryo. The tested fungi reduced the seed germination of eggplant ranging from 30-82% as compared to the control (85%).

Plant Protection

The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in th... more The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. The cabbage white mold is one of the destructive diseases prevalent worldwide. The present study reports the finding of four fungicides and botanicals for the management of the pathogen. The efficacy of four fungicides was evaluated against the pathogen Sclerotiorum sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary on PDA medium through the poisoned food technique. The recorded data advocated that the percentage inhibition of the fungal growth increased as the concentration of the fungicides increased. According to the results, fungal mycelial growth inhibition ranged from 92.91% to 34.69% after 96 hours. Similarly, the efficacy of three plant extracts was examined under laboratory conditions at four concentration levels viz. S, S/25, S/50 and S/75 by poisoned food technique on PDA. The radial growth of the fungus was recorded after 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 ho...

Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine the mineral contents of the healthy and inoculated plant... more An experiment was conducted to determine the mineral contents of the healthy and inoculated plant of lentil and their relationship toward the Ascochyta lentis disease. The results revealed that magnesium, copper and zinc contents of un-inoculated lentil lines, included in susceptible group were higher than those included in resistant group whereas, sodium, calcium and iron contents were more in the resistant as compared to the susceptible group. Upon inoculation with Ascochyta lentis, the cause of lentil blight disease, sodium, calcium, zinc, copper and iron contents increased invariably in both the susceptible and resistant groups of lentil lines. On the other hand, magnesium contents increased in susceptible group but decreased in resistant group. The over all results proved that considerable variation exists in micromineral contents of resistant and susceptible lines of lentil.

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2016

Watermelon is a highly nutritious crop and its yield is affected by powdery mildew worldwide. Pow... more Watermelon is a highly nutritious crop and its yield is affected by powdery mildew worldwide. Powdery mildew incidence has increased in recent years due to the tunnel farming trend. Conventional strategies like cultural practices e.g. sowing time and over fertigation have not been effective to control the powdery mildew. So, present study was carried out to evaluate different watermelon cultivars against powdery mildew and to provide information about the effectiveness of different fungicides and plant extracts for its control. The experiments were carried out in research area of Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2013-2014. Twelve varieties of watermelon were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications. Inoculation was done by spray method. After the onset of disease, fungicides and plant extract treatments were applied weekly. Data were analyzed statistically and treatment means were compared by using Least Significant D...

Journal of Plant and Environment

In present study four types of botanical extracts including neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safeda ... more In present study four types of botanical extracts including neem (Azadirachta indica L.), safeda (Eucalyptus cameldulensis Dehnh.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Spenn.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum-ammi L.) were selected and pre-inoculated on susceptible wheat cultivar “Morocco” to evaluate their effect on oxidative enzyme activity, chlorophyll contents, phenol contents and yield components against Puccinia triticina Eriks under In-vivo conditions during 2018/2019 growing seasons. Coefficient of infection (ACI) for all botanicals ranging between 6.50-16.50 as compared to control (ACI= 78.00) reflect the significant response in reducing infection of leaf rust. Ajwain was the most effective, its efficiency reached 91.66%, similar to the efficiency of fungicide spotless 12.5 WP (93.20%) followed by rosemary (85.25%), neem (82.00%) and safeda (78.84%). Moreover, all tested botanicals significantly increased the wheat yield components. Similarly, the biochemical analysis revealed that c...

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS)

Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is vegetable crop belongs to family Solanaceae. It is an important sou... more Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is vegetable crop belongs to family Solanaceae. It is an important source of vitamin A and C. In developing countries most of chilli diseases are due to fungal attack and cause severe losses in yield. Fusarium wilt of chilli which is caused by Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. capsici is an important disease of chilli which causes heavy yield losses in Pakistan. Present research was planned to evaluate effect of different concentrations of plant based phyto-extracts against Fusarium wilt on chilli pathogen under natural field condition. In research trails the leave extract of Euclayptus globulus, Cassia fistula, Moringa oleifera, Vachellia nilotica and Azadirachta indica were evaluated in the management of fusarium wilt. These trails were planned under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three concentrations of above mentioned leaf extracts were used 20%, 30% and 40%. At 40% Eucalyptus, Moringa and Azadiracta gave best results with maximum reduction in Fusar...

Botrytis cineria is a momentous pathogen of different economically important crops, causing seve... more Botrytis cineria is a momentous pathogen of different economically important crops, causing severe diseases on more than five hundred species of plants, mainly affects fresh vegetables and fruits with economic losses of 10 to 100 billion dollars throughout the world. Grey mould, caused by B. cineria is considered as a major post-harvest disease of a wide range of fruits especially strawberry. Medicinal desert plants like Citrullus colocynthis , Capparis decidua , and Calotropis procera are used as antifungal agents against post-harvest diseases of fruits caused by B. cineria. Different products are obtained from these desert plants and are being used for medicinal purposes and also proven good to control different diseases in fruit plants. They contain antifungal properties that cease fungal growth through different ways. These plant extracts are used because they do not contain any side effects and control the fungal growth. These medicinal plant extracts are also cheap in their c...

Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is an economically important cash crop of Pakistan (GOP, 2014... more Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is an economically important cash crop of Pakistan (GOP, 2014) which is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas of world (Chatenet et al., 2001). Cane syrup, ethanol, rum and wax are the main by products derived from sugarcane whereas molasses are used as sweetener, alcohol fermentation and feed stalk. (Mackintosh 2000; Sansoucy et al., 1988). It covers an area of over 1.17 million ha with an average productivity of 66.5 million tons ha (GOP, 2014) which is quite low when compared with other major sugarcane producing countries of the world like Brazil, India, China, Thailand and Mexico. Pakistan ranks 4 in sugarcane acreage and conquers 5 position in sugar production worldwide (Shahina et al., 2007). More than 100 diverse diseases have been reported in sugarcane which are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and pyhtoplasma (Bharti et al., 2012). A number of sugarcane diseases like whip smut, pokkah boeng, red rot, sugarcane mosaic virus...

An in vitro evaluation of the effect of Topsin M, Daconil, Copper oxychloride and Mancozeb fungic... more An in vitro evaluation of the effect of Topsin M, Daconil, Copper oxychloride and Mancozeb fungicides against the mycelial growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae, the causal organism of quick decline of mango (Mangifera indica L) revealed that effectiveness of the fungicides increased with increased dosage rate. Topsin M, and Daconil were found to be most effective fungicide, Copper oxychloride was intermediate while Mancozeb was the least effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. theobromae. Similarly in vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of the extract of neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa) and safeda (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) against the mycelial growth of B. theobromae revealed that safeda and neem extracts were the most effective while garlic and onion extracts were comparatively and statistically less effective in inhibiting the vegetative growth of the fungus.

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences, 2017

Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of un-inoculated plants of lentil lines included in susceptible ... more Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of un-inoculated plants of lentil lines included in susceptible group were higher than those of the resistant one whereas, potassium, contents were more in the un-inoculated lines of resistant as compared with the susceptible group. Upon inoculation with Ascochyta lentis, the nitrogen and potassium contents, increased invariably in both the resistant and susceptible group of lentil lines. On the other hand, phosphorus contents increased in inoculated lentil lines of the susceptible group but decreased in those of the resistant group. In general, it was found that the plants lower in nitrogen and phosphorus were resistant to lentil blight while those with higher nitrogen and phosphorus were susceptible to lentil blight disease caused by Ascochyta lentis.

To determine the mycoflora of grain samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 150 samples collecte... more To determine the mycoflora of grain samples of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 150 samples collected during 2007-08, were examined for the presence of fungi by plating surface disinfected seeds by using blotter paper, deep freezing and agar plate methods. At least 37 species representing 18 fungal genera were recovered and identified from these seed samples. The percentage incidence of different fungi varied with the storage periods. After 0 days storage Aspergillus niger recorded at maximum level 17% and 21% both in blotter paper and agar plate methods respectively but at very low level in deep freezing method (3.3%). Fusarium oxysporum and F. semitectum recorded in high percentage (11.3-12.3% and 9.7-13.3%) through deep freezing and blotter method as compared to agar plate method. After the storage duration of 120-160 days, some saprophytic storage fungi recorded in higher percentages, which were not recorded at 0 days storage duration. An increasing trend of field and storage fungi...

Received: 2013-01-30 Revised: 2013-02-27 Accepted: 2013-02-28 This study was conducted to explore... more Received: 2013-01-30 Revised: 2013-02-27 Accepted: 2013-02-28 This study was conducted to explore the potential of bacteriocins, produced by lactic acid producing bacteria, against Staphylococcus aureus, Eneterococcus fecalis and Escherichia coli. Different lactic acid producing bacteria viz. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were isolated from milk, milk products of dairy animals and intestinal contents of healthy broiler chicken. These isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by conventional methods. Bacteriocins were obtained from these bacteria, by precipitation method. Antibacterial activity of bacteriocins was determined by disk diffusion method. Isolated bacteriocin showed the inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus feacalis but showed very poor inhibitory activity (2mm) against Eschrechia coli. The result of this study showed that bacteriocins are quite useful against commonly known foo...

Pea is an important rabi crop in plain areas of Pakistan. However, in hilly areas it is cultivate... more Pea is an important rabi crop in plain areas of Pakistan. However, in hilly areas it is cultivated in spring or summer season to meet the cool temperature requirements (a mean temperature 12 to 20°C). In Pakistan, 1465 thousand tons of peas were harvested from an area of 26569 hectares during the year 2017-18. Punjab province has the highest share regarding area (81.3%) and production (97.7%) for national level. Regarding area under cultivation, share of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan is 7.3, 7.3 and 4.1% respectively. Share of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan for production is 0.5, 1.0 and 0.8%, respectively (MNFSR, 2018). Pea improves soil fertility and reduces the nitrogen requirement of succeeding crop. Average per unit area yield of pea in Pakistan is low in comparison with yield of other countries such as India (Anonymous, 2016), which can be attributed to numerous factors, viz., poor quality seed, insect-pests, pathogens, low fertilizers use efficiency and...

Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. induces paramount losses in di... more Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. induces paramount losses in different parts of the world. In the present study, potential of 25 onion genotypes was evaluated against purple blotch and their yield response during two years (2014-15) under field conditions. Selected onion genotypes were also evaluated for the mineral and proximate parameters. Five varieties (Phulkara, Sunset, Ceylon, TI-172, XP-Red) showed resistant response while Desi Red, Early Red, Robina, Dark Red and Mirpurkhas exhibited moderately resistant response. VRIO-6, VRIO-1, VRIO-4, Red Nasik and Desi Black were found moderately susceptible against the disease. VRIO-9, Pak-10321, Fsd Red, Pusa Red and Red Imposta gave susceptible response, while VRIO-3, VRIO-5, VRIO-8, VRIO-7 and VRIO-2 exhibited highly susceptible response. Phulkara exhibited maximum yield followed by other tested varieties whereas minimum yield was recorded in case of VRIO-2. Regarding the mineral and proximate analys...

Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L ., Allium cepa L. , Azadirachta indica , Capsicum Annum , ... more Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L ., Allium cepa L. , Azadirachta indica , Capsicum Annum , Calotropisgi gantea , Dalbrgia sissoo , Eucalyptus camelduensis , Gardenia florida Melia azedarach and Zingiber officinalis were tested in vitro at Standard dose S and S/2 against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri . All the plant extracts at both the doses reduced the multiplication of Xac except Zingiber officinalis and Capsicum Annum. Allium sativum and Azadirachta indica at doses (S, S/2) exhibited statistically significant inhibition zones as compared to other treatments, followed by Dalbergia sisso . Gardenia florida and Melia azedarach which produced similar effect and raked 4 th . Calotropisgi gantea ranked 5 th while Eucalyptus camelduensis (Sufeda) and Allium cepa L. inhibited the growth of Xac at a minimum level. Capsicum Annum and Zingiber officinalis produced no inhibition zone and showed similar results as a control. All the plant extracts at standard doses reduced the multip...

Isolations were made from 25 seed samples of different varieties of eggplant collected from local... more Isolations were made from 25 seed samples of different varieties of eggplant collected from local seed market. These seed lots yielded various fungi including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, ranging from 6.75-13%. Some saprophytic and non-pathogenic species of Epicoccum, Mucor and Penicillium were also isolated, which ranged from 1.29-37.8%. During the component analysis, most of the fungi were located in seed coat and tegmin but not in embryo. The tested fungi reduced the seed germination of eggplant ranging from 30-82% as compared to the control (85%).