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Papers by anton broyko

Research paper thumbnail of Ionic Electroactive Actuators and Sensors with Hybrid Polymer-Metal Electrodes

Journal of structural chemistry, Feb 1, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Алгоритм работы диода данных для USB интерфейса

Проанализированы отечественные решения, реализующие однонаправленную передачу данных. Представлен... more Проанализированы отечественные решения, реализующие однонаправленную передачу данных. Представлен новый алгоритм работы диода данных для USB интерфейса, позволяющий обеспечить высокую степень защиты процесса приема/передачи цифровой информации.

Research paper thumbnail of Метод анализа протокола обмена данными на транспортном уровне с целью недопущения передачи защищаемой (конфиденциальной) информации

Предложен метод исследования USB протокола для выявления проходящих по каналу конфиденциальных да... more Предложен метод исследования USB протокола для выявления проходящих по каналу конфиденциальных данных, передача которых во внешние сети нежелательна для обеспечения информационной безопасности. Физическими и программными методами исследован протокол подключения внешнего модема к персональному компьютеру с целью анализа возможностей создания устройства, предотвращающего утечку конфиденциальных данных. Предложены методы выявления и модификации передаваемых по шине USB пакетов, содержащих защищаемую информацию.

Research paper thumbnail of Temperature- and Pressure-Reducing Regimes in the Growth Cell of HPHT Diamonds, Optimal for Preserving Crystal Integrity after Growth Completion

C

With its exceptional strength characteristics, diamond has some mechanical drawbacks, significant... more With its exceptional strength characteristics, diamond has some mechanical drawbacks, significant brittleness being among them. In particular, some HPHT-grown diamonds crack when the extreme parameters inherent to the diamond growth process gradually decrease. The cracking is caused by excessive stress due to the poor plastic properties of the diamond growth catalytic medium at certain stages of reducing the pressure and the temperature. An insulating container with the growth cell and heating circuit fragment inside can also make a significant contribution to the probability of cracking. This paper considers the possibility of minimizing the mechanical stress in the growth cell and, consequently, in the diamond crystal by choosing the optimal trajectory for the decrease in the pressure and temperature from diamond growth conditions to normal conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Complex of Miniature Bionic Robotic Systems

Nano- i mikrosistemnaâ tehnika, Feb 22, 2022

The developed and implemented complex of miniature bionic robotic systems is presented, including... more The developed and implemented complex of miniature bionic robotic systems is presented, including swimming and walking miniature biosimilar robots with low-voltage energy-efficient motion drives based on ionic polymer-metal composites; miniature autonomous robotized probes with a vibration propulsor for moving through small-diameter pipes and transmitting a video signal over a two-frequency radio channel; an ultralight zoomorphic flying platform with a movable wing — a robot ornithopter "Hummingbird".

Research paper thumbnail of Actuating IPMC Tranducers with Feedback System Based on IPMC Sensor

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The Structure of Silver Modified Flexible Graphene Electrodes for Actuators in Biomimetic Systems

Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2018

We present a novel model for semiquantitative estimation of optimal concentrations of silver modi... more We present a novel model for semiquantitative estimation of optimal concentrations of silver modifier necessary to increase the conductivity of graphene electrodes in actuators with electroactive polymers and to ensure long-term performance of the system. The model predicts approximately equal masses of silver and graphene in the electrodes after the reduction for the characteristic size of graphene flakes ~10 nm. Also, the concentration is shown to depend strongly on the size of the flakes.

Research paper thumbnail of Propulsion Based on Electroactive Polymers for Walking Biomimetic Robotic Systems

Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the Electromechanical IPMC-Sensors

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Producing and investigation of PEDOT films as electrodes of ionic electroactive actuators

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019

Experimental samples of ionic electroactive actuators with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) elect... more Experimental samples of ionic electroactive actuators with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrodes (PEDOT) have been developed and produced. Measurements of amplitudes of a displacement, frequency and power characteristics of produced actuators were carried out. The influence of the membrane solvent, as well as the influence of the EDOT polymerization time on the sample structure and the output characteristics of actuators, was determined.

Research paper thumbnail of Graphene in electroactive polymer membranes and in electrode membranes of biomimetic systems. Simulation and search for optimal technology

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018

The research of the graphene was carried out with regard to problem of actuators for biomimetic s... more The research of the graphene was carried out with regard to problem of actuators for biomimetic systems. The graphene was tested in two applications: as an additive to the electroactive polymer (Nafion) membrane to provide a faster cation transfer through the body of the Nafion membrane and as a principal material of the membrane electrode that ensures the voltage supply across the Nafion membrane. In the second case, high resistance of the polycrystalline graphene electrode is compensated by silver additives. The models were developed for the both composite structures. In the first case, the model defines the optimal quantity of the graphene in the Nafion membrane, in the second case the optimal quantity of silver in the graphene can be determined.

Research paper thumbnail of Amino-functionalized graphene electrodes in ionic polymer actuators

As an alternative to metal electrodes in IPMC actuators, micromechanical transducers based on ion... more As an alternative to metal electrodes in IPMC actuators, micromechanical transducers based on ion-exchange membrane Nafion with electrodes made of amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (ARGO) were introduced. The ARGO suspension was obtained by amination and subsequent graphene oxidation. The coating of ARGO electrodes on both sides of the Nafion 117 membrane was produced by the vacuum filtration method. The investigation of obtained transducers with ARGO electrodes, as micromechanical sensors and actuators, showed higher efficiency and durability, than in the case of RGO electrodes, due to better adhesion of electrodes to the membrane.

Research paper thumbnail of Improvement of manufacture technology and research of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composites

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017

The purpose of this work is to improve the operational characteristics of actuators based on ioni... more The purpose of this work is to improve the operational characteristics of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) by improving their manufacture technology. The optimal thickness of the ion-exchange membrane was determined. The technology of metal electrode deposition, the composition of actuator electrolyte solution and the storage method of actuators were optimized.

Research paper thumbnail of Ionic Polymer Electroactive Actuators Based on the MF-4SK Ion-Exchange Membrane. Part 2. Ionic Polymer-Graphene Composites

Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2020

The operation of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composite using domestic polymer MF-4SK a... more The operation of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composite using domestic polymer MF-4SK as a material for the polymer membrane is first studied. The polymer has a number of advantages compared to its foreign analog Nafion. Despite a well-known effect of ion mobility reduction, the composite demonstrates better actuation characteristics, namely, a larger amplitude of membrane deflection and a greater blocking force under the action of both constant and sinusoidal voltages.

Research paper thumbnail of Free Oscillation Frequency of IPMC Actuator as an Indicator of its Water Content

2019 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2019

Properties of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator deteriorate during operation. Displac... more Properties of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator deteriorate during operation. Displacements become smaller and the resonance frequency increases. It happens because IPMC actuator dries out during operation. This effect takes place due to Joule heating and evaporation from surface of actuator. It is well known that the resonance frequency depends on Young’s modulus and material density (or actuator’s weight). It was shown experimentally that the Young’s modulus has greater impact on the resonance frequency then material density during a process of drying. Also, a measurement bench and technique were developed.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Ionic EAP Actuators with Metal and Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Medium

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2021

Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. ... more Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. Among ionic EAP, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), which are an ion-exchange membrane with metal electrodes on both sides, have been widely spread and well studied. The evolutionary development of IPMC results in ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C), in which polymer electrodes are used. To obtain IPMC actuators with platinum electrodes, the method of chemical reduction from the salt solution was chosen, and to obtain IP2C actuators with PEDOT electrodes, the method of in situ polymerization of the monomer on the membrane surface was chosen. Samples of 2x0.5 cm in size based on the MF-4SK membrane with a thickness of 290 μm were preliminarily kept in deionized water (H+ form) and in 0.1 M CuSO4 aqueous solution (Cu2+ form), after which their performance was studied in air, in deionized water, as well as in aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and NaCl. When applying a DC voltage and a sine...

Research paper thumbnail of Valveless Microfluidic Pump Based on IPMC Actuator for Drug Delivery

2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2020

A prototype of a membrane valveless microfluidic pump based on IPMC actuator for the transport of... more A prototype of a membrane valveless microfluidic pump based on IPMC actuator for the transport of biological fluids and drug delivery was developed. The pump size is 58.3×50.8×18 mm. Pump consists of 4 layers, which were made from polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate as well as a latex diaphragm. The movement of the latex diaphragm in the pump was carried out by IPMC actuator with size 10×5×0,3 mm, located in a separate chamber filled with water. The direction of fluid flow was determined by conical diffuser / nozzle elements with a solution angle of 5° in the inlet and outlet channels of the pump. The dependences of the pump flow rate and head on the pulsation frequency of the flow and the control voltage amplitude were investigated. At the control voltage amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 0.4 Hz the pump flow rate was 5.4 µl/s.

Research paper thumbnail of The electromechanical model of ionic polymer-metal composite actuator

2017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2017

An ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) actuator is widely used for converting the external and ... more An ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) actuator is widely used for converting the external and stored induced energy in mechanical displacement. In general, the work of IPMC actuator described by a system of nonlinear equations: Nernst-Planck equation, Poisson equation and the equation of solid mechanics, which is possible to solved in a complex only by using specialized software. The method of electromechanical analogies allows to describe principle of operation IPMC actuator as a system of linear equations.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of electromechanical parameters of IPMC-sensors

2018 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2018

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) are proved as excellent materials for creation of bending m... more Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) are proved as excellent materials for creation of bending micromechanical sensors, which are used in micro robotic systems. The basis of IPMC sensor is typically a porous membrane of ion-exchange polymer Nafion-117, coated with metal electrodes on both sides. IPMC sensors were developed and their characteristics were investigated in the air and the aqueous medium. It was found that IPMC sensors are characterized by linear response to a mechanical impact in the displacement range of 0.1 to 1 mm. Coefficient of sensitivity for IPMC sensor with dimensions 2 × 0.5 × 0.02 inches is 0.072 mV/mm. The shorter is the sensor, the greater is the amplitude value.

Research paper thumbnail of IP 2 C electromechanical actuators and sensors

Ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C) represent a new class of organic electroactive polymers t... more Ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C) represent a new class of organic electroactive polymers those can be used to create electromechanical transducers (actuators and sensors). In fact, they represent “development” of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) where metal electrodes are replaced by electrodes with organic conductive polymers based on PEDOT:PSS. It is established that IP2C sensors are characterized by a linear response to mechanical excitation in the range of bending deformations of 0.1…1 cm. Under the influence of frequencies of 0.1…20 Hz the amplitude of the output signal is practically unchanged. The sensitivity of IP2C sensors soaked with ethylene glycol was higher than the sensitivity of IPMC sensors. As the actuators studied, IP2C transducers showed a long response time, which involves using ethylene glycol and ionic liquid as solvents.

Research paper thumbnail of Ionic Electroactive Actuators and Sensors with Hybrid Polymer-Metal Electrodes

Journal of structural chemistry, Feb 1, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Алгоритм работы диода данных для USB интерфейса

Проанализированы отечественные решения, реализующие однонаправленную передачу данных. Представлен... more Проанализированы отечественные решения, реализующие однонаправленную передачу данных. Представлен новый алгоритм работы диода данных для USB интерфейса, позволяющий обеспечить высокую степень защиты процесса приема/передачи цифровой информации.

Research paper thumbnail of Метод анализа протокола обмена данными на транспортном уровне с целью недопущения передачи защищаемой (конфиденциальной) информации

Предложен метод исследования USB протокола для выявления проходящих по каналу конфиденциальных да... more Предложен метод исследования USB протокола для выявления проходящих по каналу конфиденциальных данных, передача которых во внешние сети нежелательна для обеспечения информационной безопасности. Физическими и программными методами исследован протокол подключения внешнего модема к персональному компьютеру с целью анализа возможностей создания устройства, предотвращающего утечку конфиденциальных данных. Предложены методы выявления и модификации передаваемых по шине USB пакетов, содержащих защищаемую информацию.

Research paper thumbnail of Temperature- and Pressure-Reducing Regimes in the Growth Cell of HPHT Diamonds, Optimal for Preserving Crystal Integrity after Growth Completion

C

With its exceptional strength characteristics, diamond has some mechanical drawbacks, significant... more With its exceptional strength characteristics, diamond has some mechanical drawbacks, significant brittleness being among them. In particular, some HPHT-grown diamonds crack when the extreme parameters inherent to the diamond growth process gradually decrease. The cracking is caused by excessive stress due to the poor plastic properties of the diamond growth catalytic medium at certain stages of reducing the pressure and the temperature. An insulating container with the growth cell and heating circuit fragment inside can also make a significant contribution to the probability of cracking. This paper considers the possibility of minimizing the mechanical stress in the growth cell and, consequently, in the diamond crystal by choosing the optimal trajectory for the decrease in the pressure and temperature from diamond growth conditions to normal conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Complex of Miniature Bionic Robotic Systems

Nano- i mikrosistemnaâ tehnika, Feb 22, 2022

The developed and implemented complex of miniature bionic robotic systems is presented, including... more The developed and implemented complex of miniature bionic robotic systems is presented, including swimming and walking miniature biosimilar robots with low-voltage energy-efficient motion drives based on ionic polymer-metal composites; miniature autonomous robotized probes with a vibration propulsor for moving through small-diameter pipes and transmitting a video signal over a two-frequency radio channel; an ultralight zoomorphic flying platform with a movable wing — a robot ornithopter "Hummingbird".

Research paper thumbnail of Actuating IPMC Tranducers with Feedback System Based on IPMC Sensor

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The Structure of Silver Modified Flexible Graphene Electrodes for Actuators in Biomimetic Systems

Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2018

We present a novel model for semiquantitative estimation of optimal concentrations of silver modi... more We present a novel model for semiquantitative estimation of optimal concentrations of silver modifier necessary to increase the conductivity of graphene electrodes in actuators with electroactive polymers and to ensure long-term performance of the system. The model predicts approximately equal masses of silver and graphene in the electrodes after the reduction for the characteristic size of graphene flakes ~10 nm. Also, the concentration is shown to depend strongly on the size of the flakes.

Research paper thumbnail of Propulsion Based on Electroactive Polymers for Walking Biomimetic Robotic Systems

Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the Electromechanical IPMC-Sensors

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Producing and investigation of PEDOT films as electrodes of ionic electroactive actuators

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019

Experimental samples of ionic electroactive actuators with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) elect... more Experimental samples of ionic electroactive actuators with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrodes (PEDOT) have been developed and produced. Measurements of amplitudes of a displacement, frequency and power characteristics of produced actuators were carried out. The influence of the membrane solvent, as well as the influence of the EDOT polymerization time on the sample structure and the output characteristics of actuators, was determined.

Research paper thumbnail of Graphene in electroactive polymer membranes and in electrode membranes of biomimetic systems. Simulation and search for optimal technology

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018

The research of the graphene was carried out with regard to problem of actuators for biomimetic s... more The research of the graphene was carried out with regard to problem of actuators for biomimetic systems. The graphene was tested in two applications: as an additive to the electroactive polymer (Nafion) membrane to provide a faster cation transfer through the body of the Nafion membrane and as a principal material of the membrane electrode that ensures the voltage supply across the Nafion membrane. In the second case, high resistance of the polycrystalline graphene electrode is compensated by silver additives. The models were developed for the both composite structures. In the first case, the model defines the optimal quantity of the graphene in the Nafion membrane, in the second case the optimal quantity of silver in the graphene can be determined.

Research paper thumbnail of Amino-functionalized graphene electrodes in ionic polymer actuators

As an alternative to metal electrodes in IPMC actuators, micromechanical transducers based on ion... more As an alternative to metal electrodes in IPMC actuators, micromechanical transducers based on ion-exchange membrane Nafion with electrodes made of amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (ARGO) were introduced. The ARGO suspension was obtained by amination and subsequent graphene oxidation. The coating of ARGO electrodes on both sides of the Nafion 117 membrane was produced by the vacuum filtration method. The investigation of obtained transducers with ARGO electrodes, as micromechanical sensors and actuators, showed higher efficiency and durability, than in the case of RGO electrodes, due to better adhesion of electrodes to the membrane.

Research paper thumbnail of Improvement of manufacture technology and research of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composites

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017

The purpose of this work is to improve the operational characteristics of actuators based on ioni... more The purpose of this work is to improve the operational characteristics of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) by improving their manufacture technology. The optimal thickness of the ion-exchange membrane was determined. The technology of metal electrode deposition, the composition of actuator electrolyte solution and the storage method of actuators were optimized.

Research paper thumbnail of Ionic Polymer Electroactive Actuators Based on the MF-4SK Ion-Exchange Membrane. Part 2. Ionic Polymer-Graphene Composites

Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2020

The operation of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composite using domestic polymer MF-4SK a... more The operation of actuators based on ionic polymer-metal composite using domestic polymer MF-4SK as a material for the polymer membrane is first studied. The polymer has a number of advantages compared to its foreign analog Nafion. Despite a well-known effect of ion mobility reduction, the composite demonstrates better actuation characteristics, namely, a larger amplitude of membrane deflection and a greater blocking force under the action of both constant and sinusoidal voltages.

Research paper thumbnail of Free Oscillation Frequency of IPMC Actuator as an Indicator of its Water Content

2019 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2019

Properties of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator deteriorate during operation. Displac... more Properties of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator deteriorate during operation. Displacements become smaller and the resonance frequency increases. It happens because IPMC actuator dries out during operation. This effect takes place due to Joule heating and evaporation from surface of actuator. It is well known that the resonance frequency depends on Young’s modulus and material density (or actuator’s weight). It was shown experimentally that the Young’s modulus has greater impact on the resonance frequency then material density during a process of drying. Also, a measurement bench and technique were developed.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Ionic EAP Actuators with Metal and Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Medium

Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika, 2021

Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. ... more Electroactive polymers (EAP) are promising materials for creating electromechanical transducers. Among ionic EAP, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), which are an ion-exchange membrane with metal electrodes on both sides, have been widely spread and well studied. The evolutionary development of IPMC results in ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C), in which polymer electrodes are used. To obtain IPMC actuators with platinum electrodes, the method of chemical reduction from the salt solution was chosen, and to obtain IP2C actuators with PEDOT electrodes, the method of in situ polymerization of the monomer on the membrane surface was chosen. Samples of 2x0.5 cm in size based on the MF-4SK membrane with a thickness of 290 μm were preliminarily kept in deionized water (H+ form) and in 0.1 M CuSO4 aqueous solution (Cu2+ form), after which their performance was studied in air, in deionized water, as well as in aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and NaCl. When applying a DC voltage and a sine...

Research paper thumbnail of Valveless Microfluidic Pump Based on IPMC Actuator for Drug Delivery

2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2020

A prototype of a membrane valveless microfluidic pump based on IPMC actuator for the transport of... more A prototype of a membrane valveless microfluidic pump based on IPMC actuator for the transport of biological fluids and drug delivery was developed. The pump size is 58.3×50.8×18 mm. Pump consists of 4 layers, which were made from polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate as well as a latex diaphragm. The movement of the latex diaphragm in the pump was carried out by IPMC actuator with size 10×5×0,3 mm, located in a separate chamber filled with water. The direction of fluid flow was determined by conical diffuser / nozzle elements with a solution angle of 5° in the inlet and outlet channels of the pump. The dependences of the pump flow rate and head on the pulsation frequency of the flow and the control voltage amplitude were investigated. At the control voltage amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 0.4 Hz the pump flow rate was 5.4 µl/s.

Research paper thumbnail of The electromechanical model of ionic polymer-metal composite actuator

2017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2017

An ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) actuator is widely used for converting the external and ... more An ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) actuator is widely used for converting the external and stored induced energy in mechanical displacement. In general, the work of IPMC actuator described by a system of nonlinear equations: Nernst-Planck equation, Poisson equation and the equation of solid mechanics, which is possible to solved in a complex only by using specialized software. The method of electromechanical analogies allows to describe principle of operation IPMC actuator as a system of linear equations.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of electromechanical parameters of IPMC-sensors

2018 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), 2018

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) are proved as excellent materials for creation of bending m... more Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) are proved as excellent materials for creation of bending micromechanical sensors, which are used in micro robotic systems. The basis of IPMC sensor is typically a porous membrane of ion-exchange polymer Nafion-117, coated with metal electrodes on both sides. IPMC sensors were developed and their characteristics were investigated in the air and the aqueous medium. It was found that IPMC sensors are characterized by linear response to a mechanical impact in the displacement range of 0.1 to 1 mm. Coefficient of sensitivity for IPMC sensor with dimensions 2 × 0.5 × 0.02 inches is 0.072 mV/mm. The shorter is the sensor, the greater is the amplitude value.

Research paper thumbnail of IP 2 C electromechanical actuators and sensors

Ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C) represent a new class of organic electroactive polymers t... more Ionic polymer-polymer composites (IP2C) represent a new class of organic electroactive polymers those can be used to create electromechanical transducers (actuators and sensors). In fact, they represent “development” of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) where metal electrodes are replaced by electrodes with organic conductive polymers based on PEDOT:PSS. It is established that IP2C sensors are characterized by a linear response to mechanical excitation in the range of bending deformations of 0.1…1 cm. Under the influence of frequencies of 0.1…20 Hz the amplitude of the output signal is practically unchanged. The sensitivity of IP2C sensors soaked with ethylene glycol was higher than the sensitivity of IPMC sensors. As the actuators studied, IP2C transducers showed a long response time, which involves using ethylene glycol and ionic liquid as solvents.