fatma helmi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by fatma helmi

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 24, 2021

Polylactic acid (PLA), Chitosan, and Poly hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were chosen from among the numer... more Polylactic acid (PLA), Chitosan, and Poly hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were chosen from among the numerous types of biopolymers as coating agents to examine their efficacy in reducing the impact of air pollutants to the formation of black crust on head of marble statue dating back to the Graeco-Roman period, this head is currently on display at the Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo (GEM No. 65068). In this study two types of samples used, first category specimens were taken from the lower part of the statue's head to characterize the crust and substrate,. According to results, which are obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX) analysis, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Calcite (CaCO3) is the main component in marble samples, and Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) is a common component in the black crust. Second category were an experimental marble samples used to evaluate the protection efficiency of biopolymers. After application, the surface morphology, color change, and water static contact angle of the experimental marble samples were assessed. Finally, the samples were aged artificially to see how resistant they were to solar, ultraviolet, and acidic deterioration. In terms of polylactic acid efficacy, promising results were found due to their properties as hydrophobic behavior, it achieved the highest water static contact angle without affecting color measurements, and then applied in the protection of the marble statue's head.

Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials, 1974

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 1981

In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in the field of restoration and conser... more In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in the field of restoration and conservation of artworks. The minimizing of particles size into nanoscale, results in better properties from the large grain size materials of the same chemical composition. In this paper, pure and nanoparticles modified silicon-based polymers, were used to consolidate and protect sandstone samples. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, were added to different types of the silicon-based polymers (Wacker OH 100, Dow Corning MTMOS, Mega Protec 1, Mega Protec 2) in order to improve their physiochemical and mechanical properties, which produced a significant improvement in the ability of the polymers to consolidate and protect the stone. The properties of the treated sandstone samples were evaluated comparatively by visual appraisal, colorimetric measurements, measuring of static contact angle of water droplets on the surface of the samples, total immersion water absorption,...

The Ancient Egyptians manufactured faience beads, amulets, rings, bracelets, scarabs, small figur... more The Ancient Egyptians manufactured faience beads, amulets, rings, bracelets, scarabs, small figurines, bowls, tiles, as well as pieces for inlayment of their ornaments, since the predynastic age (3050 B.C.), and continued through the Roman period (30 B.C). That industry was developed through old, middle kingdoms, and reached its highest level in the knew kingdom. In the previous 20th century, serious deterioration phenomenon was observed on ancient Egyptian faience artefacts. There is a continous transformation of the blue color of faience into pale green, and from red color to nearly white. The aim of the present study is diagnosis and interpretation of this phenomenon, so saving these artefacts from complete distortion. Scanning electron microscope attached with EDX unit, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectemetry ICP-AES, Raman microscope attached to FTIR, infrared spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on faience fragments. Experimental laborat...

Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one o... more Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one or more material such as wood, textile, gypsum, faience, silver and gold. They were exposed to microbiological infections from the surrounding environmental conditions such as fungi and bacteria, which caused various deterioration aspects : stains, disintegration, discoloration, cracking, and may promote the decay of funeral masks. In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in treatment and conservation of artifacts. In this paper, the antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials silver, titanium dioxide and copper II oxide, were evaluated against the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial strain of Bacillus alvei, Gthe short Bacilli, and Gthe Bacilli spore former. Transmission electron microscope TEM, and scanning electron microscope SEM attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer EDX unit were utilized for char...

Studies in Conservation, 1972

Abstract-In the Roman period, from about 30 BC to about AD 359, Wadi el-Natrun was probably one o... more Abstract-In the Roman period, from about 30 BC to about AD 359, Wadi el-Natrun was probably one of the main centres of the glass industry in Egypt. In this district, the essential materials for glass-making processes, mainly silica and natron, were and are still quite abun-dant. ...

Heritage Science

Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temple... more Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temples, stretching on the western side of the Nile from the south of the Giza Plateau to the northern rim of Saqqara. It seems to have been created as the resting site for the Pharaohs dated from 2494 to 2345 BC. The name Abusir, originally spoken as Busiri, means “Temple of Osiris”. Over time, the name has become so popular because more than 60 villages now carry this name, but only one is the archaeological site. This paper focused on one of its most important pyramids from the Abusir archaeological area, Sahure's pyramid, since it is one of Egypt’s little-known but heavily damaged treasures. Field and laboratory studies have been carried out to investigate and understand the durability problems and construction materials of this pyramid, leading to results that confirmed the impact of the geoenvironmental conditions on the pyramid's architectural, structural, and engineering stabil...

This paper presents synthesis of a nanomagnetic sponge loaded with oil in water (O/W) microemulsi... more This paper presents synthesis of a nanomagnetic sponge loaded with oil in water (O/W) microemulsion for removing aged varnish from an Egyptian inlaid wooden jewelry box artifact, Ottoman period, 18th century. It was displayed in the museum of faculty of applied arts, Helwan University, Giza, Egypt. The box had several deterioration aspects, one of them is damage of the varnish layer which deformed the box appearance. Magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 were incorporated into a copolymer based network of polyethylene glycol and acrylamide to obtain nanomagnetic sponge. It was loaded with two (O/W) microemulsions: the first one is based on poly (HEMA): Poly (methyl methacrylate/2hydroxyethyl 1 methacrylate); and, the second is based on Texapon-P (ammonium lauryl sulphate). Portable USB microscope, scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) unit, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characteriz...

The effect of artificial weathering agents on the limestone of the Sphinx in Giza, Egypt, treated... more The effect of artificial weathering agents on the limestone of the Sphinx in Giza, Egypt, treated with different consolidants was investigated. The treated limestone specimens were exposed to acid, ultraviolet radiation, and cycles of humid heating and dryness. The loss in weight and visual color changes were determined after exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination confirmed and interpreted the obtained data. Salt extraction from the internal structure of the treated limestone specimens was also studied. The presence of microbiological organisms on the treated limestone was determined and evaluated. It was found that methyl trimethoxy silane (MTMOS) consolidant showed the highest durability to the artificial weathering agents.

Egypt was studied. • Some aspects of deterioration were noticed such as brittleness, cracks, Wrap... more Egypt was studied. • Some aspects of deterioration were noticed such as brittleness, cracks, Wrapping, tears and etc. • Analytical techniques (SEM, ATR-FTIR, amino acids, pH. etc. were used to study the characterizations of the historical leather cover of manuscript. • The results proved that the historical leather cover suffers from deterioration caused by different factors.

Granite has widely been used in the fields of architecture and sculpture in Egypt, especially in ... more Granite has widely been used in the fields of architecture and sculpture in Egypt, especially in the carving of obelisks, which were one of the most important features of ancient Egyptian civilization. Many granitic obelisks of Ramses II, were found in the ancient city Tanis (San el-Hagar), Nile Delta, Egypt, that has been considered one of the most important ancient Egyptian cities. Unfortunately, the granitic obelisks at Tanis have been subjected to many deterioration factors, which resulted in numerous deterioration aspects, such as granular disintegration, scaling or spalling, cracking, efflorescence, soiling, microbiological colonization. From this standpoint, the materials which are used in the protection of those granitic obelisks must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. In the last decade, polymer-nanoparticle composites have attracted great interest in the field of culture heritage conservation due to their unique ...

Rock – cut tombs of Elephantine Nobles are situated at Aswan town, south of Egypt. They were engr... more Rock – cut tombs of Elephantine Nobles are situated at Aswan town, south of Egypt. They were engraved in the Sandstone, which belonged mainly to the old, middle, and knew kingdoms. These tombs had several deterioration factors: endogenous include heterogeneities in the rock, presence of joints & cracks, and exogenous correspond temperature variation, wind, moisture, biological effect, and natural disasters. Petrographic and analytical studies were carried out on the rock tombs, mortar, plaster, and deterioration products using x-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing microscope (PLM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) unit. Results declared that the rock is a ferruginous argillaceous micaceous sandstone. Experimental laboratory work was done on eleven consolidating materials to evaluate the best ones for conservation of these tombs. This was verified by using SEM examination and determination of physical and mechanical properties of the tre...

Advanced Research in Conservation Science

• Investigation of granitic columns and their deterioration aspects. • Characterization of physio... more • Investigation of granitic columns and their deterioration aspects. • Characterization of physiochemical and mechanical weathering processes. • Estimation of weathered granite porosity. • Identification of microbiological colonization. • Determination of the inappropriate resinous material.

Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one o... more Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one or more material such as wood, textile, gypsum, faience, silver and gold. They were exposed to microbiological infections from the surrounding environmental conditions such as fungi and bacteria, which caused various deterioration aspects : stains, disintegration, discoloration, cracking, and may promote the decay of funeral masks. In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in treatment and conservation of artifacts. In this paper, the antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials silver, titanium dioxide and copper II oxide, were evaluated against the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial strain of Bacillus alvei, Gthe short Bacilli, and Gthe Bacilli spore former. Transmission electron microscope TEM, and scanning electron microscope SEM attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer EDX unit were utilized for char...

Mediterranean …, 2011

... Page 6. FM HELMI et al 6 ... 45, 5-16. Sharon, E., Bar-Eyle, M., Chet, I., Herra, A., Kleifel... more ... Page 6. FM HELMI et al 6 ... 45, 5-16. Sharon, E., Bar-Eyle, M., Chet, I., Herra, A., Kleifeld, O. & Spiegel, Y. (2001) Biological Control of the Root. Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanico by Trichoderma harzianum, Phytopathol-ogy, Vol. 91, 687-693. ...

Many scientists and researchers, have confirmed that water in any physical state, is considered t... more Many scientists and researchers, have confirmed that water in any physical state, is considered the major deterioration factor of stones. It has not only a direct role in the damage of the stones, but also it works as a catalyst in their c mi al and microbiological deterioration processes, which result in diverse dete rioration aspects. From this standpoint, the materials which are used in the consolidation and protection of stones, must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. This paper presents a simple method for measurement the static w ater contact angle, which is considered the most important method for evaluation the hydrophobicit y of the consolidants and protective materials. Silicon-based polymers; Wacker OH 100, Dow Corning MTMOS, Mega Prote c 1, Mega Protec 2 were used to consolidate and protect sandstone samples. The hydrophobicity of the treated sandstone samples, were evaluated comparat ively by using a simple an...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 24, 2021

Polylactic acid (PLA), Chitosan, and Poly hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were chosen from among the numer... more Polylactic acid (PLA), Chitosan, and Poly hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were chosen from among the numerous types of biopolymers as coating agents to examine their efficacy in reducing the impact of air pollutants to the formation of black crust on head of marble statue dating back to the Graeco-Roman period, this head is currently on display at the Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo (GEM No. 65068). In this study two types of samples used, first category specimens were taken from the lower part of the statue's head to characterize the crust and substrate,. According to results, which are obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX) analysis, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Calcite (CaCO3) is the main component in marble samples, and Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) is a common component in the black crust. Second category were an experimental marble samples used to evaluate the protection efficiency of biopolymers. After application, the surface morphology, color change, and water static contact angle of the experimental marble samples were assessed. Finally, the samples were aged artificially to see how resistant they were to solar, ultraviolet, and acidic deterioration. In terms of polylactic acid efficacy, promising results were found due to their properties as hydrophobic behavior, it achieved the highest water static contact angle without affecting color measurements, and then applied in the protection of the marble statue's head.

Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials, 1974

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 1981

In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in the field of restoration and conser... more In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in the field of restoration and conservation of artworks. The minimizing of particles size into nanoscale, results in better properties from the large grain size materials of the same chemical composition. In this paper, pure and nanoparticles modified silicon-based polymers, were used to consolidate and protect sandstone samples. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, were added to different types of the silicon-based polymers (Wacker OH 100, Dow Corning MTMOS, Mega Protec 1, Mega Protec 2) in order to improve their physiochemical and mechanical properties, which produced a significant improvement in the ability of the polymers to consolidate and protect the stone. The properties of the treated sandstone samples were evaluated comparatively by visual appraisal, colorimetric measurements, measuring of static contact angle of water droplets on the surface of the samples, total immersion water absorption,...

The Ancient Egyptians manufactured faience beads, amulets, rings, bracelets, scarabs, small figur... more The Ancient Egyptians manufactured faience beads, amulets, rings, bracelets, scarabs, small figurines, bowls, tiles, as well as pieces for inlayment of their ornaments, since the predynastic age (3050 B.C.), and continued through the Roman period (30 B.C). That industry was developed through old, middle kingdoms, and reached its highest level in the knew kingdom. In the previous 20th century, serious deterioration phenomenon was observed on ancient Egyptian faience artefacts. There is a continous transformation of the blue color of faience into pale green, and from red color to nearly white. The aim of the present study is diagnosis and interpretation of this phenomenon, so saving these artefacts from complete distortion. Scanning electron microscope attached with EDX unit, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectemetry ICP-AES, Raman microscope attached to FTIR, infrared spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on faience fragments. Experimental laborat...

Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one o... more Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one or more material such as wood, textile, gypsum, faience, silver and gold. They were exposed to microbiological infections from the surrounding environmental conditions such as fungi and bacteria, which caused various deterioration aspects : stains, disintegration, discoloration, cracking, and may promote the decay of funeral masks. In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in treatment and conservation of artifacts. In this paper, the antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials silver, titanium dioxide and copper II oxide, were evaluated against the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial strain of Bacillus alvei, Gthe short Bacilli, and Gthe Bacilli spore former. Transmission electron microscope TEM, and scanning electron microscope SEM attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer EDX unit were utilized for char...

Studies in Conservation, 1972

Abstract-In the Roman period, from about 30 BC to about AD 359, Wadi el-Natrun was probably one o... more Abstract-In the Roman period, from about 30 BC to about AD 359, Wadi el-Natrun was probably one of the main centres of the glass industry in Egypt. In this district, the essential materials for glass-making processes, mainly silica and natron, were and are still quite abun-dant. ...

Heritage Science

Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temple... more Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temples, stretching on the western side of the Nile from the south of the Giza Plateau to the northern rim of Saqqara. It seems to have been created as the resting site for the Pharaohs dated from 2494 to 2345 BC. The name Abusir, originally spoken as Busiri, means “Temple of Osiris”. Over time, the name has become so popular because more than 60 villages now carry this name, but only one is the archaeological site. This paper focused on one of its most important pyramids from the Abusir archaeological area, Sahure's pyramid, since it is one of Egypt’s little-known but heavily damaged treasures. Field and laboratory studies have been carried out to investigate and understand the durability problems and construction materials of this pyramid, leading to results that confirmed the impact of the geoenvironmental conditions on the pyramid's architectural, structural, and engineering stabil...

This paper presents synthesis of a nanomagnetic sponge loaded with oil in water (O/W) microemulsi... more This paper presents synthesis of a nanomagnetic sponge loaded with oil in water (O/W) microemulsion for removing aged varnish from an Egyptian inlaid wooden jewelry box artifact, Ottoman period, 18th century. It was displayed in the museum of faculty of applied arts, Helwan University, Giza, Egypt. The box had several deterioration aspects, one of them is damage of the varnish layer which deformed the box appearance. Magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 were incorporated into a copolymer based network of polyethylene glycol and acrylamide to obtain nanomagnetic sponge. It was loaded with two (O/W) microemulsions: the first one is based on poly (HEMA): Poly (methyl methacrylate/2hydroxyethyl 1 methacrylate); and, the second is based on Texapon-P (ammonium lauryl sulphate). Portable USB microscope, scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) unit, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characteriz...

The effect of artificial weathering agents on the limestone of the Sphinx in Giza, Egypt, treated... more The effect of artificial weathering agents on the limestone of the Sphinx in Giza, Egypt, treated with different consolidants was investigated. The treated limestone specimens were exposed to acid, ultraviolet radiation, and cycles of humid heating and dryness. The loss in weight and visual color changes were determined after exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination confirmed and interpreted the obtained data. Salt extraction from the internal structure of the treated limestone specimens was also studied. The presence of microbiological organisms on the treated limestone was determined and evaluated. It was found that methyl trimethoxy silane (MTMOS) consolidant showed the highest durability to the artificial weathering agents.

Egypt was studied. • Some aspects of deterioration were noticed such as brittleness, cracks, Wrap... more Egypt was studied. • Some aspects of deterioration were noticed such as brittleness, cracks, Wrapping, tears and etc. • Analytical techniques (SEM, ATR-FTIR, amino acids, pH. etc. were used to study the characterizations of the historical leather cover of manuscript. • The results proved that the historical leather cover suffers from deterioration caused by different factors.

Granite has widely been used in the fields of architecture and sculpture in Egypt, especially in ... more Granite has widely been used in the fields of architecture and sculpture in Egypt, especially in the carving of obelisks, which were one of the most important features of ancient Egyptian civilization. Many granitic obelisks of Ramses II, were found in the ancient city Tanis (San el-Hagar), Nile Delta, Egypt, that has been considered one of the most important ancient Egyptian cities. Unfortunately, the granitic obelisks at Tanis have been subjected to many deterioration factors, which resulted in numerous deterioration aspects, such as granular disintegration, scaling or spalling, cracking, efflorescence, soiling, microbiological colonization. From this standpoint, the materials which are used in the protection of those granitic obelisks must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. In the last decade, polymer-nanoparticle composites have attracted great interest in the field of culture heritage conservation due to their unique ...

Rock – cut tombs of Elephantine Nobles are situated at Aswan town, south of Egypt. They were engr... more Rock – cut tombs of Elephantine Nobles are situated at Aswan town, south of Egypt. They were engraved in the Sandstone, which belonged mainly to the old, middle, and knew kingdoms. These tombs had several deterioration factors: endogenous include heterogeneities in the rock, presence of joints & cracks, and exogenous correspond temperature variation, wind, moisture, biological effect, and natural disasters. Petrographic and analytical studies were carried out on the rock tombs, mortar, plaster, and deterioration products using x-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing microscope (PLM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) unit. Results declared that the rock is a ferruginous argillaceous micaceous sandstone. Experimental laboratory work was done on eleven consolidating materials to evaluate the best ones for conservation of these tombs. This was verified by using SEM examination and determination of physical and mechanical properties of the tre...

Advanced Research in Conservation Science

• Investigation of granitic columns and their deterioration aspects. • Characterization of physio... more • Investigation of granitic columns and their deterioration aspects. • Characterization of physiochemical and mechanical weathering processes. • Estimation of weathered granite porosity. • Identification of microbiological colonization. • Determination of the inappropriate resinous material.

Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one o... more Funeral masks were manufactured in ancient Egypt since several periods ago. They consist of one or more material such as wood, textile, gypsum, faience, silver and gold. They were exposed to microbiological infections from the surrounding environmental conditions such as fungi and bacteria, which caused various deterioration aspects : stains, disintegration, discoloration, cracking, and may promote the decay of funeral masks. In the last few years, nanoparticles have widely been used in treatment and conservation of artifacts. In this paper, the antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials silver, titanium dioxide and copper II oxide, were evaluated against the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial strain of Bacillus alvei, Gthe short Bacilli, and Gthe Bacilli spore former. Transmission electron microscope TEM, and scanning electron microscope SEM attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer EDX unit were utilized for char...

Mediterranean …, 2011

... Page 6. FM HELMI et al 6 ... 45, 5-16. Sharon, E., Bar-Eyle, M., Chet, I., Herra, A., Kleifel... more ... Page 6. FM HELMI et al 6 ... 45, 5-16. Sharon, E., Bar-Eyle, M., Chet, I., Herra, A., Kleifeld, O. & Spiegel, Y. (2001) Biological Control of the Root. Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanico by Trichoderma harzianum, Phytopathol-ogy, Vol. 91, 687-693. ...

Many scientists and researchers, have confirmed that water in any physical state, is considered t... more Many scientists and researchers, have confirmed that water in any physical state, is considered the major deterioration factor of stones. It has not only a direct role in the damage of the stones, but also it works as a catalyst in their c mi al and microbiological deterioration processes, which result in diverse dete rioration aspects. From this standpoint, the materials which are used in the consolidation and protection of stones, must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. This paper presents a simple method for measurement the static w ater contact angle, which is considered the most important method for evaluation the hydrophobicit y of the consolidants and protective materials. Silicon-based polymers; Wacker OH 100, Dow Corning MTMOS, Mega Prote c 1, Mega Protec 2 were used to consolidate and protect sandstone samples. The hydrophobicity of the treated sandstone samples, were evaluated comparat ively by using a simple an...