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Papers by benjamin lane

Research paper thumbnail of Gestural Interactions of Embodied Educational Technology Using One-Shot Machine Learning

Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning e... more Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning environments,connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gesturalrecognition algorithms have become important in leveragingthis connection but have focused primarily on traditionallytrained machine-learning paradigms.

Research paper thumbnail of Palomar testbed interferometer status report

Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 24, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of A search for new physics with the BEACON mission

Proceedings of SPIE, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Identification and synthesis of a receptor binding site of human anaphylatoxin C5a

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Jul 1, 1991

C5a is a 74 amino acid polypeptide that likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a n... more C5a is a 74 amino acid polypeptide that likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the discovery of a C5a antagonist is of considerable therapeutic interest. A series of peptides designed to survey various regions of the molecule was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and evaluated for receptor-binding activity with polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes. The C-terminal octapeptide (Ac-His-Lys-Asp-Met-Gln-Leu-Gly-Arg-OH) was identified as the smallest fragment which possessed reasonable C5a receptor binding activity.

Research paper thumbnail of Calibrator Target Project for the Palomar Testbed Interferometer

American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Using one-shot machine learning to implement real-time multimodal learning analytics

CEUR workshop proceedings, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants of Willingness to Use PrEP Among Gay and Bisexual Men in China Before Implementation: A Structural Equation Modeling Assessment

AIDS and Behavior

With the recent endorsement of PrEP by the Chinese government, research is urgently needed to bet... more With the recent endorsement of PrEP by the Chinese government, research is urgently needed to better understand factors impacting PrEP uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in China. This study examined willingness to use PrEP for HIV prevention among GBMSM in China through structural equation modeling. We examined the relationship among PrEP-related attitudes, subjective norms, PrEP-related knowledge and beliefs about medicines and willingness to use PrEP. The analysis showed a good fit between the data and both the measurement model (RMSEA = 0.060) and structural model (RMSEA = 0.054). Knowledge, attitudes, and subjective norms were significantly related to intention to use PrEP, whereas the effect of general beliefs about medicines was insignificant. These effect mechanisms point to the importance of designing interventions to support PrEP uptake that target knowledge, enhance positive attitudes about PrEP within social networks, and build positive social norms around PrEP among sexually active GBMSM.

Research paper thumbnail of An optical phased array for incoherent light imaging applications

Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology, 2021

Recent advances in silicon photonics have enabled large-scale optical phased arrays for applicati... more Recent advances in silicon photonics have enabled large-scale optical phased arrays for applications such as beam steering and directional light detection. However, to date, these results have only been applied to coherent light. Many applications, including passive imaging with natural illumination, require operation using incoherent and/or broadband light. Here we implement an optical phased array designed for these applications using a planar, fractal, pathlength-matching architecture known as an “H-tree”. We demonstrate electronic beamsteering and natural light imaging using this flat, broadband, photonic-integrated device.

Research paper thumbnail of Observation of an optical spring with a beam splitter

Research paper thumbnail of LiDAR Beamsteering by Digitally Switched MEMS Gratings on a Silicon Photonics Platform

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2020

A new method for solid-state beamsteering using MEMS grating switches integrated on a Si-PIC has ... more A new method for solid-state beamsteering using MEMS grating switches integrated on a Si-PIC has been demonstrated. This method provides fast random access switching, simple digital control, extremely low side-lobes, and is scalable to large arrays, large apertures, and long ranges.

Research paper thumbnail of Broadband Imaging and Wireless Communication with an Optical Phased Array

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2018

An optical phased array designed for broadband applications has been demonstrated. Using this arc... more An optical phased array designed for broadband applications has been demonstrated. Using this architecture, imaging under natural light conditions and free space optical communications at a data rate of 10 Gbps have been achieved.

Research paper thumbnail of Gestural Interactions of Embodied Educational Technology Using One-Shot Machine Learning

2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), 2017

Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning e... more Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning environments,connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gesturalrecognition algorithms have become important in leveragingthis connection but have focused primarily on traditionallytrained machine-learning paradigms.

Research paper thumbnail of Using One-Shot Machine Learning to Implement Real-Time Multimodal Learning Analytics

Educational research has demonstrated the importance of embodiment in the design of student learn... more Educational research has demonstrated the importance of embodiment in the design of student learning environments, connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gestural recognition algorithms have become important tools in leveraging this connection but are limited in their development, focusing primarily on traditional machine-learning paradigms. We describe our approach to real-time learning analytics, using a gesturerecognition system to interpret movement in an educational context. We train a hybrid parametric, hierarchical hidden-Markov model using a one-shot construct, learning from singular, user-defined gestures. This model gives us access to three different modes of data streams: skeleton positions, kinematics features, and internal model parameters. Such a structure presents many challenges including anticipating the optimal feature sets to analyze and creating effective mapping schemas. Despite these challenges, our method allows users to facilitate productive simulati...

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Modulation Scheme for Homodyne Detection Control

Controlling the quadrature measured by a homodyne detector is a universal task in continuousvaria... more Controlling the quadrature measured by a homodyne detector is a universal task in continuousvariable quantum optics. However, deriving an error signal that is linear across the entire range of quadrature angles remains an open experimental problem. Here we propose a scheme to produce such an error signal through the use of a universally tunable modulator. © 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

Research paper thumbnail of Improving menstrual equity in the USA: perspectives from trans and non-binary people assigned female at birth and health care providers

Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2021

Menstruation research has largely focused on addressing menstrual management barriers facing cisg... more Menstruation research has largely focused on addressing menstrual management barriers facing cisgender women and girls in low and middle-income countries. Scant literature has assessed the menstrual management needs of trans and non-binary people assigned female at birth. To better understand these frequently invisibilised menstruation-related needs, we conducted a multi-method qualitative study in New York City which included: 17 in-depth interviews across trans and non-binary people (n = 10) and health care providers who serve them (n = 7); and seven anonymous post-interview participatory writing responses with trans and non-binary participants to further elucidate their lived experiences with menstrual management. Lack of health care provider transgender competency, public toilet design (i.e. gaps in cubicle doors and lack of in-cubicle menstrual product disposal bins), and the social dynamics of public toilets (i.e. work and school) were identified as significant barriers to managing menstruation safely and accessibly for trans and non-binary people. These findings have important implications for healthcare policy, public toilet legislation and advancing menstrual equity in the USA.

Research paper thumbnail of Respiratory viruses in pediatric emergency department patients and their family members

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2020

BackgroundRespiratory viral infections account for a substantial fraction of pediatric emergency ... more BackgroundRespiratory viral infections account for a substantial fraction of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits. We examined the epidemiological patterns of seven common respiratory viruses in children presenting to EDs with influenza‐like illness (ILI). Additionally, we examined the co‐occurrence of viral infections in the accompanying adults and risk factors associated with the acquisition of these viruses.MethodsNasopharyngeal swab were collected from children seeking medical care for ILI and their accompanying adults (Total N = 1315). Study sites included New York Presbyterian, Bellevue, and Tisch hospitals in New York City. PCR using a respiratory viral panel was conducted, and data on symptoms and medical history were collected.ResultsRespiratory viruses were detected in 399 children (62.25%) and 118 (17.5%) accompanying adults. The most frequent pathogen detected was human rhinovirus (HRV) (28.81%). Co‐infection rates were 14.79% in children and 8.47% in adults. Respi...

Research paper thumbnail of Governance Roles and Capacities of Ministries of Health: A Multidimensional Framework

International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2020

The lack of capacity for governance of Ministries of Health (MoHs) is frequently advanced as an e... more The lack of capacity for governance of Ministries of Health (MoHs) is frequently advanced as an explanation for health systems failures in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). But do we understand what governance capacities MoHs should have? Existing frameworks have not fully captured the dynamic and contextually determined role of MoHs, and there are few frameworks that specifically define capacities for governance. We propose a multidimensional framework of capacities for governance by MoHs that encompasses both the "hard" (de jure, explicit and functional) and "soft" (de facto, tacit, and relational) dimensions of governance, and reflects the diversification of their mandates in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Four case studies illustrate different aspects of the framework. We hope that the framework will have multiple potential benefits including benchmarking MoH governance capacities, identifying and helping analyze capacity gap...

Research paper thumbnail of Active surveillance documents rates of clinical care seeking due to respiratory illness

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2020

BackgroundRespiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. However, the ove... more BackgroundRespiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. However, the overall community prevalence of infections has not been properly assessed, as standard surveillance is typically acquired passively among individuals seeking clinical care.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in which participants provided daily diaries and weekly nasopharyngeal specimens that were tested for respiratory viruses. These data were used to analyze healthcare seeking behavior, compared with cross‐sectional ED data and NYC surveillance reports, and used to evaluate biases of medically attended ILI as signal for population respiratory disease and infection.ResultsThe likelihood of seeking medical attention was virus‐dependent: higher for influenza and metapneumovirus (19%‐20%), lower for coronavirus and RSV (4%), and 71% of individuals with self‐reported ILI did not seek care and half of medically attended symptomatic manifestations did not meet the criteria for ILI. On...

Research paper thumbnail of Randomized Comparison of 3 High-level Disinfection and Sterilization Procedures for Duodenoscopes

Gastroenterology, Oct 12, 2017

Duodenoscopes have been implicated in the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). W... more Duodenoscopes have been implicated in the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). We compared the frequency of duodenoscope contamination with MDRO or any other bacteria after disinfection or sterilization by 3 different methods. We performed a single-center prospective randomized study in which duodenoscopes were randomly reprocessed by standard high-level disinfection (sHLD), double high-level disinfection (dHLD), or standard high-level disinfection followed by ethylene oxide gas sterilization (HLD/ETO). Samples were collected from the elevator mechanism and working channel of each duodenoscope and cultured before use. The primary outcome was the proportion of duodenoscopes with an elevator mechanism or working channel culture showing 1 or more MDRO; secondary outcomes included the frequency of duodenoscope contamination with more than 0 and 10 or more colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic bacterial growth on either sampling location. After 3 months of enrollment, th...

Research paper thumbnail of Adenosine Triphosphate Quantification Correlates Poorly with Microbial Contamination of Duodenoscopes

Infection control and hospital epidemiology, Jun 17, 2017

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (A... more OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) measurements and bacterial cultures from duodenoscopes for evaluation of contamination following high-level disinfection. DESIGN Duodenoscopes used for any intended endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure were included. Microbiologic and ATP data were collected concomitantly and in the same manner from ERCP duodenoscopes. SETTING A high-volume endoscopy unit at a tertiary referral acute-care facility. METHODS Duodenoscopes were sampled for ATP and bacterial contamination in a contemporaneous and highly standardized fashion using a "flush-brush-flush" method for the working channel (WC) and a dry flocked swab for the elevator mechanism (EM). Specimens were processed for any aerobic bacterial growth (colony-forming units, CFU). Growth of CFU>0 and ATP relative light unit (RLU)>0 was considered a contaminated result. Frequency of discord between a...

Research paper thumbnail of Gestural Interactions of Embodied Educational Technology Using One-Shot Machine Learning

Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning e... more Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning environments,connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gesturalrecognition algorithms have become important in leveragingthis connection but have focused primarily on traditionallytrained machine-learning paradigms.

Research paper thumbnail of Palomar testbed interferometer status report

Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 24, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of A search for new physics with the BEACON mission

Proceedings of SPIE, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Identification and synthesis of a receptor binding site of human anaphylatoxin C5a

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Jul 1, 1991

C5a is a 74 amino acid polypeptide that likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a n... more C5a is a 74 amino acid polypeptide that likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the discovery of a C5a antagonist is of considerable therapeutic interest. A series of peptides designed to survey various regions of the molecule was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and evaluated for receptor-binding activity with polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes. The C-terminal octapeptide (Ac-His-Lys-Asp-Met-Gln-Leu-Gly-Arg-OH) was identified as the smallest fragment which possessed reasonable C5a receptor binding activity.

Research paper thumbnail of Calibrator Target Project for the Palomar Testbed Interferometer

American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Using one-shot machine learning to implement real-time multimodal learning analytics

CEUR workshop proceedings, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants of Willingness to Use PrEP Among Gay and Bisexual Men in China Before Implementation: A Structural Equation Modeling Assessment

AIDS and Behavior

With the recent endorsement of PrEP by the Chinese government, research is urgently needed to bet... more With the recent endorsement of PrEP by the Chinese government, research is urgently needed to better understand factors impacting PrEP uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in China. This study examined willingness to use PrEP for HIV prevention among GBMSM in China through structural equation modeling. We examined the relationship among PrEP-related attitudes, subjective norms, PrEP-related knowledge and beliefs about medicines and willingness to use PrEP. The analysis showed a good fit between the data and both the measurement model (RMSEA = 0.060) and structural model (RMSEA = 0.054). Knowledge, attitudes, and subjective norms were significantly related to intention to use PrEP, whereas the effect of general beliefs about medicines was insignificant. These effect mechanisms point to the importance of designing interventions to support PrEP uptake that target knowledge, enhance positive attitudes about PrEP within social networks, and build positive social norms around PrEP among sexually active GBMSM.

Research paper thumbnail of An optical phased array for incoherent light imaging applications

Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology, 2021

Recent advances in silicon photonics have enabled large-scale optical phased arrays for applicati... more Recent advances in silicon photonics have enabled large-scale optical phased arrays for applications such as beam steering and directional light detection. However, to date, these results have only been applied to coherent light. Many applications, including passive imaging with natural illumination, require operation using incoherent and/or broadband light. Here we implement an optical phased array designed for these applications using a planar, fractal, pathlength-matching architecture known as an “H-tree”. We demonstrate electronic beamsteering and natural light imaging using this flat, broadband, photonic-integrated device.

Research paper thumbnail of Observation of an optical spring with a beam splitter

Research paper thumbnail of LiDAR Beamsteering by Digitally Switched MEMS Gratings on a Silicon Photonics Platform

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2020

A new method for solid-state beamsteering using MEMS grating switches integrated on a Si-PIC has ... more A new method for solid-state beamsteering using MEMS grating switches integrated on a Si-PIC has been demonstrated. This method provides fast random access switching, simple digital control, extremely low side-lobes, and is scalable to large arrays, large apertures, and long ranges.

Research paper thumbnail of Broadband Imaging and Wireless Communication with an Optical Phased Array

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2018

An optical phased array designed for broadband applications has been demonstrated. Using this arc... more An optical phased array designed for broadband applications has been demonstrated. Using this architecture, imaging under natural light conditions and free space optical communications at a data rate of 10 Gbps have been achieved.

Research paper thumbnail of Gestural Interactions of Embodied Educational Technology Using One-Shot Machine Learning

2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), 2017

Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning e... more Educational research has demonstrated the importanceof embodiment in designing student learning environments,connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gesturalrecognition algorithms have become important in leveragingthis connection but have focused primarily on traditionallytrained machine-learning paradigms.

Research paper thumbnail of Using One-Shot Machine Learning to Implement Real-Time Multimodal Learning Analytics

Educational research has demonstrated the importance of embodiment in the design of student learn... more Educational research has demonstrated the importance of embodiment in the design of student learning environments, connecting bodily actions to critical concepts. Gestural recognition algorithms have become important tools in leveraging this connection but are limited in their development, focusing primarily on traditional machine-learning paradigms. We describe our approach to real-time learning analytics, using a gesturerecognition system to interpret movement in an educational context. We train a hybrid parametric, hierarchical hidden-Markov model using a one-shot construct, learning from singular, user-defined gestures. This model gives us access to three different modes of data streams: skeleton positions, kinematics features, and internal model parameters. Such a structure presents many challenges including anticipating the optimal feature sets to analyze and creating effective mapping schemas. Despite these challenges, our method allows users to facilitate productive simulati...

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Modulation Scheme for Homodyne Detection Control

Controlling the quadrature measured by a homodyne detector is a universal task in continuousvaria... more Controlling the quadrature measured by a homodyne detector is a universal task in continuousvariable quantum optics. However, deriving an error signal that is linear across the entire range of quadrature angles remains an open experimental problem. Here we propose a scheme to produce such an error signal through the use of a universally tunable modulator. © 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

Research paper thumbnail of Improving menstrual equity in the USA: perspectives from trans and non-binary people assigned female at birth and health care providers

Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2021

Menstruation research has largely focused on addressing menstrual management barriers facing cisg... more Menstruation research has largely focused on addressing menstrual management barriers facing cisgender women and girls in low and middle-income countries. Scant literature has assessed the menstrual management needs of trans and non-binary people assigned female at birth. To better understand these frequently invisibilised menstruation-related needs, we conducted a multi-method qualitative study in New York City which included: 17 in-depth interviews across trans and non-binary people (n = 10) and health care providers who serve them (n = 7); and seven anonymous post-interview participatory writing responses with trans and non-binary participants to further elucidate their lived experiences with menstrual management. Lack of health care provider transgender competency, public toilet design (i.e. gaps in cubicle doors and lack of in-cubicle menstrual product disposal bins), and the social dynamics of public toilets (i.e. work and school) were identified as significant barriers to managing menstruation safely and accessibly for trans and non-binary people. These findings have important implications for healthcare policy, public toilet legislation and advancing menstrual equity in the USA.

Research paper thumbnail of Respiratory viruses in pediatric emergency department patients and their family members

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2020

BackgroundRespiratory viral infections account for a substantial fraction of pediatric emergency ... more BackgroundRespiratory viral infections account for a substantial fraction of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits. We examined the epidemiological patterns of seven common respiratory viruses in children presenting to EDs with influenza‐like illness (ILI). Additionally, we examined the co‐occurrence of viral infections in the accompanying adults and risk factors associated with the acquisition of these viruses.MethodsNasopharyngeal swab were collected from children seeking medical care for ILI and their accompanying adults (Total N = 1315). Study sites included New York Presbyterian, Bellevue, and Tisch hospitals in New York City. PCR using a respiratory viral panel was conducted, and data on symptoms and medical history were collected.ResultsRespiratory viruses were detected in 399 children (62.25%) and 118 (17.5%) accompanying adults. The most frequent pathogen detected was human rhinovirus (HRV) (28.81%). Co‐infection rates were 14.79% in children and 8.47% in adults. Respi...

Research paper thumbnail of Governance Roles and Capacities of Ministries of Health: A Multidimensional Framework

International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2020

The lack of capacity for governance of Ministries of Health (MoHs) is frequently advanced as an e... more The lack of capacity for governance of Ministries of Health (MoHs) is frequently advanced as an explanation for health systems failures in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). But do we understand what governance capacities MoHs should have? Existing frameworks have not fully captured the dynamic and contextually determined role of MoHs, and there are few frameworks that specifically define capacities for governance. We propose a multidimensional framework of capacities for governance by MoHs that encompasses both the "hard" (de jure, explicit and functional) and "soft" (de facto, tacit, and relational) dimensions of governance, and reflects the diversification of their mandates in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Four case studies illustrate different aspects of the framework. We hope that the framework will have multiple potential benefits including benchmarking MoH governance capacities, identifying and helping analyze capacity gap...

Research paper thumbnail of Active surveillance documents rates of clinical care seeking due to respiratory illness

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2020

BackgroundRespiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. However, the ove... more BackgroundRespiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. However, the overall community prevalence of infections has not been properly assessed, as standard surveillance is typically acquired passively among individuals seeking clinical care.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in which participants provided daily diaries and weekly nasopharyngeal specimens that were tested for respiratory viruses. These data were used to analyze healthcare seeking behavior, compared with cross‐sectional ED data and NYC surveillance reports, and used to evaluate biases of medically attended ILI as signal for population respiratory disease and infection.ResultsThe likelihood of seeking medical attention was virus‐dependent: higher for influenza and metapneumovirus (19%‐20%), lower for coronavirus and RSV (4%), and 71% of individuals with self‐reported ILI did not seek care and half of medically attended symptomatic manifestations did not meet the criteria for ILI. On...

Research paper thumbnail of Randomized Comparison of 3 High-level Disinfection and Sterilization Procedures for Duodenoscopes

Gastroenterology, Oct 12, 2017

Duodenoscopes have been implicated in the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). W... more Duodenoscopes have been implicated in the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). We compared the frequency of duodenoscope contamination with MDRO or any other bacteria after disinfection or sterilization by 3 different methods. We performed a single-center prospective randomized study in which duodenoscopes were randomly reprocessed by standard high-level disinfection (sHLD), double high-level disinfection (dHLD), or standard high-level disinfection followed by ethylene oxide gas sterilization (HLD/ETO). Samples were collected from the elevator mechanism and working channel of each duodenoscope and cultured before use. The primary outcome was the proportion of duodenoscopes with an elevator mechanism or working channel culture showing 1 or more MDRO; secondary outcomes included the frequency of duodenoscope contamination with more than 0 and 10 or more colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic bacterial growth on either sampling location. After 3 months of enrollment, th...

Research paper thumbnail of Adenosine Triphosphate Quantification Correlates Poorly with Microbial Contamination of Duodenoscopes

Infection control and hospital epidemiology, Jun 17, 2017

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (A... more OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the correlation between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) measurements and bacterial cultures from duodenoscopes for evaluation of contamination following high-level disinfection. DESIGN Duodenoscopes used for any intended endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure were included. Microbiologic and ATP data were collected concomitantly and in the same manner from ERCP duodenoscopes. SETTING A high-volume endoscopy unit at a tertiary referral acute-care facility. METHODS Duodenoscopes were sampled for ATP and bacterial contamination in a contemporaneous and highly standardized fashion using a "flush-brush-flush" method for the working channel (WC) and a dry flocked swab for the elevator mechanism (EM). Specimens were processed for any aerobic bacterial growth (colony-forming units, CFU). Growth of CFU>0 and ATP relative light unit (RLU)>0 was considered a contaminated result. Frequency of discord between a...