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Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2008

Introduction: Contralateral mediastinal shift due to pleural mesothelioma tissue, rather than a p... more Introduction: Contralateral mediastinal shift due to pleural mesothelioma tissue, rather than a pleural effusion, is an unusual clinical feature of mesothelioma.

Journal of Cybernetics, 1977

Interest in perfect codes is as old as is the theory of error correcting codes. The idea started ... more Interest in perfect codes is as old as is the theory of error correcting codes. The idea started from random error correction to have a code which corrects all t or less errors but no others. The combinatorial identity derived from Hamming's bound for a r-error correcting code of length n over GF(q) is

Journal of Cybernetics, 1976

Cyclic codes were first introduced by Prange (1957, 1958) and possess properties for correction o... more Cyclic codes were first introduced by Prange (1957, 1958) and possess properties for correction of random and burst errors. An excellent account of these codes can be found in any book on coding theory, for example, Berlekamp (l968a) or Peterson and Weldon (1972). Also, it is ...

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 2010

There is no international consensus on the optimal management of operable esophageal cancer. Surg... more There is no international consensus on the optimal management of operable esophageal cancer. Surgery alone is associated with a poor prognosis and is only appropriate in patients with very early-stage disease. Data from randomized phase III clinical trials support the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemoradiation and perioperative chemotherapy for patients with adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemoradiation or definitive chemoradiation for localized squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Meta-analyses of published clinical trials have not assessed the role of perioperative chemotherapy and definitive chemoradiation, but have demonstrated a comparable survival benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation for operable adenocarcinomas of the esophagus. A greater benefit for neoadjuvant chemoradiation compared with chemotherapy, however, was noted for localized SCC. In this Review, we discuss the data available from clinical trials and meta-analyses and how they inform current clinical practice.

Handbook of Metastatic Breast Cancer, 2006

Handbook of Metastatic Breast Cancer, 2011

Acta Oncologica, 2008

Background and purpose. As techniques for radiotherapy delivery have developed, increasingly accu... more Background and purpose. As techniques for radiotherapy delivery have developed, increasingly accurate localisation of disease is demanded. Functional imaging, particularly PET and its fusion with anatomical modalities, such as PET/CT, promises to improve detection and characterisation of disease. This study evaluated the impact of 18 FDG-PET/CT on radiotherapy target volume definition in head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and methods. The PET/CT scans of patients with HNC were used in a radiotherapy planning (RTP) study. The gross tumour volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV) were defined conventionally and compared to those defined using the PET/CT. Data were reported as the median value with 95% confidence intervals. Results. Eighteen patients were consented, 9 had known primary tumour site, 9 presented as unknown primary. In nine cases where the primary site was known, the combined primary and nodal GTV (GTVp'n) increased by a median of 6.1 cm 3 (2.6, 12.2) or 78% (18, 313), p 00.008 with CTV increasing by a median of 10.1 cm 3 (1.3, 30.6) or 4% (0, 13) p 00.012. In 9 cases of unknown primary the GTVp'n increased by a median 6.3 cm 3 (0.2, 15.7) or 61% (4, 210), p 00.012, with CTV increasing by a median 155.4 cm 3 (2.7, 281.7) or 95% (1, 137), p 00.008. Conclusion. 18 FDG-PET revealed disease lying outside the conventional target volume, either extending a known area or highlighting a previously unknown area of disease, including the primary tumour in 5 cases. We recommend PET/CT in the RTP of all cases of unknown primary. In patients with a known primary, although the change in volume was statistically significant the clinical impact is less clear. 18 FDG-PET can also show areas within the conventional target volume that are hypermetabolic which may be possible biological target volumes for dose escalation studies in the future.

Radiology, Jan 17, 2015

Purpose To determine if first-order and high-order textural features on fluorine 18 ((18)F) fluor... more Purpose To determine if first-order and high-order textural features on fluorine 18 ((18)F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) images of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (a) at baseline, (b) at 6 weeks, or (c) the percentage change between baseline and 6 weeks can predict response or survival in patients treated with erlotinib. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained for post hoc analysis of data from a prospective single-center study for which informed consent was obtained. The study included 47 patients with NSCLC who underwent (18)F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) at baseline (n = 47) and 6 weeks (n = 40) after commencing treatment with erlotinib. First-order and high-order primary tumor texture features reflecting image heterogeneity, standardized uptake values, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis were measured for all (18)F-FDG PET studies. Response to erlotinib was assessed by using the Response Evaluat...

Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2004

Background and purpose: FDG-PET possesses greater sensitivity and accuracy than computed tomograp... more Background and purpose: FDG-PET possesses greater sensitivity and accuracy than computed tomography (CT) in detecting diseased lymph nodes. Though the FDG-PET scans are acquired for similar diagnostic reasons as CT, they are not used in the radiotherapy (RT) planning process. Successful tumourcidal dose is usually delivered but large volumes of normal and non-malignant tissues are irradiated due to the nature of lymphoma and also to the subjectivity of the field determining process. This study tries to lessen the subjectivity of the field determining process by the addition of currently acquired PET to the conventional thoracic lymphoma RT. The differences between retrospectively delineated volumes from CT and FDG-PET were compared and the effect of this additional information was evaluated.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1995

Chymase, the major chymotryptic proteinase of human mast cells, can be released in substantial qu... more Chymase, the major chymotryptic proteinase of human mast cells, can be released in substantial quantities following mast cell activation. As this enzyme is stored in the secretory granules in its fully active form, we have investigated various factors which might regulate its activity in storage and upon release. Chymase was purified from human skin by high salt extraction, cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation, heparin agarose affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Neither the addition of Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ (0.3-10 mM) nor their sequestration by EDTA had any effect on the rate of cleavage of the synthetic substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide. Monovalent cations (Na +, K +) enhanced enzyme activity, but only at non-physiological concentrations (0.5-3.0 M), suggesting an ionic strength effect. At constant I = 0.15, enzyme activity was strongly pH-dependent: at pH 5.5 (the approximate pH of the mast cell granule) the activity was only 10% of t~at at pH 7.5 (the approximate pH of the extracellular space). Heparin, which is stored with chymase in the mast cell granule, accentuated this difference by enhancing activity at pH 7.5 by 33% and depressing it at pH 5.5 by 40%. Histamine at concentrations up to 50 mM (1= 0.15) had little effect on chymase activity at either pH, although high concentrations did attenuate the actions of heparin. It is concluded that pH and the interaction with heparin are central to the regulation of chymase activity within the granule and following release.