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Je suis chômeur(se), je suis stigmatisé(e) : Des conséquences de la stigmatisation aux stratégies... more Je suis chômeur(se), je suis stigmatisé(e) : Des conséquences de la stigmatisation aux stratégies de défense de soi David Bourguignon et Ginette Herman Il n'est pas un jour où une entreprise ne ferme ses portes, où des personnes ne se fassent renvoyer, où des chômeurs se voient refuser un emploi. Depuis plus de trente ans, le chômage rythme le quotidien de beaucoup d'entre nous. Pour certains, cette situation est devenue une fatalité, pour d'autres, c'est un passage avant des jours meilleurs. Pourtant, il n'est pas un jour où l'on n'entende dire ou insinuer que si les chômeurs le voulaient vraiment, ils pourraient retrouver du travail. Une étude réalisée sur un échantillon constitué de travailleurs et de chômeurs en témoigne (Furaker & Blomsterberg, 2003). Bien que 60 % des répondants reconnaissent en la situation économique l'origine principale du manque d'emploi, 73% d'entre eux considèrent que si les chômeurs le voulaient vraiment, ils pour...
Cet article a pour objet la question du chômage vu sous l'angle de la stigmatisation. Quatre étud... more Cet article a pour objet la question du chômage vu sous l'angle de la stigmatisation. Quatre études, qui s'appuient sur des recherches réalisées en psychologie sociale, sont présentées ici. Deux d'entre elles épinglent, sur base de la théorie de la menace du stéréotype de Steele et Aronson, le rôle délétère que joue le stigmate, tant sur les performances intellectuelles du chômeur que sur sa capacité d'entreprendre. Deux autres études défendent l'idée que, face à des situations menaçantes pour leur identité, les personnes sans emploi mettent en place des stratégies de défense qui consistent à minimiser la discrimination à leur encontre. L'ensemble de ces résultats est discuté en lien avec les pratiques sociales. * Les recherches présentées dans cet article ont été financées par la Région wallonne (Institut wallon de l'évaluation, de la prospective et de la statistique) et le Fonds social européen.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002
An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of identification with the in-group on the cate... more An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of identification with the in-group on the categorization of pictures depicting in-group and out-group faces. Findings showed that high identifiers classified fewer pictures as in-group members than did low identifiers. High and low identifiers also differed in their categorization latencies. Whereas high identifiers seemed more concerned with erroneously including an out-group member in the in-group, low identifiers seemed concerned with accuracy. The results are discussed with regard to the motivations underlying social categorization as well as to other phenomena that have been discovered through research on social identity theory.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2012
The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even speci... more The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker-and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism-collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Mul...
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2006
In two studies, we investigated the differential influence of perceived group and personal discri... more In two studies, we investigated the differential influence of perceived group and personal discrimination on self-esteem in the context of the Rejection-Identification model (Branscombe, Schmitt & Harvey, 1999). We first polled a group of African immigrants and found that whereas personal discrimination was negatively related to personal self-esteem, group discrimination was positively associated with it. We replicated these effects in a second study using women as our respondents. These results suggest that perceiving group discrimination may be positively related to well-being because people feel less alone in their plight, thereby alleviating the ill-effects of exclusion. We discuss these results in relation to both the Rejection-Identification model and the discounting hypothesis (Crocker & Major, 1989). Discrimination and self-esteem 3 Perceived group and personal discrimination : Differential effects on personal self-esteem Human beings are prone to create hierarchies that relegate some groups to the bottom of the social ladder. Being part of a so-called low status group is not a pleasant experience because it brings prejudice and discrimination in all aspects of daily life. For some years now, social psychology has taken an interest in the phenomenology of members of stigmatized group. Although a negative impact of discrimination would seem inevitable, research not only revealed the high degree of resilience displayed by stigmatized people but also the numerous strategies they are able to use, consciously or unconsciously, in order to deal with the abusive behavior of dominant outgroups (Allport, 1954; Goffman, 1968). The present paper examines the role played by two dimensions of perceived discrimination, namely the personal and the group one, on selfesteem. Also explored is group identification insofar it comes as a strategy protecting self-esteem against the deleterious effect of discrimination as revealed by the model Rejection-Identification (Branscombe, Schmitt & Harvey, 1999). A dispassionate analysis reveals that discriminated group members lag behind dominants on many societal indicators. They earn less money, are more often unemployed, and have lower diplomas and poorer health than high status group members (Belle & Doucet, 2003; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). All these aspects should logically impact on their psychological well-being and, indeed, studies generally show that stigmatized group members have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their dominant counterparts (Chakarborty & McKenzie, 2002; Klonoff, Landrine, & Campbell, 2000). Moreover, research shows that perceived discrimination itself adds to the plight of stigmatized group members over and above their objective standing
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2003
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
Au travers de deux etudes, nous avons etudie l’impact de l’activation du stereotype sur l’inserti... more Au travers de deux etudes, nous avons etudie l’impact de l’activation du stereotype sur l’insertion sociale et professionnelle des chomeurs. Dans une premiere etude realisee aupres d’un echantillon de 115 chomeurs, les participants ont obtenu un niveau de performance plus faible dans une tâche de comprehension en lecture et ont exprime moins d’intentions de rechercher un emploi lorsque le contexte rendait saillant l’auto-stereotype de chomeur que lorsque le contexte rendait saillante la categorie des adultes. Une seconde etude impliquant 34 chomeurs a montre que les participants rapportent moins d’intentions d’entreprendre des activites culturelles en contexte d’activation de l’auto-stereotype de chomeur qu’en contexte d’activation du stereotype d’adulte. En outre, l’importance accordee au domaine culturel joue un role mediateur entre l’activation du stereotype et les intentions de s’engager dans les activites culturelles. Les resultats sont discutes a la lumiere des recherches sur ...
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 2019
Je suis chômeur(se), je suis stigmatisé(e) : Des conséquences de la stigmatisation aux stratégies... more Je suis chômeur(se), je suis stigmatisé(e) : Des conséquences de la stigmatisation aux stratégies de défense de soi David Bourguignon et Ginette Herman Il n'est pas un jour où une entreprise ne ferme ses portes, où des personnes ne se fassent renvoyer, où des chômeurs se voient refuser un emploi. Depuis plus de trente ans, le chômage rythme le quotidien de beaucoup d'entre nous. Pour certains, cette situation est devenue une fatalité, pour d'autres, c'est un passage avant des jours meilleurs. Pourtant, il n'est pas un jour où l'on n'entende dire ou insinuer que si les chômeurs le voulaient vraiment, ils pourraient retrouver du travail. Une étude réalisée sur un échantillon constitué de travailleurs et de chômeurs en témoigne (Furaker & Blomsterberg, 2003). Bien que 60 % des répondants reconnaissent en la situation économique l'origine principale du manque d'emploi, 73% d'entre eux considèrent que si les chômeurs le voulaient vraiment, ils pour...
Cet article a pour objet la question du chômage vu sous l'angle de la stigmatisation. Quatre étud... more Cet article a pour objet la question du chômage vu sous l'angle de la stigmatisation. Quatre études, qui s'appuient sur des recherches réalisées en psychologie sociale, sont présentées ici. Deux d'entre elles épinglent, sur base de la théorie de la menace du stéréotype de Steele et Aronson, le rôle délétère que joue le stigmate, tant sur les performances intellectuelles du chômeur que sur sa capacité d'entreprendre. Deux autres études défendent l'idée que, face à des situations menaçantes pour leur identité, les personnes sans emploi mettent en place des stratégies de défense qui consistent à minimiser la discrimination à leur encontre. L'ensemble de ces résultats est discuté en lien avec les pratiques sociales. * Les recherches présentées dans cet article ont été financées par la Région wallonne (Institut wallon de l'évaluation, de la prospective et de la statistique) et le Fonds social européen.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002
An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of identification with the in-group on the cate... more An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of identification with the in-group on the categorization of pictures depicting in-group and out-group faces. Findings showed that high identifiers classified fewer pictures as in-group members than did low identifiers. High and low identifiers also differed in their categorization latencies. Whereas high identifiers seemed more concerned with erroneously including an out-group member in the in-group, low identifiers seemed concerned with accuracy. The results are discussed with regard to the motivations underlying social categorization as well as to other phenomena that have been discovered through research on social identity theory.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2012
The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even speci... more The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker-and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism-collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Mul...
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2006
In two studies, we investigated the differential influence of perceived group and personal discri... more In two studies, we investigated the differential influence of perceived group and personal discrimination on self-esteem in the context of the Rejection-Identification model (Branscombe, Schmitt & Harvey, 1999). We first polled a group of African immigrants and found that whereas personal discrimination was negatively related to personal self-esteem, group discrimination was positively associated with it. We replicated these effects in a second study using women as our respondents. These results suggest that perceiving group discrimination may be positively related to well-being because people feel less alone in their plight, thereby alleviating the ill-effects of exclusion. We discuss these results in relation to both the Rejection-Identification model and the discounting hypothesis (Crocker & Major, 1989). Discrimination and self-esteem 3 Perceived group and personal discrimination : Differential effects on personal self-esteem Human beings are prone to create hierarchies that relegate some groups to the bottom of the social ladder. Being part of a so-called low status group is not a pleasant experience because it brings prejudice and discrimination in all aspects of daily life. For some years now, social psychology has taken an interest in the phenomenology of members of stigmatized group. Although a negative impact of discrimination would seem inevitable, research not only revealed the high degree of resilience displayed by stigmatized people but also the numerous strategies they are able to use, consciously or unconsciously, in order to deal with the abusive behavior of dominant outgroups (Allport, 1954; Goffman, 1968). The present paper examines the role played by two dimensions of perceived discrimination, namely the personal and the group one, on selfesteem. Also explored is group identification insofar it comes as a strategy protecting self-esteem against the deleterious effect of discrimination as revealed by the model Rejection-Identification (Branscombe, Schmitt & Harvey, 1999). A dispassionate analysis reveals that discriminated group members lag behind dominants on many societal indicators. They earn less money, are more often unemployed, and have lower diplomas and poorer health than high status group members (Belle & Doucet, 2003; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). All these aspects should logically impact on their psychological well-being and, indeed, studies generally show that stigmatized group members have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their dominant counterparts (Chakarborty & McKenzie, 2002; Klonoff, Landrine, & Campbell, 2000). Moreover, research shows that perceived discrimination itself adds to the plight of stigmatized group members over and above their objective standing
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2003
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
Au travers de deux etudes, nous avons etudie l’impact de l’activation du stereotype sur l’inserti... more Au travers de deux etudes, nous avons etudie l’impact de l’activation du stereotype sur l’insertion sociale et professionnelle des chomeurs. Dans une premiere etude realisee aupres d’un echantillon de 115 chomeurs, les participants ont obtenu un niveau de performance plus faible dans une tâche de comprehension en lecture et ont exprime moins d’intentions de rechercher un emploi lorsque le contexte rendait saillant l’auto-stereotype de chomeur que lorsque le contexte rendait saillante la categorie des adultes. Une seconde etude impliquant 34 chomeurs a montre que les participants rapportent moins d’intentions d’entreprendre des activites culturelles en contexte d’activation de l’auto-stereotype de chomeur qu’en contexte d’activation du stereotype d’adulte. En outre, l’importance accordee au domaine culturel joue un role mediateur entre l’activation du stereotype et les intentions de s’engager dans les activites culturelles. Les resultats sont discutes a la lumiere des recherches sur ...
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 2019