carmen latorre - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by carmen latorre
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002
Because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), plasma viral load may be reduced to ... more Because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), plasma viral load may be reduced to levels under the detection limits of tests used in clinical laboratories. The viral load reduction does not correspond to a similar reduction of the DNA provirus integrated or preintegrated ...
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2000
This study was designed to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae carriers i... more This study was designed to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae carriers in a random sample of the preschool population in Catalonia. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured on chocolate agar supplemented with 260 μg/ml of bacitracin. Four hundred two of the 734 (54.8%) children studied were detected as Haemophilus influenzae carriers: 7 (0.9%) carried serotype b, 14 (1.9%) serotype e, 6 (0.8%) serotype f, and 375 (51%) carried nontypable strains. The results show that, although the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae carriers is similar to figures reported from other countries, the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b carriers is lower and corresponds with the low incidence of invasive disease observed in the Catalan community.
Early Childhood Education, 1982
The Developing Economies, 2007
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, 2007
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Healthy, soft hair with good feel, shine, color a... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Healthy, soft hair with good feel, shine, color and overall aesthetics is generally highly desirable. It is important to study hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners as well as damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments because they affect the maintenance and grooming process and therefore alter many
NanoScience and Technology, 2006
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softn... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softness, and overall aesthetics of the hair is highly desired. Hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, along with damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments, affect the maintenance and grooming process and are important to study because they alter many hair properties. Nanoscale characterization of the morphological, frictional, and adhesive properties (tribological properties) of hair are essential to evaluate and develop better cosmetic products, and to advance the understanding of biological and cosmetic science. The atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM) has recently become an important tool for studying the micro/nanoscale properties of human hair. This thesis presents a comprehensive review of tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. Nanotribological properties such as roughness, friction, adhesion, and wear are presented, as well as investigations of scale effects and directionality dependence on friction and adhesion.
Ultramicroscopy, 2005
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softn... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softness, and overall aesthetics of the hair is highly desired. Hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, along with damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments, affect the maintenance and grooming process and are important to study because they alter many hair properties. Nanoscale characterization of the morphological, frictional, and adhesive properties (tribological properties) of hair are essential to evaluate and develop better cosmetic products, and to advance the understanding of biological and cosmetic science. The atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM) has recently become an important tool for studying the micro/nanoscale properties of human hair. This thesis presents a comprehensive review of tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. Nanotribological properties such as roughness, friction, adhesion, and wear are presented, as well as investigations of scale effects and directionality dependence on friction and adhesion.
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 2005
Tribological properties are useful in the study of human hair and other biological materials. Maj... more Tribological properties are useful in the study of human hair and other biological materials. Major sources of investigation for conditioner treated hair includes localization of conditioner, mechanisms related to changes in surface roughness, friction, and adhesion on the nanoscale due to conditioner agents, and how the products change the microstructure of the cuticle. The paper presents nanotribological studies investigating surface roughness, friction, and adhesion using atomic force/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM). Test samples include virgin and chemically damaged hair, both with and without commercial conditioner treatment, as well as chemically damaged hair with experimental conditioner treatments. Friction force mapping provides insight into the localized change in friction caused by the application of hair care materials. Adhesive force maps to study adhesion on the cuticle surface provide information about localization and distribution of conditioner as well. A discussion is presented on these properties of hair as a function of relative humidity, temperature, durability, and conditioning treatments.
Ultramicroscopy, 2006
Macroscale testing of human hair tribological properties has been widely used to aid in the devel... more Macroscale testing of human hair tribological properties has been widely used to aid in the development of better shampoos and conditioners. Recently, literature has focused on using the atomic force microscope (AFM) to study surface roughness, coefficient of friction, adhesive force, and wear (tribological properties) on the nanoscale in order to increase understanding about how shampoos and conditioners interact with the hair cuticle. Since there are both similarities and differences when comparing the tribological trends at both scales, it is thus recognized that scale effects are an important aspect of studying the tribology of hair. However, no microscale tribological data for hair exists in literature. This is unfortunate because many interactions between hair–skin, hair–comb, and hair–hair contact takes place at microasperities ranging from a few μm to hundreds of μm. Thus, to bridge the gap between the macro- and nanoscale data, as well as to gain a full understanding of the mechanisms behind the trends, it is now worthwhile to look at hair tribology on the microscale. Presented in this paper are coefficient of friction and adhesive force data on various scales for virgin and chemically damaged hair, both with and without conditioner treatment. Macroscale coefficient of friction was determined using a traditional friction test apparatus. Microscale and nanoscale tribological characterization was performed with AFM tips of various radii. The nano-, micro-, and macroscale trends are compared and the mechanisms behind the scale effects are discussed. Since the coefficient of friction changes drastically (on any scale) depending on whether the direction of motion is along or against the cuticle scales, the directionality dependence and responsible mechanisms are discussed.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002
Because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), plasma viral load may be reduced to ... more Because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), plasma viral load may be reduced to levels under the detection limits of tests used in clinical laboratories. The viral load reduction does not correspond to a similar reduction of the DNA provirus integrated or preintegrated ...
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2000
This study was designed to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae carriers i... more This study was designed to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae carriers in a random sample of the preschool population in Catalonia. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured on chocolate agar supplemented with 260 μg/ml of bacitracin. Four hundred two of the 734 (54.8%) children studied were detected as Haemophilus influenzae carriers: 7 (0.9%) carried serotype b, 14 (1.9%) serotype e, 6 (0.8%) serotype f, and 375 (51%) carried nontypable strains. The results show that, although the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae carriers is similar to figures reported from other countries, the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b carriers is lower and corresponds with the low incidence of invasive disease observed in the Catalan community.
Early Childhood Education, 1982
The Developing Economies, 2007
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, 2007
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Healthy, soft hair with good feel, shine, color a... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Healthy, soft hair with good feel, shine, color and overall aesthetics is generally highly desirable. It is important to study hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners as well as damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments because they affect the maintenance and grooming process and therefore alter many
NanoScience and Technology, 2006
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softn... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softness, and overall aesthetics of the hair is highly desired. Hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, along with damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments, affect the maintenance and grooming process and are important to study because they alter many hair properties. Nanoscale characterization of the morphological, frictional, and adhesive properties (tribological properties) of hair are essential to evaluate and develop better cosmetic products, and to advance the understanding of biological and cosmetic science. The atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM) has recently become an important tool for studying the micro/nanoscale properties of human hair. This thesis presents a comprehensive review of tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. Nanotribological properties such as roughness, friction, adhesion, and wear are presented, as well as investigations of scale effects and directionality dependence on friction and adhesion.
Ultramicroscopy, 2005
Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softn... more Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softness, and overall aesthetics of the hair is highly desired. Hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, along with damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments, affect the maintenance and grooming process and are important to study because they alter many hair properties. Nanoscale characterization of the morphological, frictional, and adhesive properties (tribological properties) of hair are essential to evaluate and develop better cosmetic products, and to advance the understanding of biological and cosmetic science. The atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM) has recently become an important tool for studying the micro/nanoscale properties of human hair. This thesis presents a comprehensive review of tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. Nanotribological properties such as roughness, friction, adhesion, and wear are presented, as well as investigations of scale effects and directionality dependence on friction and adhesion.
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 2005
Tribological properties are useful in the study of human hair and other biological materials. Maj... more Tribological properties are useful in the study of human hair and other biological materials. Major sources of investigation for conditioner treated hair includes localization of conditioner, mechanisms related to changes in surface roughness, friction, and adhesion on the nanoscale due to conditioner agents, and how the products change the microstructure of the cuticle. The paper presents nanotribological studies investigating surface roughness, friction, and adhesion using atomic force/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM). Test samples include virgin and chemically damaged hair, both with and without commercial conditioner treatment, as well as chemically damaged hair with experimental conditioner treatments. Friction force mapping provides insight into the localized change in friction caused by the application of hair care materials. Adhesive force maps to study adhesion on the cuticle surface provide information about localization and distribution of conditioner as well. A discussion is presented on these properties of hair as a function of relative humidity, temperature, durability, and conditioning treatments.
Ultramicroscopy, 2006
Macroscale testing of human hair tribological properties has been widely used to aid in the devel... more Macroscale testing of human hair tribological properties has been widely used to aid in the development of better shampoos and conditioners. Recently, literature has focused on using the atomic force microscope (AFM) to study surface roughness, coefficient of friction, adhesive force, and wear (tribological properties) on the nanoscale in order to increase understanding about how shampoos and conditioners interact with the hair cuticle. Since there are both similarities and differences when comparing the tribological trends at both scales, it is thus recognized that scale effects are an important aspect of studying the tribology of hair. However, no microscale tribological data for hair exists in literature. This is unfortunate because many interactions between hair–skin, hair–comb, and hair–hair contact takes place at microasperities ranging from a few μm to hundreds of μm. Thus, to bridge the gap between the macro- and nanoscale data, as well as to gain a full understanding of the mechanisms behind the trends, it is now worthwhile to look at hair tribology on the microscale. Presented in this paper are coefficient of friction and adhesive force data on various scales for virgin and chemically damaged hair, both with and without conditioner treatment. Macroscale coefficient of friction was determined using a traditional friction test apparatus. Microscale and nanoscale tribological characterization was performed with AFM tips of various radii. The nano-, micro-, and macroscale trends are compared and the mechanisms behind the scale effects are discussed. Since the coefficient of friction changes drastically (on any scale) depending on whether the direction of motion is along or against the cuticle scales, the directionality dependence and responsible mechanisms are discussed.