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Papers by francesco lalli

Physics of Fluids, 1997

This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by th... more This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by the evolution of a two-layer density stratified fluid. Numerical investigations have been performed by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for axisymmetric and fully three-dimensional flows. In the former case results have shown the attainment, in a very short time, of an equilibrium position and the formation of an anticyclonic structure in the upper light layer and a cyclonic one in the lower layer, consistently with the observation of Griffiths and Linden. In the long term, however, the Ekman layer at the bottom damps out the cyclone and a steady state with only an anticyclone in the upper layer is reached. In three-dimensions the flow is unstable to azimuthal disturbances and the steady state is no longer achieved. In particular a ring of cyclonic vorticity, surrounding the anticyclone, by the combined effects of baroclinic and barotropic processes, breaks, entrains vorticity from the anticyclone and eventually forms vortex pairs. As observed by Griffiths and Linden the azimuthal wave number (n*) of the instability depends on the Richardson number (Ri) and the ratio between the depth of the light fluid and the total depth (δ). However, since several modes, in addition to the most unstable, are amplified an initial perturbation whose energy is not equidistributed among the modes can lead to an instability with wave number different from the expected n*. Finally, the analysis of the equation for the energy of the instability has shown that the instability is initially driven by baroclinic effects, even for low values of δ. The barotropic source, in contrast, sets in only in the large-amplitude phase of the instability and its effect is larger when δ is small.

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

In the present paper the interaction of a wave system with a fixed body is studied. The wave diff... more In the present paper the interaction of a wave system with a fixed body is studied. The wave diffraction in finite-depth water around a vertical cylinder and a simple shaped shoal is computed; the results are discussed in comparison with analytical solutions and experimental data. The linearized and the fully nonlinear mathematical models are studied in the frame of irrotational incompressible flow hypothesis. The numerical solution is gained by means of an integral formulation. The body surface is discretized by a classical zeroth order panel method, whereas a desingularized scheme is implemented on the free boundary. A time marching Runge-Kutta algorithm is used for the computation of the wave pattern and the velocity potential at each time step. The simulation of wave diffraction around fixed obstacles confirms and extends the theoretical results of the second order analysis (Kriebel 1990(Kriebel , 1992): The linear model yields a very good estimation of the force amplitude acting on the body, while the wave profiles are poorly evaluated when compared with the fully nonlinear simulation and the experimental data.

Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with differ... more Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with different toxicological profiles. This report provides the guidelines for the management of cyanobacterial blooms in bathing water, put together by a group of experts. The first part summarizes the current scientific knowledge on various aspects, including their presence in the Italian lakes, chemical and toxicological characteristics of different cyanotoxins, the observed effects on human health and the risk assessment. The second part defines the guidelines to prevent harmful effects on the health of bathers and manage the risk associated with blooms. It provides recommendations for planning environmental monitoring activities and a health surveillance system in most critical areas. It also introduces an environmental and health reporting system, with the purpose to standardize the information at national level too. The report is supplemented by technical information aimed at territorial aut...

A numerical model for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer ... more A numerical model for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer generated by regular sea waves is presented. Both the velocity field and the sediment transport rate are determined up to the second order of approximation, thus evaluating the steady streaming and the net (wave averaged) flux of sediment induced by nonlinear effects. Turbulence closure is implemented by means of a two-equation eddy viscosity model (Saffman,1970). The suspended sediment concentration is determined by solving an vectiondiffusion equation, and then the suspended load is evaluated by computing the sediment flux. Empirical relationships are used to estimate the bed load. Keywords: sea waves, boundary layer, sediment transport.

Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’analisi del campo di moto e del trasporto di sedimenti gener... more Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’analisi del campo di moto e del trasporto di sedimenti generati nello strato limite al fondo di un’onda di mare quando il regime di moto ´e turbolento. Le caratteristiche della turbolenza sono determinate per mezzo di un modello di chiusura a due equazioni (Saffman, 1970, Saffman & Wilcox, 1974) che ´e in grado di descrivere anche la transizione dal regime di moto laminare a quello turbolento, caratteristica importante, in quanto il moto nello strato limite tende a rilaminarizzare durante le fasi di accelerazione mentre la turbolenza cresce durante le fasi di decelerazione. I risultati ottenuti permettono una stima del trasporto di sedimenti che ha luogo sia in sospensione sia al fondo. Il primo viene valutato dopo aver calcolato la concentrazione di sedimenti in sospensione attraverso l’integrazione di un’equazione di convezione-diffusione. Per verificare l’affidabilità del modello, le predizioni della velocità, della tensione al fondo, della co...

In the present work the hydrodynamic field due to the interaction of river run-off with coastal w... more In the present work the hydrodynamic field due to the interaction of river run-off with coastal water body is investigated, taking into account the presence of marine structures. The case study is a harbor located in the shallow coastal environment of Pescara river mouth (Adriatic sea, Italy). The river outlet has been recently modified and faced by a large breakwater. The aim of the present analysis is to test, by experimental analysis, some possible improvements of the situation generated at the channel-harbor, by means of suitable modifications of the lay-out. The experimental model set up has been performed taking into account stratification effects. Some harbor configurations have been tested; the results have been discussed and the features of the different solutions were pointed out and specified.

In the present paper the numerical model developed at the Italian Agency for Environmental Protec... more In the present paper the numerical model developed at the Italian Agency for Environmental Protection is presented: a linear version of shallow water equations is implemeted by a finite difference method, based on a 3 rd order Runge-Kutta time marching scheme. Complex geometries are described by a body force based approach. Besides some numerical tests showing the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, the model has been implemented to investigate river mouth hydrodynamics; in particular, jet-wall interaction features have been described. Finally, some environmental aspects related to Pescara channel-harbor have been discussed.

The Particle Image Velocimetry - Characteristics, Limits and Possible Applications, 2012

Coastal Engineering 2008 - Proceedings of the 31st International Conference, 2009

INTRODUCTION The horizontal submerged flat plate has been considered in the last decades as a pos... more INTRODUCTION The horizontal submerged flat plate has been considered in the last decades as a possible alternative to conventional breakwaters. Structures of this kind exhibit interesting features from the environmental point of view, allowing greater mixing in nearshore ...

Physics of Fluids, 1997

This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by th... more This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by the evolution of a two-layer density stratified fluid. Numerical investigations have been performed by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for axisymmetric and fully three-dimensional flows. In the former case results have shown the attainment, in a very short time, of an equilibrium position and the formation of an anticyclonic structure in the upper light layer and a cyclonic one in the lower layer, consistently with the observation of Griffiths and Linden. In the long term, however, the Ekman layer at the bottom damps out the cyclone and a steady state with only an anticyclone in the upper layer is reached. In three-dimensions the flow is unstable to azimuthal disturbances and the steady state is no longer achieved. In particular a ring of cyclonic vorticity, surrounding the anticyclone, by the combined effects of baroclinic and barotropic processes, breaks, entrains vorticity from the anticyclone and eventually forms vortex pairs. As observed by Griffiths and Linden the azimuthal wave number (n*) of the instability depends on the Richardson number (Ri) and the ratio between the depth of the light fluid and the total depth (␦). However, since several modes, in addition to the most unstable, are amplified an initial perturbation whose energy is not equidistributed among the modes can lead to an instability with wave number different from the expected n*. Finally, the analysis of the equation for the energy of the instability has shown that the instability is initially driven by baroclinic effects, even for low values of ␦. The barotropic source, in contrast, sets in only in the large-amplitude phase of the instability and its effect is larger when ␦ is small.

Meccanica, 1990

SOMMARIO. In questo lavoro viene sviluppato un metodo per il calcolo della resistenza ondosa di c... more SOMMARIO. In questo lavoro viene sviluppato un metodo per il calcolo della resistenza ondosa di corpi immersi bidi-mensionali e tridimensionali, tenendo conto della non linea-ritti delle condizioni sulla superficie libera. La soluzione cercata ~ posta nella forma di potenziale di strato ...

Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2012

This paper describes some numerical computations performed to investigate the submerged flat plat... more This paper describes some numerical computations performed to investigate the submerged flat plate breakwater effectiveness. From an environmental point of view, one of the most interesting features of this kind of non-conventional breakwater is that it does not induce the undesired stagnation zone along the coast typical of the most common marine structures. The numerical analysis is carried out by means of the potential flow model, implemented in a discrete form by the Boundary Element Method. Numerical results of linear and nonlinear computations are compared to numerical and experimental data available in literature. The influence of the geometric configuration of the plate on the transmission coefficient for waves of varying length is evaluated. The main limitation of this device is found to be the narrow range of wavelengths over which wave attenuation is achieved. As a possible improvement to the plate effectiveness the behaviour of a dual plate array is investigated in different layouts.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2012

The flow and sediment transport in the boundary layer at the sea bottom due to the passage of sur... more The flow and sediment transport in the boundary layer at the sea bottom due to the passage of surface waves are determined by considering small values of the wave steepness and of the ratio between the thickness of the boundary layer and the local water depth. Both the velocity field and the sediment transport rate are determined up to the second order of approximation thus evaluating both the steady streaming and the net (wave-averaged) flux of sediment induced by nonlinear effects. The flow regime is assumed to be turbulent and a two-equation turbulence model is used to close the problem. The bed load is evaluated by means of an empirical relationship as function of the bed shear stress. The suspended load is determined by computing the sediment flux, once the sediment concentration is determined by solving an appropriate advection-diffusion equation. The decay of the wave amplitude, which is due to the energy dissipation taking place in the boundary layer, is taken into account. The steady streaming and the sediment transport rate at the bottom of sea waves turn out to be different from those which are observed in a wave tunnel (U-tube), because of the dependence on the streamwise coordinate of the former flow. In particular, in the range of the parameters presently investigated, the sediment transport rate at the bottom of sea waves is found to be always onshore directed while, in a water tunnel (U-tube), the sediment transport rate can be onshore or offshore directed.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1992

ABSTRACT

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1989

ABSTRACT

Experiments in Fluids, 2010

The deviation of a jet from the straight direction due to the presence of a lateral wall is inves... more The deviation of a jet from the straight direction due to the presence of a lateral wall is investigated from the experimental point of view. This flow condition is known as Coanda jet (from the Romanian aerodynamicist Henry Marie Coanda who discovered and applied it at the beginning of XXth century) or offset jet. The objective of the work is

International Journal of …, 2007

In this work some numerical simulations and experiments, carried out to investigate jet-wall inte... more In this work some numerical simulations and experiments, carried out to investigate jet-wall interaction in shallow waters, are described and discussed. Basically, the work aims at the environmental effects of marine structures, eg the modifications ofthe hydrodynamic ...

Computers & Fluids, 2005

In this paper we present a numerical method for fluid-particle flow simulation. The mathematical ... more In this paper we present a numerical method for fluid-particle flow simulation. The mathematical model is based on the averaged continuum. The presence of particles is taken into account in terms of effective viscosity, which is defined by means of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (Bingham plastic) models. The dispersed phase equation closure is based on particle buoyancy as well as on shear-induced self-diffusion effects. The proposed approach allows us to study sediment transport problems and the related evolution of bed forms, without requiring the generation of curvilinear coordinate systems and time-consuming step-by-step regridding. In fact, the present model describes the bottom shape in terms of a density contour surface, rather than a moving boundary of the fluid domain. Simple two-dimensional numerical tests have been performed: (i) Bingham flow in a driven cavity and (ii) particle settling in a pure Couette flow. Finally, preliminary results concerning (iii) two-dimensional scour below pipelines in steady flow have been presented and discussed.

Coastal Engineering, 2010

In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wal... more In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wall interaction in shallow waters. Namely, modifications of the hydrodynamic field concerning the interaction of river run-off with a shallow coastal water body, due to the presence of ...

Physics of Fluids, 1997

This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by th... more This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by the evolution of a two-layer density stratified fluid. Numerical investigations have been performed by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for axisymmetric and fully three-dimensional flows. In the former case results have shown the attainment, in a very short time, of an equilibrium position and the formation of an anticyclonic structure in the upper light layer and a cyclonic one in the lower layer, consistently with the observation of Griffiths and Linden. In the long term, however, the Ekman layer at the bottom damps out the cyclone and a steady state with only an anticyclone in the upper layer is reached. In three-dimensions the flow is unstable to azimuthal disturbances and the steady state is no longer achieved. In particular a ring of cyclonic vorticity, surrounding the anticyclone, by the combined effects of baroclinic and barotropic processes, breaks, entrains vorticity from the anticyclone and eventually forms vortex pairs. As observed by Griffiths and Linden the azimuthal wave number (n*) of the instability depends on the Richardson number (Ri) and the ratio between the depth of the light fluid and the total depth (δ). However, since several modes, in addition to the most unstable, are amplified an initial perturbation whose energy is not equidistributed among the modes can lead to an instability with wave number different from the expected n*. Finally, the analysis of the equation for the energy of the instability has shown that the instability is initially driven by baroclinic effects, even for low values of δ. The barotropic source, in contrast, sets in only in the large-amplitude phase of the instability and its effect is larger when δ is small.

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

In the present paper the interaction of a wave system with a fixed body is studied. The wave diff... more In the present paper the interaction of a wave system with a fixed body is studied. The wave diffraction in finite-depth water around a vertical cylinder and a simple shaped shoal is computed; the results are discussed in comparison with analytical solutions and experimental data. The linearized and the fully nonlinear mathematical models are studied in the frame of irrotational incompressible flow hypothesis. The numerical solution is gained by means of an integral formulation. The body surface is discretized by a classical zeroth order panel method, whereas a desingularized scheme is implemented on the free boundary. A time marching Runge-Kutta algorithm is used for the computation of the wave pattern and the velocity potential at each time step. The simulation of wave diffraction around fixed obstacles confirms and extends the theoretical results of the second order analysis (Kriebel 1990(Kriebel , 1992): The linear model yields a very good estimation of the force amplitude acting on the body, while the wave profiles are poorly evaluated when compared with the fully nonlinear simulation and the experimental data.

Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with differ... more Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with different toxicological profiles. This report provides the guidelines for the management of cyanobacterial blooms in bathing water, put together by a group of experts. The first part summarizes the current scientific knowledge on various aspects, including their presence in the Italian lakes, chemical and toxicological characteristics of different cyanotoxins, the observed effects on human health and the risk assessment. The second part defines the guidelines to prevent harmful effects on the health of bathers and manage the risk associated with blooms. It provides recommendations for planning environmental monitoring activities and a health surveillance system in most critical areas. It also introduces an environmental and health reporting system, with the purpose to standardize the information at national level too. The report is supplemented by technical information aimed at territorial aut...

A numerical model for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer ... more A numerical model for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer generated by regular sea waves is presented. Both the velocity field and the sediment transport rate are determined up to the second order of approximation, thus evaluating the steady streaming and the net (wave averaged) flux of sediment induced by nonlinear effects. Turbulence closure is implemented by means of a two-equation eddy viscosity model (Saffman,1970). The suspended sediment concentration is determined by solving an vectiondiffusion equation, and then the suspended load is evaluated by computing the sediment flux. Empirical relationships are used to estimate the bed load. Keywords: sea waves, boundary layer, sediment transport.

Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’analisi del campo di moto e del trasporto di sedimenti gener... more Il lavoro presenta i risultati di un’analisi del campo di moto e del trasporto di sedimenti generati nello strato limite al fondo di un’onda di mare quando il regime di moto ´e turbolento. Le caratteristiche della turbolenza sono determinate per mezzo di un modello di chiusura a due equazioni (Saffman, 1970, Saffman & Wilcox, 1974) che ´e in grado di descrivere anche la transizione dal regime di moto laminare a quello turbolento, caratteristica importante, in quanto il moto nello strato limite tende a rilaminarizzare durante le fasi di accelerazione mentre la turbolenza cresce durante le fasi di decelerazione. I risultati ottenuti permettono una stima del trasporto di sedimenti che ha luogo sia in sospensione sia al fondo. Il primo viene valutato dopo aver calcolato la concentrazione di sedimenti in sospensione attraverso l’integrazione di un’equazione di convezione-diffusione. Per verificare l’affidabilità del modello, le predizioni della velocità, della tensione al fondo, della co...

In the present work the hydrodynamic field due to the interaction of river run-off with coastal w... more In the present work the hydrodynamic field due to the interaction of river run-off with coastal water body is investigated, taking into account the presence of marine structures. The case study is a harbor located in the shallow coastal environment of Pescara river mouth (Adriatic sea, Italy). The river outlet has been recently modified and faced by a large breakwater. The aim of the present analysis is to test, by experimental analysis, some possible improvements of the situation generated at the channel-harbor, by means of suitable modifications of the lay-out. The experimental model set up has been performed taking into account stratification effects. Some harbor configurations have been tested; the results have been discussed and the features of the different solutions were pointed out and specified.

In the present paper the numerical model developed at the Italian Agency for Environmental Protec... more In the present paper the numerical model developed at the Italian Agency for Environmental Protection is presented: a linear version of shallow water equations is implemeted by a finite difference method, based on a 3 rd order Runge-Kutta time marching scheme. Complex geometries are described by a body force based approach. Besides some numerical tests showing the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, the model has been implemented to investigate river mouth hydrodynamics; in particular, jet-wall interaction features have been described. Finally, some environmental aspects related to Pescara channel-harbor have been discussed.

The Particle Image Velocimetry - Characteristics, Limits and Possible Applications, 2012

Coastal Engineering 2008 - Proceedings of the 31st International Conference, 2009

INTRODUCTION The horizontal submerged flat plate has been considered in the last decades as a pos... more INTRODUCTION The horizontal submerged flat plate has been considered in the last decades as a possible alternative to conventional breakwaters. Structures of this kind exhibit interesting features from the environmental point of view, allowing greater mixing in nearshore ...

Physics of Fluids, 1997

This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by th... more This study deals with the instabilities that arise in the flow generated in a rotating tank by the evolution of a two-layer density stratified fluid. Numerical investigations have been performed by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for axisymmetric and fully three-dimensional flows. In the former case results have shown the attainment, in a very short time, of an equilibrium position and the formation of an anticyclonic structure in the upper light layer and a cyclonic one in the lower layer, consistently with the observation of Griffiths and Linden. In the long term, however, the Ekman layer at the bottom damps out the cyclone and a steady state with only an anticyclone in the upper layer is reached. In three-dimensions the flow is unstable to azimuthal disturbances and the steady state is no longer achieved. In particular a ring of cyclonic vorticity, surrounding the anticyclone, by the combined effects of baroclinic and barotropic processes, breaks, entrains vorticity from the anticyclone and eventually forms vortex pairs. As observed by Griffiths and Linden the azimuthal wave number (n*) of the instability depends on the Richardson number (Ri) and the ratio between the depth of the light fluid and the total depth (␦). However, since several modes, in addition to the most unstable, are amplified an initial perturbation whose energy is not equidistributed among the modes can lead to an instability with wave number different from the expected n*. Finally, the analysis of the equation for the energy of the instability has shown that the instability is initially driven by baroclinic effects, even for low values of ␦. The barotropic source, in contrast, sets in only in the large-amplitude phase of the instability and its effect is larger when ␦ is small.

Meccanica, 1990

SOMMARIO. In questo lavoro viene sviluppato un metodo per il calcolo della resistenza ondosa di c... more SOMMARIO. In questo lavoro viene sviluppato un metodo per il calcolo della resistenza ondosa di corpi immersi bidi-mensionali e tridimensionali, tenendo conto della non linea-ritti delle condizioni sulla superficie libera. La soluzione cercata ~ posta nella forma di potenziale di strato ...

Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2012

This paper describes some numerical computations performed to investigate the submerged flat plat... more This paper describes some numerical computations performed to investigate the submerged flat plate breakwater effectiveness. From an environmental point of view, one of the most interesting features of this kind of non-conventional breakwater is that it does not induce the undesired stagnation zone along the coast typical of the most common marine structures. The numerical analysis is carried out by means of the potential flow model, implemented in a discrete form by the Boundary Element Method. Numerical results of linear and nonlinear computations are compared to numerical and experimental data available in literature. The influence of the geometric configuration of the plate on the transmission coefficient for waves of varying length is evaluated. The main limitation of this device is found to be the narrow range of wavelengths over which wave attenuation is achieved. As a possible improvement to the plate effectiveness the behaviour of a dual plate array is investigated in different layouts.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2012

The flow and sediment transport in the boundary layer at the sea bottom due to the passage of sur... more The flow and sediment transport in the boundary layer at the sea bottom due to the passage of surface waves are determined by considering small values of the wave steepness and of the ratio between the thickness of the boundary layer and the local water depth. Both the velocity field and the sediment transport rate are determined up to the second order of approximation thus evaluating both the steady streaming and the net (wave-averaged) flux of sediment induced by nonlinear effects. The flow regime is assumed to be turbulent and a two-equation turbulence model is used to close the problem. The bed load is evaluated by means of an empirical relationship as function of the bed shear stress. The suspended load is determined by computing the sediment flux, once the sediment concentration is determined by solving an appropriate advection-diffusion equation. The decay of the wave amplitude, which is due to the energy dissipation taking place in the boundary layer, is taken into account. The steady streaming and the sediment transport rate at the bottom of sea waves turn out to be different from those which are observed in a wave tunnel (U-tube), because of the dependence on the streamwise coordinate of the former flow. In particular, in the range of the parameters presently investigated, the sediment transport rate at the bottom of sea waves is found to be always onshore directed while, in a water tunnel (U-tube), the sediment transport rate can be onshore or offshore directed.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1992

ABSTRACT

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1989

ABSTRACT

Experiments in Fluids, 2010

The deviation of a jet from the straight direction due to the presence of a lateral wall is inves... more The deviation of a jet from the straight direction due to the presence of a lateral wall is investigated from the experimental point of view. This flow condition is known as Coanda jet (from the Romanian aerodynamicist Henry Marie Coanda who discovered and applied it at the beginning of XXth century) or offset jet. The objective of the work is

International Journal of …, 2007

In this work some numerical simulations and experiments, carried out to investigate jet-wall inte... more In this work some numerical simulations and experiments, carried out to investigate jet-wall interaction in shallow waters, are described and discussed. Basically, the work aims at the environmental effects of marine structures, eg the modifications ofthe hydrodynamic ...

Computers & Fluids, 2005

In this paper we present a numerical method for fluid-particle flow simulation. The mathematical ... more In this paper we present a numerical method for fluid-particle flow simulation. The mathematical model is based on the averaged continuum. The presence of particles is taken into account in terms of effective viscosity, which is defined by means of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (Bingham plastic) models. The dispersed phase equation closure is based on particle buoyancy as well as on shear-induced self-diffusion effects. The proposed approach allows us to study sediment transport problems and the related evolution of bed forms, without requiring the generation of curvilinear coordinate systems and time-consuming step-by-step regridding. In fact, the present model describes the bottom shape in terms of a density contour surface, rather than a moving boundary of the fluid domain. Simple two-dimensional numerical tests have been performed: (i) Bingham flow in a driven cavity and (ii) particle settling in a pure Couette flow. Finally, preliminary results concerning (iii) two-dimensional scour below pipelines in steady flow have been presented and discussed.

Coastal Engineering, 2010

In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wal... more In the present paper some numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study jet-wall interaction in shallow waters. Namely, modifications of the hydrodynamic field concerning the interaction of river run-off with a shallow coastal water body, due to the presence of ...