ghulam mustafa - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by ghulam mustafa
Indian Heart Journal, 2016
Background: Crops and weeds have been exchanging genes for centuries; however, introduction of tr... more Background: Crops and weeds have been exchanging genes for centuries; however, introduction of transgenics has instigated the apprehensions about transgene flow. The advent of transplastomic technology reduced the probability of transgene dispersal by virtue of maternal inheritance as plastids are excluded from pollens, ensuring biosafety of transplastomic plants. This is true as far as the transgene escape through pollens of transplastomic plants is concerned. While assuming this situation i.e. maternal inheritance as a way of transgene containment, little or no consideration has been given to the pollination of transplastomic crops by weedy relatives. It may result an unsolicited, spontaneous weedy hybrid which may serve as a maternal donor in next generation, so the transgene once contained will be no more contained. Various investigators have studied the extent of paternal inheritance of transgene but there is no study focusing this so-called ‘leaky maternal inheritance’ as a so...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2012
Gelucire 50/13 (G50/13) was assessed to develop controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulp... more Gelucire 50/13 (G50/13) was assessed to develop controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulphate (SBL) a highly water soluble drug by semisolid matrix filling capsule technique. Drug release profiles of SBL release by using G50/13 and its blends with other hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials were investigated. Lipid matrix formulations prepared with increasing amount of polymer showed a substantial decrease in release rate of the drug while increasing drug amount in fixed polymer concentration did not significantly affect the release profile. Polyethylene glycol 6000 caused an increased water uptake resulting in fast erosion of the matrix whereas cetostearyl alcohol and stearic acid caused retardation in drug release. These findings confirm that a considerable amount of Gelucire is required alone or in combination with hydrophobic substances in order to sustain the release profiles of water soluble drugs. More linear profile was obtained by using matrix comprising Gelucire/ste...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2004
Lipid profile in cardiac patients (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease... more Lipid profile in cardiac patients (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, ischaemic heart disease), diabetic patients and normal humans was investigated. Total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, blood glucose, calcium, potassium and sodium were determined, employing established methods and procedures. Higher level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride were found in both cardiac and diabetic patients, however, cardiac patients had much lower level of HDL-C as compared to normal humans. Age wise comparison revealed that level of total cholesterol; triglyceride and LDL-C were elevating while the level of HDL-C were decreasing with the age in cardiac and diabetic patients. Sex wise comparison showed that females had higher HDL-C level than males and therefore had fewer incidences of heart diseases. The level of Ca++, K+ and Na+ were similar in all age groups and sexe...
Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2013
ABSTRACT Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) multi-sensor arrays coated with molecularly imprinted ... more ABSTRACT Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) multi-sensor arrays coated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) as recognition materials have been tested for screening and quantification. For receptor screening, six-electrode QCM sensor arrays containing MIP with variable ratios of vinylpyrrolidone–styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers were examined to identify the optimal monomer combination for chemical sensing of ethyl acetate in one measuring step. This revealed an optimum MIP that can detect vapours below 50 ppm. For quantification purposes, the QCM sensor array data were analysed chemometrically. Polystyrene–divinylbenzene imprinted polymers selectively detected volatile emissions from different herbs. The terpenes emission pattern revealed screening among isomeric terpenes with detection limits below 20 ppm. Furthermore, this strategy allows evaluating fresh and dried herbs and their levels of freshness and respective shelf lives.
Sensors, 2010
A piezoelectric 10 MHz multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (MQCM), coated with six molecular... more A piezoelectric 10 MHz multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (MQCM), coated with six molecularly imprinted polystyrene artificial recognition membranes have been developed for selective quantification of terpenes emanated from fresh and dried Lamiaceae family species, i.e., rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum Basilicum) and sage (Salvia Officinalis). Optimal e-nose parameters, such as layer heights (1-6 KHz), sensitivity <20 ppm of analytes, selectivity at 50 ppm of terpenes, repeatability and reproducibility were thoroughly adjusted prior to online monitoring. Linearity in reversible responses over a wide concentration range <20-250 ppm has been achieved. Discrimination between molecules of similar molar masses, even for isomers, e.g. α-pinene and β-pinene is possible. The array has proven its sensitive and selective properties of sensor responses (20-1,200 Hz) for the difference of fresh and dried herbs. The sensor data attained was validated by GC-MS, to analyze the profiles of sensor emanation patterns. The shelf-life of herbs was monitored via emanation of organic volatiles during a few days. Such an array in association with data analysis tools can be utilized for characterizing complex mixtures.
Natural Product Letters, 2001
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2001
Copyright © 1999-2010 John Wiley &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Copyright © 1999-2010 John Wiley &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chemosphere, 2004
The transport and bioavailability of cadmium is governed mainly by its adsorption-desorption reac... more The transport and bioavailability of cadmium is governed mainly by its adsorption-desorption reactions with minerals such as goethite--a common iron oxide mineral in variable charged and highly weathered tropical soils. Soil factors such as pH, temperature, solution Cd concentration, ionic strength and ageing affect Cd adsorption on goethite. The desorption behaviour of Cd from goethite at low concentrations is not fully understood. This study investigates the adsorption-desorption of Cd at low Cd concentrations (Cd adsorbed on goethite from 20 to 300 microM Cd solutions) in Na and Ca nitrate solutions of 0.03 M nominal ionic strengths. Synthetic goethite prepared by ageing a ferric hydroxide gel at high pH and room temperature was used for Cd adsorption and desorption studies. For desorption experiment 10 successive desorptions were made for the whole range of initial Cd concentrations (20-300 microM) in the presence of 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 or 0.03 M NaNO3 solutions. Cadmium adsorption was found to be higher in Na+ than Ca2+ probably due to the competition of Ca2+ ions with Cd2+ ions for adsorption sites on the surfaces of goethite. The effect of index cation on Cd adsorption diminished with increase in pH from 5.0 to 6.0. Cadmium desorption decreased with increase in pH from 5.0 to 6.0 in both Na and Ca systems. After 10 successive desorptions with 0.03 M NaNO3 at the lowest initially adsorbed Cd approximately 45%, 20% and 7% of the adsorbed Cd was desorbed at pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The corresponding desorptions in the presence of 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 were 49%, 22% and 8%, respectively. The Freundlich parameter, k, based on each progressive step of desorption at different adsorbed concentration increased with increasing desorption step, which may indicates that a fraction of Cd was resistant to desorption. Low Cd desorbability from goethite may be due to its specific adsorption and/or possibly as a result of Cd entrapment in the cracks or defects in goethite structure.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2012
The present study describes a convenient method for the synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors,... more The present study describes a convenient method for the synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors, 4-(toluene-4-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acids from p-amino benzoic acid. Reaction of p-amino benzoic acid with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride provided thirteen N-and O-alkylation products 4a-4m in moderate to good yields. Lipoxygenase inhibition of newly formed sulfonamide derivatives was investigated and some of these compounds 4m, 4g, 4e, 4f and 4j showed good lipoxygenase inhibitory activities with IC 50 values ranged between 15.8 ± 0.57 and 91.7 ± 0.61 lmol whilst all other compounds exhibited mild anti-lipoxygenase activities with IC 50 values ranged between 139.2 ± 0.75 and 232.1 ± 0.78 lmol. N-alkylated products were more active against the enzyme than O-alkylated or both N-and O-alkylated ones. All synthesized sulfonamides were recrystallized in chloroform to give these title compounds which were characterized using FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.
Archives of Microbiology, 2013
required to agriculture (Handley et al. 1998). Rhizobia are rod-shaped, gram-negative soil bacter... more required to agriculture (Handley et al. 1998). Rhizobia are rod-shaped, gram-negative soil bacteria that exhibit the capability to infect plant roots, establish a symbiotic relationship and fix nitrogen. The symbiosis is manifested through the formation of nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia for plants to assimilate (riely et al. 2004). Rhizobia are extensively associated with crops and wild legumes alike. As these being described, their classification is progressing too. Hitherto, forty species and seven genera have been described in α-subclass of proteobacteria, which included Allorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium (Wei et al. 2002) and a species in the genus Methylobacterium (Sy et al. 2001). The species within the β-subclass of proteobacteria have been defined by two genera: Burkholderia and Cupriavidus (Wei et al. 2002). Similarly, members of γ-proteobacteria have also been found to be involved in nodulation (Benhizia et al. 2004). Bacteria are found as structures called bacteriods, which are involved in nitrogen fixation (Stacey et al. 2006). Interestingly, all members of the family Fabaceae do not nodulate. An estimated 90 % of Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae and 25 % of Caesalpinioideae are known for nodulation. Stacey et al. (2006) described the process of nodulation that starts with the infection and entry of bacteria to the plant root epidermis. Once the root cell gets infected, it triggers the cortical cell division and consequently develops into a nodule. The nod genes synthesize 'nod factors' that initiate the process of nodulation. The activation of nod factors results in calcium ion influx and swelling of root hairs. The domains involved in calcium ion exchange and swelling of root tips are LRR domain, DMI1 and DMI2, the latter two are needed for calcium spiking. Calcium spiking is followed by cortical cell division. Cortical cell division requires expression of ENOD (nodulin)
Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2011
We offer computational formula of subdivision depth for tensor productn-ary (n⩾2) volumetric mode... more We offer computational formula of subdivision depth for tensor productn-ary (n⩾2) volumetric models based on error bound evaluation technique. This formula provides and error control tool in subdivision schemes over regular hexahedron lattice in higher-dimensional spaces. Moreover, the error bounds of Mustafa et al. (2006) are special cases of our bounds.
Analysis in Theory and Applications, 2011
In this paper, we propose a three point approximating subdivision scheme, with three shape parame... more In this paper, we propose a three point approximating subdivision scheme, with three shape parameters, that unifies three different existing three point approximating schemes. Some sufficient conditions for subdivision curve C 0 to C 3 continuity and convergence of the scheme for generating tensor product surfaces for certain ranges of parameters by using Laurent polynomial method are discussed. The systems of curve and surface design based on our scheme have been developed successfully in garment CAD especially for clothes modelling.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
The title compound, C 12 H 10 BrN 3 O 3 S, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent... more The title compound, C 12 H 10 BrN 3 O 3 S, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the two six-membered rings in the molecules are 34.1 (3) and 45.1 (2). In the crystal structure, molecules are connected via N-HÁ Á ÁO and N-HÁ Á ÁN hydrogen bonding.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
![Research paper thumbnail of 4-{[(4-Methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino}benzoic acid](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89910741/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
Sulfonamides are well known for their various types of biological activities (e.g. Hanson et al.,... more Sulfonamides are well known for their various types of biological activities (e.g. Hanson et al., 1999). In the present paper, the structure of the title compound, (I), is reported. Bond lengths and bond angles of the title molecule are similar to those of the related molecules (Gowda et al., 2007; Arshad et al., 2008; Shafiq et al., 2009) and are within normal ranges. In the crystal, each molecule is linked to its adjacent one through head-to-head pairs of O-H•••O inter molecular interactions giving rise to dimeric motifs typical for carboxylic acids. Neighbouring dimers are further linked to each other through C-H•••O interactions on one side and through N-H•••O on the other side along b axis (Fig. 2). Experimental To a mixture of p-amino benzoic acid (1.0 g, 7.3 mmoles) and distilled water (10 ml) in a round bottomflask (25 ml) 1M aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added to maintain the pH between 8-9. Tosyl chloride (1.66 g, 8.70 mmol) was added to this solution and was kept stirred at room temperature untill the suspension changed to a clear solution. pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 1-2, using 1 N HCl and the precipitates obtained were filtered, washed with distilled water, dried and recrystallized from methanol to yield colourless needles of (I). Refinement The aromatic C-H H-atoms were positioned with idealized geometry with C-H = 0.93 Å and were refined using a riding model with U iso (H) = 1.2 U eq (C). The O-H H-atom was also positioned with idealized geometry with O-H = 0.82 Å and was refined using a riding model with U iso (H) = 1.5 U eq (O). The N-H H atom were located in difference map and its position refiined freely to N-H= 0.82 (2) Å, U iso (H) = 1.2U iso (N). Three reflection 011, 001 and 002 were omitted in the final refinement as these were obscured by beam stop.
![Research paper thumbnail of 4-[(4-Methylbenzenesulfonamido)methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89910739/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
![Research paper thumbnail of N -{[4-(4-Methoxybenzenesulfonamido)phenyl]sulfonyl}acetamide](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89910738/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2010
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
Khan et al., 2011), we describe herein the synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
The title compound, C 8 H 7 BrO 3 , is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.05... more The title compound, C 8 H 7 BrO 3 , is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.055 Å). In the crystal, O-HÁ Á ÁO hydrogen bonds link the molecules into C(6) chains propagating in [010]. Very weak aromaticinteractions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.984 (5) and 3.982 (5) Å ] also occur. Related literature For the crystal structure of the methyl 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoate isomer, see: Huang et al. (2011). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995).
Indian Heart Journal, 2016
Background: Crops and weeds have been exchanging genes for centuries; however, introduction of tr... more Background: Crops and weeds have been exchanging genes for centuries; however, introduction of transgenics has instigated the apprehensions about transgene flow. The advent of transplastomic technology reduced the probability of transgene dispersal by virtue of maternal inheritance as plastids are excluded from pollens, ensuring biosafety of transplastomic plants. This is true as far as the transgene escape through pollens of transplastomic plants is concerned. While assuming this situation i.e. maternal inheritance as a way of transgene containment, little or no consideration has been given to the pollination of transplastomic crops by weedy relatives. It may result an unsolicited, spontaneous weedy hybrid which may serve as a maternal donor in next generation, so the transgene once contained will be no more contained. Various investigators have studied the extent of paternal inheritance of transgene but there is no study focusing this so-called ‘leaky maternal inheritance’ as a so...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2012
Gelucire 50/13 (G50/13) was assessed to develop controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulp... more Gelucire 50/13 (G50/13) was assessed to develop controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulphate (SBL) a highly water soluble drug by semisolid matrix filling capsule technique. Drug release profiles of SBL release by using G50/13 and its blends with other hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials were investigated. Lipid matrix formulations prepared with increasing amount of polymer showed a substantial decrease in release rate of the drug while increasing drug amount in fixed polymer concentration did not significantly affect the release profile. Polyethylene glycol 6000 caused an increased water uptake resulting in fast erosion of the matrix whereas cetostearyl alcohol and stearic acid caused retardation in drug release. These findings confirm that a considerable amount of Gelucire is required alone or in combination with hydrophobic substances in order to sustain the release profiles of water soluble drugs. More linear profile was obtained by using matrix comprising Gelucire/ste...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2004
Lipid profile in cardiac patients (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease... more Lipid profile in cardiac patients (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, ischaemic heart disease), diabetic patients and normal humans was investigated. Total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, blood glucose, calcium, potassium and sodium were determined, employing established methods and procedures. Higher level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride were found in both cardiac and diabetic patients, however, cardiac patients had much lower level of HDL-C as compared to normal humans. Age wise comparison revealed that level of total cholesterol; triglyceride and LDL-C were elevating while the level of HDL-C were decreasing with the age in cardiac and diabetic patients. Sex wise comparison showed that females had higher HDL-C level than males and therefore had fewer incidences of heart diseases. The level of Ca++, K+ and Na+ were similar in all age groups and sexe...
Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2013
ABSTRACT Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) multi-sensor arrays coated with molecularly imprinted ... more ABSTRACT Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) multi-sensor arrays coated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) as recognition materials have been tested for screening and quantification. For receptor screening, six-electrode QCM sensor arrays containing MIP with variable ratios of vinylpyrrolidone–styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers were examined to identify the optimal monomer combination for chemical sensing of ethyl acetate in one measuring step. This revealed an optimum MIP that can detect vapours below 50 ppm. For quantification purposes, the QCM sensor array data were analysed chemometrically. Polystyrene–divinylbenzene imprinted polymers selectively detected volatile emissions from different herbs. The terpenes emission pattern revealed screening among isomeric terpenes with detection limits below 20 ppm. Furthermore, this strategy allows evaluating fresh and dried herbs and their levels of freshness and respective shelf lives.
Sensors, 2010
A piezoelectric 10 MHz multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (MQCM), coated with six molecular... more A piezoelectric 10 MHz multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (MQCM), coated with six molecularly imprinted polystyrene artificial recognition membranes have been developed for selective quantification of terpenes emanated from fresh and dried Lamiaceae family species, i.e., rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum Basilicum) and sage (Salvia Officinalis). Optimal e-nose parameters, such as layer heights (1-6 KHz), sensitivity <20 ppm of analytes, selectivity at 50 ppm of terpenes, repeatability and reproducibility were thoroughly adjusted prior to online monitoring. Linearity in reversible responses over a wide concentration range <20-250 ppm has been achieved. Discrimination between molecules of similar molar masses, even for isomers, e.g. α-pinene and β-pinene is possible. The array has proven its sensitive and selective properties of sensor responses (20-1,200 Hz) for the difference of fresh and dried herbs. The sensor data attained was validated by GC-MS, to analyze the profiles of sensor emanation patterns. The shelf-life of herbs was monitored via emanation of organic volatiles during a few days. Such an array in association with data analysis tools can be utilized for characterizing complex mixtures.
Natural Product Letters, 2001
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2001
Copyright © 1999-2010 John Wiley &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Copyright © 1999-2010 John Wiley &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chemosphere, 2004
The transport and bioavailability of cadmium is governed mainly by its adsorption-desorption reac... more The transport and bioavailability of cadmium is governed mainly by its adsorption-desorption reactions with minerals such as goethite--a common iron oxide mineral in variable charged and highly weathered tropical soils. Soil factors such as pH, temperature, solution Cd concentration, ionic strength and ageing affect Cd adsorption on goethite. The desorption behaviour of Cd from goethite at low concentrations is not fully understood. This study investigates the adsorption-desorption of Cd at low Cd concentrations (Cd adsorbed on goethite from 20 to 300 microM Cd solutions) in Na and Ca nitrate solutions of 0.03 M nominal ionic strengths. Synthetic goethite prepared by ageing a ferric hydroxide gel at high pH and room temperature was used for Cd adsorption and desorption studies. For desorption experiment 10 successive desorptions were made for the whole range of initial Cd concentrations (20-300 microM) in the presence of 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 or 0.03 M NaNO3 solutions. Cadmium adsorption was found to be higher in Na+ than Ca2+ probably due to the competition of Ca2+ ions with Cd2+ ions for adsorption sites on the surfaces of goethite. The effect of index cation on Cd adsorption diminished with increase in pH from 5.0 to 6.0. Cadmium desorption decreased with increase in pH from 5.0 to 6.0 in both Na and Ca systems. After 10 successive desorptions with 0.03 M NaNO3 at the lowest initially adsorbed Cd approximately 45%, 20% and 7% of the adsorbed Cd was desorbed at pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The corresponding desorptions in the presence of 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 were 49%, 22% and 8%, respectively. The Freundlich parameter, k, based on each progressive step of desorption at different adsorbed concentration increased with increasing desorption step, which may indicates that a fraction of Cd was resistant to desorption. Low Cd desorbability from goethite may be due to its specific adsorption and/or possibly as a result of Cd entrapment in the cracks or defects in goethite structure.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2012
The present study describes a convenient method for the synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors,... more The present study describes a convenient method for the synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors, 4-(toluene-4-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acids from p-amino benzoic acid. Reaction of p-amino benzoic acid with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride provided thirteen N-and O-alkylation products 4a-4m in moderate to good yields. Lipoxygenase inhibition of newly formed sulfonamide derivatives was investigated and some of these compounds 4m, 4g, 4e, 4f and 4j showed good lipoxygenase inhibitory activities with IC 50 values ranged between 15.8 ± 0.57 and 91.7 ± 0.61 lmol whilst all other compounds exhibited mild anti-lipoxygenase activities with IC 50 values ranged between 139.2 ± 0.75 and 232.1 ± 0.78 lmol. N-alkylated products were more active against the enzyme than O-alkylated or both N-and O-alkylated ones. All synthesized sulfonamides were recrystallized in chloroform to give these title compounds which were characterized using FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.
Archives of Microbiology, 2013
required to agriculture (Handley et al. 1998). Rhizobia are rod-shaped, gram-negative soil bacter... more required to agriculture (Handley et al. 1998). Rhizobia are rod-shaped, gram-negative soil bacteria that exhibit the capability to infect plant roots, establish a symbiotic relationship and fix nitrogen. The symbiosis is manifested through the formation of nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia for plants to assimilate (riely et al. 2004). Rhizobia are extensively associated with crops and wild legumes alike. As these being described, their classification is progressing too. Hitherto, forty species and seven genera have been described in α-subclass of proteobacteria, which included Allorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium (Wei et al. 2002) and a species in the genus Methylobacterium (Sy et al. 2001). The species within the β-subclass of proteobacteria have been defined by two genera: Burkholderia and Cupriavidus (Wei et al. 2002). Similarly, members of γ-proteobacteria have also been found to be involved in nodulation (Benhizia et al. 2004). Bacteria are found as structures called bacteriods, which are involved in nitrogen fixation (Stacey et al. 2006). Interestingly, all members of the family Fabaceae do not nodulate. An estimated 90 % of Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae and 25 % of Caesalpinioideae are known for nodulation. Stacey et al. (2006) described the process of nodulation that starts with the infection and entry of bacteria to the plant root epidermis. Once the root cell gets infected, it triggers the cortical cell division and consequently develops into a nodule. The nod genes synthesize 'nod factors' that initiate the process of nodulation. The activation of nod factors results in calcium ion influx and swelling of root hairs. The domains involved in calcium ion exchange and swelling of root tips are LRR domain, DMI1 and DMI2, the latter two are needed for calcium spiking. Calcium spiking is followed by cortical cell division. Cortical cell division requires expression of ENOD (nodulin)
Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2011
We offer computational formula of subdivision depth for tensor productn-ary (n⩾2) volumetric mode... more We offer computational formula of subdivision depth for tensor productn-ary (n⩾2) volumetric models based on error bound evaluation technique. This formula provides and error control tool in subdivision schemes over regular hexahedron lattice in higher-dimensional spaces. Moreover, the error bounds of Mustafa et al. (2006) are special cases of our bounds.
Analysis in Theory and Applications, 2011
In this paper, we propose a three point approximating subdivision scheme, with three shape parame... more In this paper, we propose a three point approximating subdivision scheme, with three shape parameters, that unifies three different existing three point approximating schemes. Some sufficient conditions for subdivision curve C 0 to C 3 continuity and convergence of the scheme for generating tensor product surfaces for certain ranges of parameters by using Laurent polynomial method are discussed. The systems of curve and surface design based on our scheme have been developed successfully in garment CAD especially for clothes modelling.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
The title compound, C 12 H 10 BrN 3 O 3 S, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent... more The title compound, C 12 H 10 BrN 3 O 3 S, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the two six-membered rings in the molecules are 34.1 (3) and 45.1 (2). In the crystal structure, molecules are connected via N-HÁ Á ÁO and N-HÁ Á ÁN hydrogen bonding.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
Sulfonamides are well known for their various types of biological activities (e.g. Hanson et al.,... more Sulfonamides are well known for their various types of biological activities (e.g. Hanson et al., 1999). In the present paper, the structure of the title compound, (I), is reported. Bond lengths and bond angles of the title molecule are similar to those of the related molecules (Gowda et al., 2007; Arshad et al., 2008; Shafiq et al., 2009) and are within normal ranges. In the crystal, each molecule is linked to its adjacent one through head-to-head pairs of O-H•••O inter molecular interactions giving rise to dimeric motifs typical for carboxylic acids. Neighbouring dimers are further linked to each other through C-H•••O interactions on one side and through N-H•••O on the other side along b axis (Fig. 2). Experimental To a mixture of p-amino benzoic acid (1.0 g, 7.3 mmoles) and distilled water (10 ml) in a round bottomflask (25 ml) 1M aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added to maintain the pH between 8-9. Tosyl chloride (1.66 g, 8.70 mmol) was added to this solution and was kept stirred at room temperature untill the suspension changed to a clear solution. pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 1-2, using 1 N HCl and the precipitates obtained were filtered, washed with distilled water, dried and recrystallized from methanol to yield colourless needles of (I). Refinement The aromatic C-H H-atoms were positioned with idealized geometry with C-H = 0.93 Å and were refined using a riding model with U iso (H) = 1.2 U eq (C). The O-H H-atom was also positioned with idealized geometry with O-H = 0.82 Å and was refined using a riding model with U iso (H) = 1.5 U eq (O). The N-H H atom were located in difference map and its position refiined freely to N-H= 0.82 (2) Å, U iso (H) = 1.2U iso (N). Three reflection 011, 001 and 002 were omitted in the final refinement as these were obscured by beam stop.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2011
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2010
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
Khan et al., 2011), we describe herein the synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2012
The title compound, C 8 H 7 BrO 3 , is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.05... more The title compound, C 8 H 7 BrO 3 , is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.055 Å). In the crystal, O-HÁ Á ÁO hydrogen bonds link the molecules into C(6) chains propagating in [010]. Very weak aromaticinteractions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.984 (5) and 3.982 (5) Å ] also occur. Related literature For the crystal structure of the methyl 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoate isomer, see: Huang et al. (2011). For graph-set notation, see: Bernstein et al. (1995).