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Papers by f maleki

Research paper thumbnail of The Comparison of Various Three Types of Teaching Through the Observation on Acquisition and Retention of Sporting Skill

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Research paper thumbnail of A Hybrid Algorithm for the Open Vehicle Routing Problem

Iran University of Science & Technology, 2019

The open vehicle routing problem (OVRP) is a variance of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that h... more The open vehicle routing problem (OVRP) is a variance of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that has a unique character which is its open path form. This means that the vehicles are not required to return to the depot after completing service. Because this problem belongs to the NP-hard problems, many metaheuristic approaches like the ant colony optimization (ACO) have been used to solve OVRP in recent years. The versions of ACO have some shortcomings like its slow computing speed and local-convergence. Therefore, in this paper, we present an efficient hybrid elite ant system called EHEAS in which a new state transition rule, tabu search as an effective local search algorithm and a new pheromone updating rule are used for more improving solutions. These modifications avoid the premature convergence and make better solutions. Computational results on sixteen standard benchmark problem instances show that the proposed algorithm finds closely the best known solutions for most of the ins...

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Research paper thumbnail of Comparing emotional intelligence and general health of active and non-active personnel of physical education offices

This study set out to compare the personnel of the department of physical education of Khuzestan ... more This study set out to compare the personnel of the department of physical education of Khuzestan province, in terms of emotional intelligence and general health. This study is a descriptive study in which 134 members of the personnel that was between 32 and 59 years of age participated. Sixty of the participants were involved in sports activities (active) and 73 others were not involved in any sports activity (non-active). The instruments used in this study were personality traits questionnaire, the Schutte's emotional intelligence self-report test (Schutte et al., 1998)-including three components of appraisal and expression of emotions, regulation of emotions and utilization of emotions as well as general health questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) which measure general health on four subscales of somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. The data was analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate variance analysis (MNOVA) at confidence interval of 0...

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Research paper thumbnail of Learning about Recycling and Reuse through Pre-School Games

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Research paper thumbnail of A SURVEY ON THE EFFECTS OF CR 3 + STRESS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LETTUCE ( Lactuca sativa L . )

MAHMOODZADEH, H. and F. MALEKI, 2015. A survey on the effects of Cr3+ stress on physiological and... more MAHMOODZADEH, H. and F. MALEKI, 2015. A survey on the effects of Cr3+ stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 638–649 This study evaluated the effects of concentrations of the heavy metal Cr3+ (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 20 mg L-1) on the rate of photosynthesis pigments, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants, soluble and insoluble sugars in leaves and roots, the concentration rate of sodium and potassium, and the chromium accumulation rate in roots and shoots of lettuce. The results showed that a treatment of more than 1 mgL-1 chrome reduced the concentrations of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b in the leaves of Lactuca sativa L. It was found that increasing the concentration of trivalent chromium significantly increased proline in lettuce leaves at concentrations higher than 3 mg L-1. Increasing the chromium concentration also increased the amoun...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Mda and Tac in University Students

Cigarette smoke contains 4,720 toxic and mutagenic substances such as carbon monoxide, aromatic h... more Cigarette smoke contains 4,720 toxic and mutagenic substances such as carbon monoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine. Smoking has always been considered one of the main causes of oxidative stress. Because of smoking, several free radicals are produced in the body that can damage vital macromolecules such as proteins and lipids. In recent years, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) has been considered as the most important factors of oxidative stress by researchers. In this study, which was conducted as a comparative study 15 smoker university students who smoke at least one year were considered as treatment group and 15 nonsmoker university students were selected as a control group, all with no history of illness and medication and weighing 70 to 75 kg. The results of the present study showed that smoking does not cause significant changes in the parameters of the understudied population.

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Research paper thumbnail of Flexible and stretchable nanofibrous piezo- and triboelectric wearable electronics

Energy Harvesting Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Soffit and U-Wrap FRCM Strengthening for Reinforced Concrete Beams

ACI Structural Journal, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of some diets on Macrolophus pygmaeus rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae) fitness under laboratory conditions

Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2006

Fitness parameters of omnivore predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus were studied on various diets c... more Fitness parameters of omnivore predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus were studied on various diets consisting of green peach aphid Myzus persicae + eggplant leaf disc, eggs of Ephestia kuehniella + eggplant leafdisc, pollen + eggplant leaf disc, eggs of E. kuehniella + pollen + eggplant leaf disc. The experiments were began from 1- day nymphs until 32-day adults. The tests were done at 25 degress C, 65+/-5% RH, 16L: 8D h photoperiod. The results showed that adding floral material to the animal prey (eggs of E. kuehniella) containing treatment shortened the nymphal development time. The highest rate of mortality of M. pygmaeus nymphs was observed on pollen + eggplant leaf disc. The sex ratio of emerged adults was similar between treatments. The preoviposition period was the same in a ll treatments. T he fecundity of M . pygmaeuswas affected by feeding diets. Females fed on eggs of E. kuehniella + pollen + eggplant leaf disc have highest rate of fecundity. Based on results, diet of E. ku...

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Research paper thumbnail of Paper: CONVENIENT, EFFICIENT, AND GREEN METHOD FOR SYNTHESIS OF BIS (INDOLYL) METHANES WITH NANO SIO 2 UNDER ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION

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Research paper thumbnail of Nitration of Phenols with Fe (NO3) 3· 9H2O in the Presence of Nano-SiO2 as an Efficient Catalyst

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Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of α-amylase in the alimentary canal of Naranga aenescens Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the rice green caterpillar

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Research paper thumbnail of Intelligent Fault Detection of Ball-bearings Using Artificial neural networks and Support-Vector Machine

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of PGPR on population growth parameters of cotton aphid

Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2013

ABSTRACT Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) help plants by increasing plant growth and d... more ABSTRACT Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) help plants by increasing plant growth and defending them against pathogens and pests. There is considerable research supporting the use of these bacteria in plant pathogens management, but the number of research papers that have focused on their effect on insect pests control is quite few. In this research, we examined the ability of four native strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens to manage the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, on greenhouse-grown cucumbers in Iran. The strains UTPF (University of Tehran Pseudomonas fluorescens) 68, UTPF1, UTPF6 and PF169 of P. fluorescens were used as seed treatment to evaluate their impact on both cucumber growth and cotton aphid population growth parameters. The strains UTPF68 and PF169 of this bacterium influenced phenology of cucumber by decreasing the Growing Degree Days of flowering period. Also, the plants treated with these bacterial strains had a significant increase in yield weight of approximately 58%. In the other part of the study, various effects on developmental parameters of aphid were recorded among bacterial strains, but only PF169 caused significant decreasing effect on r m value of aphid, which is the most important factor in aphid’s life table. We conclude that the PF169 treatment had significant negative effects on population growth rate of A. gossypii. The PF169 could be reliable in a control programme for A. gossypii on cucumber plants in greenhouses.

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Research paper thumbnail of Anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib on pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion: Modulation by NO pathway

Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis, 2010

This study aimed to examine whether celecoxib influences clonic seizure thresholds through modula... more This study aimed to examine whether celecoxib influences clonic seizure thresholds through modulation of nitric oxidergic (NO) pathway. The effect of celecoxib (1-5 mg per kg, p.o.) was investigated on clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 50 and 80 mg per kg, i.p.) in male Swiss mice. The interaction of celecoxib-induced effects with NO pathway was examined using a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20 and 50 mg per kg, i.p.) and a NOS substrate, L-arginine (100 and 200 mg per kg, i.p.). The criteria for the development of seizure activity were the possibility for appearance of generalized clonus and prolongation of latency to the onset of convulsions following administration of 50 and 80 mg per kg of PTZ, respectively. Pretreatment with celecoxib (2.5 and 5 mg per kg) or L-NAME (50 mg per kg) induced anticonvulsant effect on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures. L-arginine at the dose of 200 mg per kg had proconvulsant effect. A...

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Research paper thumbnail of Lithium Protects Against Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: Role of Nitric Oxide

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery, 2013

Lithium improves locomotor scores after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. However, the underlying... more Lithium improves locomotor scores after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we assess the role of nitric oxide (NO) in this action. The first set of experiments were performed to determine a dose of lithium that effectively improves locomotor scores in rats with SCI. Therefore, rats received different doses of lithium chloride (1, 4, 10, and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or saline 1 hour before SCI. In the next step, the role of NO in the effect of lithium on SCI was investigated. For this purpose, rats were co-treated with an effective dose of lithium (20 mg/kg 1 hour before SCI) and a noneffective dose of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor; 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes before SCI). SCI was induced by compressing the T9 spinal segment with an aneurysmal clip for 60 seconds in anesthetized rats. Locomotor scores were determined at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after SCI. Plasma lithium levels were measured 12 hours after SCI. Spinal histopathologies were examined 30 days after SCI. Lithium (20 mg/kg) significantly improved locomotor scores and decreased histopathologic spinal damage. l-NAME (15 mg/kg) reversed the beneficial effects of lithium. The 20-mg/kg dose of lithium resulted in a 0.68 ± 0.02 mEq/L plasma lithium concentration, which is lower than the therapeutic level in humans (0.8-1.2 mEq/L). Lithium protects against SCI through an NO-dependent mechanism.

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Research paper thumbnail of Association of glutathion S-transferase and chromosomal aberrations as a means to determine occupational exposure

International Congress Series, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Impacts of Normal Aging on Different Working Memory Tasks: Implications from an fMRI Study

Behavioural Neurology, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of A Case-Control Study on the Association of Common Variants of CAPN10 Gene and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in an Iranian Population

Clinical Laboratory, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of The Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation analysis on a three dimensional recurrent neural network

A class of recurrent neural networks is investigated in the vicinity of the Bogdanov–Takens bifur... more A class of recurrent neural networks is investigated in the vicinity of the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation point in the parameter space when the slope of the transfer function of the neurons at the origin is not equal to one. It will be shown that two different bifurcation diagrams can be constructed. In each bifurcation diagram, there are critical values for the parameters of the network for which curves of pitchfork and Hopf bifurcation intersect each other at a point where the linear part of the system that describes the network, has a pair of simple zero eigenvalues. As curves of homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcation emanate from the Bogdanov–Takens point, a complicated behavior is observed by the variation of weights in the recurrent neural network.

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Research paper thumbnail of The Comparison of Various Three Types of Teaching Through the Observation on Acquisition and Retention of Sporting Skill

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A Hybrid Algorithm for the Open Vehicle Routing Problem

Iran University of Science & Technology, 2019

The open vehicle routing problem (OVRP) is a variance of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that h... more The open vehicle routing problem (OVRP) is a variance of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that has a unique character which is its open path form. This means that the vehicles are not required to return to the depot after completing service. Because this problem belongs to the NP-hard problems, many metaheuristic approaches like the ant colony optimization (ACO) have been used to solve OVRP in recent years. The versions of ACO have some shortcomings like its slow computing speed and local-convergence. Therefore, in this paper, we present an efficient hybrid elite ant system called EHEAS in which a new state transition rule, tabu search as an effective local search algorithm and a new pheromone updating rule are used for more improving solutions. These modifications avoid the premature convergence and make better solutions. Computational results on sixteen standard benchmark problem instances show that the proposed algorithm finds closely the best known solutions for most of the ins...

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Research paper thumbnail of Comparing emotional intelligence and general health of active and non-active personnel of physical education offices

This study set out to compare the personnel of the department of physical education of Khuzestan ... more This study set out to compare the personnel of the department of physical education of Khuzestan province, in terms of emotional intelligence and general health. This study is a descriptive study in which 134 members of the personnel that was between 32 and 59 years of age participated. Sixty of the participants were involved in sports activities (active) and 73 others were not involved in any sports activity (non-active). The instruments used in this study were personality traits questionnaire, the Schutte's emotional intelligence self-report test (Schutte et al., 1998)-including three components of appraisal and expression of emotions, regulation of emotions and utilization of emotions as well as general health questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) which measure general health on four subscales of somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. The data was analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate variance analysis (MNOVA) at confidence interval of 0...

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Research paper thumbnail of Learning about Recycling and Reuse through Pre-School Games

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Research paper thumbnail of A SURVEY ON THE EFFECTS OF CR 3 + STRESS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LETTUCE ( Lactuca sativa L . )

MAHMOODZADEH, H. and F. MALEKI, 2015. A survey on the effects of Cr3+ stress on physiological and... more MAHMOODZADEH, H. and F. MALEKI, 2015. A survey on the effects of Cr3+ stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 638–649 This study evaluated the effects of concentrations of the heavy metal Cr3+ (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 20 mg L-1) on the rate of photosynthesis pigments, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants, soluble and insoluble sugars in leaves and roots, the concentration rate of sodium and potassium, and the chromium accumulation rate in roots and shoots of lettuce. The results showed that a treatment of more than 1 mgL-1 chrome reduced the concentrations of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b in the leaves of Lactuca sativa L. It was found that increasing the concentration of trivalent chromium significantly increased proline in lettuce leaves at concentrations higher than 3 mg L-1. Increasing the chromium concentration also increased the amoun...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Mda and Tac in University Students

Cigarette smoke contains 4,720 toxic and mutagenic substances such as carbon monoxide, aromatic h... more Cigarette smoke contains 4,720 toxic and mutagenic substances such as carbon monoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine. Smoking has always been considered one of the main causes of oxidative stress. Because of smoking, several free radicals are produced in the body that can damage vital macromolecules such as proteins and lipids. In recent years, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) has been considered as the most important factors of oxidative stress by researchers. In this study, which was conducted as a comparative study 15 smoker university students who smoke at least one year were considered as treatment group and 15 nonsmoker university students were selected as a control group, all with no history of illness and medication and weighing 70 to 75 kg. The results of the present study showed that smoking does not cause significant changes in the parameters of the understudied population.

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Research paper thumbnail of Flexible and stretchable nanofibrous piezo- and triboelectric wearable electronics

Energy Harvesting Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Soffit and U-Wrap FRCM Strengthening for Reinforced Concrete Beams

ACI Structural Journal, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of some diets on Macrolophus pygmaeus rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae) fitness under laboratory conditions

Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2006

Fitness parameters of omnivore predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus were studied on various diets c... more Fitness parameters of omnivore predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus were studied on various diets consisting of green peach aphid Myzus persicae + eggplant leaf disc, eggs of Ephestia kuehniella + eggplant leafdisc, pollen + eggplant leaf disc, eggs of E. kuehniella + pollen + eggplant leaf disc. The experiments were began from 1- day nymphs until 32-day adults. The tests were done at 25 degress C, 65+/-5% RH, 16L: 8D h photoperiod. The results showed that adding floral material to the animal prey (eggs of E. kuehniella) containing treatment shortened the nymphal development time. The highest rate of mortality of M. pygmaeus nymphs was observed on pollen + eggplant leaf disc. The sex ratio of emerged adults was similar between treatments. The preoviposition period was the same in a ll treatments. T he fecundity of M . pygmaeuswas affected by feeding diets. Females fed on eggs of E. kuehniella + pollen + eggplant leaf disc have highest rate of fecundity. Based on results, diet of E. ku...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Paper: CONVENIENT, EFFICIENT, AND GREEN METHOD FOR SYNTHESIS OF BIS (INDOLYL) METHANES WITH NANO SIO 2 UNDER ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Nitration of Phenols with Fe (NO3) 3· 9H2O in the Presence of Nano-SiO2 as an Efficient Catalyst

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Characterization of α-amylase in the alimentary canal of Naranga aenescens Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the rice green caterpillar

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Intelligent Fault Detection of Ball-bearings Using Artificial neural networks and Support-Vector Machine

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of PGPR on population growth parameters of cotton aphid

Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2013

ABSTRACT Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) help plants by increasing plant growth and d... more ABSTRACT Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) help plants by increasing plant growth and defending them against pathogens and pests. There is considerable research supporting the use of these bacteria in plant pathogens management, but the number of research papers that have focused on their effect on insect pests control is quite few. In this research, we examined the ability of four native strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens to manage the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, on greenhouse-grown cucumbers in Iran. The strains UTPF (University of Tehran Pseudomonas fluorescens) 68, UTPF1, UTPF6 and PF169 of P. fluorescens were used as seed treatment to evaluate their impact on both cucumber growth and cotton aphid population growth parameters. The strains UTPF68 and PF169 of this bacterium influenced phenology of cucumber by decreasing the Growing Degree Days of flowering period. Also, the plants treated with these bacterial strains had a significant increase in yield weight of approximately 58%. In the other part of the study, various effects on developmental parameters of aphid were recorded among bacterial strains, but only PF169 caused significant decreasing effect on r m value of aphid, which is the most important factor in aphid’s life table. We conclude that the PF169 treatment had significant negative effects on population growth rate of A. gossypii. The PF169 could be reliable in a control programme for A. gossypii on cucumber plants in greenhouses.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Anticonvulsant effect of celecoxib on pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion: Modulation by NO pathway

Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis, 2010

This study aimed to examine whether celecoxib influences clonic seizure thresholds through modula... more This study aimed to examine whether celecoxib influences clonic seizure thresholds through modulation of nitric oxidergic (NO) pathway. The effect of celecoxib (1-5 mg per kg, p.o.) was investigated on clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 50 and 80 mg per kg, i.p.) in male Swiss mice. The interaction of celecoxib-induced effects with NO pathway was examined using a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20 and 50 mg per kg, i.p.) and a NOS substrate, L-arginine (100 and 200 mg per kg, i.p.). The criteria for the development of seizure activity were the possibility for appearance of generalized clonus and prolongation of latency to the onset of convulsions following administration of 50 and 80 mg per kg of PTZ, respectively. Pretreatment with celecoxib (2.5 and 5 mg per kg) or L-NAME (50 mg per kg) induced anticonvulsant effect on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures. L-arginine at the dose of 200 mg per kg had proconvulsant effect. A...

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Research paper thumbnail of Lithium Protects Against Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: Role of Nitric Oxide

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery, 2013

Lithium improves locomotor scores after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. However, the underlying... more Lithium improves locomotor scores after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we assess the role of nitric oxide (NO) in this action. The first set of experiments were performed to determine a dose of lithium that effectively improves locomotor scores in rats with SCI. Therefore, rats received different doses of lithium chloride (1, 4, 10, and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or saline 1 hour before SCI. In the next step, the role of NO in the effect of lithium on SCI was investigated. For this purpose, rats were co-treated with an effective dose of lithium (20 mg/kg 1 hour before SCI) and a noneffective dose of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor; 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes before SCI). SCI was induced by compressing the T9 spinal segment with an aneurysmal clip for 60 seconds in anesthetized rats. Locomotor scores were determined at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after SCI. Plasma lithium levels were measured 12 hours after SCI. Spinal histopathologies were examined 30 days after SCI. Lithium (20 mg/kg) significantly improved locomotor scores and decreased histopathologic spinal damage. l-NAME (15 mg/kg) reversed the beneficial effects of lithium. The 20-mg/kg dose of lithium resulted in a 0.68 ± 0.02 mEq/L plasma lithium concentration, which is lower than the therapeutic level in humans (0.8-1.2 mEq/L). Lithium protects against SCI through an NO-dependent mechanism.

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Research paper thumbnail of Association of glutathion S-transferase and chromosomal aberrations as a means to determine occupational exposure

International Congress Series, 2005

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Impacts of Normal Aging on Different Working Memory Tasks: Implications from an fMRI Study

Behavioural Neurology, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A Case-Control Study on the Association of Common Variants of CAPN10 Gene and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in an Iranian Population

Clinical Laboratory, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of The Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation analysis on a three dimensional recurrent neural network

A class of recurrent neural networks is investigated in the vicinity of the Bogdanov–Takens bifur... more A class of recurrent neural networks is investigated in the vicinity of the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation point in the parameter space when the slope of the transfer function of the neurons at the origin is not equal to one. It will be shown that two different bifurcation diagrams can be constructed. In each bifurcation diagram, there are critical values for the parameters of the network for which curves of pitchfork and Hopf bifurcation intersect each other at a point where the linear part of the system that describes the network, has a pair of simple zero eigenvalues. As curves of homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcation emanate from the Bogdanov–Takens point, a complicated behavior is observed by the variation of weights in the recurrent neural network.

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