nick cavill - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by nick cavill

CCycling ycling & Health What’s the

Physical activity and health in Europe: evidence for actionThe World Health Organization was esta... more Physical activity and health in Europe: evidence for actionThe World Health Organization was established in 1948 as the specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional functions is to provide objective and reliable information and advice in the field of human health. It fulfils this responsibility in part through its publications programmes, seeking to help countries make policies that benefit public health and address their most pressing public health concerns. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health problems of the countries it serves. The European Region embraces some 880 million people living in an area stretching from the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in ...

Background and Aims: Walking and cycling are increasingly recognized as effective forms of physic... more Background and Aims: Walking and cycling are increasingly recognized as effective forms of physical activity, an important public health priority. Urban and transport planning are more influential ...

Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls, 2018

Http Www Libreriasaulamedica Com, 2009

Tienda online donde Comprar Actividad fisica y salud en Europa al precio 4,57 € de Nick Cavill, t... more Tienda online donde Comprar Actividad fisica y salud en Europa al precio 4,57 € de Nick Cavill, tienda de Libros de Medicina, Libros de Epidemiologia, Salud Publica y Estadistica - Salud del Consumidor

World Health Organisation, …, 2008

The principle that the built environment should be supportive of walking is generally accepted an... more The principle that the built environment should be supportive of walking is generally accepted and a wide range of interventions have been carried out in recent years with the aim of increasing walking. This paper presents the findings from a study conducted for Living Streets that synthesised existing literature on the impacts of the built environment on walking. Two different types of evidence from both academic and grey literature formed the main basis for the findings: before and after studies evaluating effects of interventions and cross-sectional studies identifying built environment characteristics associated with higher walking levels. The evidence from a large number of international, cross-sectional studies shows utility walking levels are greater in places with mixed land uses, greater population density and street connectivity and provision of facilities for pedestrians. Recreational walking is influenced most by aesthetical quality of the walking environment. Evaluations generally demonstrate positive road safety outcomes and positive user perceptions, but lack of rigorous data collection means effects on walking activity are often unclear. Where increases in walking activity have been found, it has not been demonstrated that this has led to increased overall physical activity. High values for money have been estimated for walking interventions compared to other transport interventions. Benefits to health from increased physical activity and benefits to user experience from improved conditions are the main contributors to these high values. Stronger evidence that individuals walk more and are more physically active as a result of interventions would strengthen confidence in value for money estimates. Increased walking activity has been shown to have other benefits (mental health, social interaction, social capital, personal safety, local business activity) and these should be recognised in value for money estimates.

Journal of Public Mental Health

PurposeThis paper aims to use systems mapping as a tool to develop an organisation-wide approach ... more PurposeThis paper aims to use systems mapping as a tool to develop an organisation-wide approach to public mental health to inform strategic direction within a national public health agency. Design/methodology/approachTwo workshops were facilitated with internal staff from a wide range of public health policy teams working in small groups to produce paper-based maps. These were collated and refined by the project team and digitised. FindingsThe approach engaged a range of teams in forming a shared understanding and producing a complex system map of the influences on population mental health and well-being, where current policy initiatives were addressing them and what the gaps and priorities were. Participants valued the approach which led to further study and organisational commitment to the whole system working as part of national public mental health strategy. Research limitations/implicationsThe approach was limited to internal stakeholders and wider engagement with other sector...

Increasing participation in regular physical activity is a key public health goal in many countri... more Increasing participation in regular physical activity is a key public health goal in many countries, but there is little consensus among experts on effective, national population level strategies to change physical activity behaviour. This thesis brings together the findings from thirteen published articles, reports and book chapters, from a variety of disciplines and methodologies. It explores how public policy can be modified to support physical activity; the potential role of social marketing; the supportive changes that can be made to the natural and built environment; and interventions focused on increasing rates of walking and cycling. Evidence is presented in the context of the social ecological model, which describes multiple-level influences on health. The thesis shows that there is unlikely to be any single, simple, neat solution to the problem of physical inactivity. Shaping more active societies requires a comprehensive, system-wide, ecological approach, based on the bes...

It is clear that transport and health are inextricably linked. Transport has major health impacts... more It is clear that transport and health are inextricably linked. Transport has major health impacts – through accidents, levels of physical activity undertaken, effects on air pollution, and access to a range of services. The organisation of health services can add to or alleviate all these impacts, as well as making it more or less difficult for patients, relatives and staff to travel to and between healthcare settings. The provision of transport services (including issues such as car parking) have major cost implications, as does addressing the health issues associated with transport.

Purpose Cycling and walking is a promising approach to counteract some of the leading risk factor... more Purpose Cycling and walking is a promising approach to counteract some of the leading risk factors for Europe’s health, including physical inactivity, air pollution and climate change. The Health E...

Contents: 1 Why is physical activity important for health?; 2 What is known about current levels ... more Contents: 1 Why is physical activity important for health?; 2 What is known about current levels of physical activity and inactivity?; 3 What factors and conditions infl uence physical activity?; 4 What can the health sector and others do to increase physical activity?; 5 What next?; References; Annex 1-Further reading. (University of Zagreb textbook/Manualia universitatis studiorum Zagre-biensis), 147 pp. + DVD 7 hrs

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Background: The International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH) is a leading globa... more Background: The International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH) is a leading global organization working to advance research, policy, and practice to promote physical activity. Given the expanding evidence base on interventions to promote physical activity, it was timely to review and update a major ISPAH advocacy document—Investments that Work for Physical Activity (2011). Methods: Eight investment areas were agreed upon through consensus. Literature reviews were conducted to identify key evidence relevant to policymakers in each sector or setting. Results: The 8 investment areas were as follows: whole-of-school programs; active transport; active urban design; health care; public education; sport and recreation; workplaces; and community-wide programs. Evidence suggests that the largest population health benefit will be achieved by combining these investments and implementing a systems-based approach. Conclusions: Establishing consensus on ‘what works’ to change phys...

This paper describes an economic evaluation of the first phase of the English Cycling Demonstrati... more This paper describes an economic evaluation of the first phase of the English Cycling Demonstration Town investment program, which has an estimated cost of £18 million over three years. The economic evaluation uses monitoring data and applies both the WebTAG framework and the World Health Organization’s HEAT for cycling tool in novel contexts. The results of the Cycling Demonstration Town program are summarized, and the assumptions made and data inputs used are described. The paper reveals a benefit to cost in the range 2.6-3.5:1. The extent to which this may be a conservative estimate, and how improvements can be made to future exercises are also discussed in the paper.

A summary of the Pan-Europe Programme (The PEP) on transport, health and environment. The project... more A summary of the Pan-Europe Programme (The PEP) on transport, health and environment. The project aimed to review approaches to the economic analyses of interventions to cycling and walking; identify indicators; and formulate options for future methodologies.