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Papers by hicham diab

Research paper thumbnail of Antibiotic Therapy and Bacterial Odontogenic Infections: An Overview

World Journal of Dentistry, 2018

Odontogenic infections (OIs) are common in the oral and maxillofacial regions and can affect both... more Odontogenic infections (OIs) are common in the oral and maxillofacial regions and can affect both genders at any age. Infection of the dental pulp resulting from caries and their major pathogens, the streptococci, is the most important cause of OIs. In fact, following bacterial attack, the dental pulp becomes necrotic and the bacteria of the normal flora undergo a change from main aerobes to anaerobes leading to an abscess formation at the apex of the root. In some cases, the infection may spread to the surrounding spaces resulting in additional complications. Hence, their early diagnosis and adequate therapy are requisite. Successfully treating OIs depends from one side on eliminating the causal factor and from the other side selecting the appropriate anti-infectious agent. This selection should be considered according to each and every clinical case based on clinical and bacteriological factors, with the use of broadspectrum antibiotics for short periods of time. This article aims to set out the most common odontogenic infectious diseases as well as the involved germs and to help dentists choosing the right antibiotic.

Research paper thumbnail of Palatine Tonsilloliths: A Retrospective Study on 500 Digital Panoramic Radiographs

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2018

Aim: This study aimed to investigate palatine tonsilloliths in the Lebanese population via digita... more Aim: This study aimed to investigate palatine tonsilloliths in the Lebanese population via digital panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods: Digital panoramic radiographs of a sample of 500 Lebanese adult patients (281 females and 219 males) with an average age of 47.9 years were included in this study and assessed for tonsilloliths. The IBM® SPSS® (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) version 20.0 for Windows was used to carry out statistical analysis of the data collected. Results: Tonsilloliths were found in 7.2% of cases (36 out of 500; belonging to 18 females and 18 males). Among these, 13 cases were on the right side, 12 on the left side and 11 were bilateral. Affected patients' age ranged from 24 to 84 years (mean of 61 years). There was no statically significant relation between tonsilloliths presence and gender, while a low positive correlation was observed between tonsilloliths and age (r = 0.193). Conclusion: Palatine tonsilloliths may be discovered fortuitously on panoramic radiographs utilized regularly in dental offices; their incidence increases with age. Clinical significance: Panoramic radiographs may have a beneficial role in detecting palatine tonsilloliths sometimes connected to unpleasant symptoms such as non-specific chronic halitosis.

Research paper thumbnail of A survey of oral health in institutionalized population with intellectual disabilities: Comparison with a national oral health survey of the normal population

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2017

Introduction: Compared to the general population, the intellectually-disabled (ID) experience poo... more Introduction: Compared to the general population, the intellectually-disabled (ID) experience poor health and inferior access to high quality health services. Aim: To compare the oral health of institutionalized ID Lebanese individuals to that of the normal Lebanese population (NLP). Materials and Methods: Caries and periodontal indices were recorded in 652 ID individuals (aged 6, 12, 15, and 35-44 years) residing in the 5 major Lebanese governorates. The comparison population was derived from the National Oral Health Survey conducted in 1994. Results: Six-year-old ID children had an average of 3.28 decayed primary teeth, 0.22 filled primary teeth, and an overall dft score of 3.50, whereas in the general population decayed, filled, and overall dft scores were 4.90, 0.10, and 5.4, respectively. The lowest number of permanent decayed teeth in the ID was recorded in the 35-44-year-old group (3.17) and the highest in 15-year-old group (4.01). In the NLP, the number of decayed permanent teeth gradually increased from age 12 (5.14) to age 35-44 years (7.20). Caries indices were generally better in the ID than that in the NLP, except for more missing teeth in ID adults (6.24 compared to 4.98). The ID population presented with more severe periodontal disease (pocketing) whereas the NLP presented with a greater proportion with calculus. Conclusion: This study highlighted important differences in oral health and treatment needs in the ID compared than that of the NLP. Policy changes are required if adequate services are to be provided for this group of the population.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydroboration of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids

European Scientific Journal, 2017

Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely... more Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely studied. They have excellent access routes to organoborans which have proven to be a very useful synthetic intermediate (Brown et al.; Matteson, 1987; Smith, 1994). The bill might be on one or other of the two carbons of the unsaturation. It is carried out preferentially along the least congested carbon (anti-Markownikov addition). This regioselectivity can be changed against steric effects (Brown & Zweifel, 1960; Brown & Sharp, 1968; Brown et al., 1974). The existence of two active sites in methyl esters of fatty acids, FAME: the carbon-carbon unsaturation and the ester, make their hydroboration reactions more difficult to achieve. However, it has been demonstrated that reducing the ester groups is much slower than that of olefins (Brown & Keblys, 1964). By using suitable operating conditions, it is possible to limit this secondary reaction and to obtain a selective reaction of carboncarbon double bond (Fore & Bickford, 1959). Others have protecting ester function by a silyl group in order to have a single reactive site (Kabalka & Bierer, 1989).

Research paper thumbnail of Oral Health Status of Institutionalized Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities in Lebanon

Journal of oral & maxillofacial research

To assess the dental status of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon a... more To assess the dental status of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon and the role of background and behavioural determinants. Oral health was recorded for 652 individuals (6, 12, 15 and 35 - 44 years old) using the decayed, missing and filled teeth/decayed and filled teeth (DMFT/dft) index. Data collected was statistically analysed with statistical significance set at P = 0.05. Overall, mean DMFT index score was 5.86 (SD 6); composed of 3.64 (SD 4.05) decayed (D) teeth; 1.71 (SD 4.38) missing (M) teeth; 0.87 (SD 2.51) filled (F) teeth. DMFT was highest in adults (12.71 [SD 7.43]) and had a large component of missing (6.24 [SD 7.02]) and filled (3.31 [SD 4.56]) teeth. DMFT scores ranged between 3.5 (SD 4.44) at 6 years and 4.8 (SD 4.52) at 15 years and the decayed component was the main contributor. In multivariate analyses, governorate of residence was statistically significantly (P ≤ 0.040 and P ≤ 0.044) associated with D and DMFT, the degree of disabilit...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Treatment Needs of Institutionalized Intellectually Disabled Individuals in Lebanon

Aims and Objectives: No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs ... more Aims and Objectives: No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs of the intellectually disabled in Lebanon. To evaluate the periodontal condition and treatment needs of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: A total of 272 individuals (141 males and 131 females) aged 15 years and 35–44 years were examined. Periodontal health was recorded following the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and treatment need was assigned accordingly. The IBM® SPSS® statistics 20.0 and Stata/SE 11.1 statistical packages were used to carry out all statistical analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Healthy periodontium was recorded in 26.1%, bleeding on probing in 27.9%, supra-/sub-gingival calculus in 31.3%, pockets of 4–5 mm in 11% and ≥6 mm in 3.7%. The largest proportion of the sample was in need for oral hygiene instruction and calculus removal (42.3...

Research paper thumbnail of Antibiotic Therapy and Bacterial Odontogenic Infections: An Overview

World Journal of Dentistry, 2018

Odontogenic infections (OIs) are common in the oral and maxillofacial regions and can affect both... more Odontogenic infections (OIs) are common in the oral and maxillofacial regions and can affect both genders at any age. Infection of the dental pulp resulting from caries and their major pathogens, the streptococci, is the most important cause of OIs. In fact, following bacterial attack, the dental pulp becomes necrotic and the bacteria of the normal flora undergo a change from main aerobes to anaerobes leading to an abscess formation at the apex of the root. In some cases, the infection may spread to the surrounding spaces resulting in additional complications. Hence, their early diagnosis and adequate therapy are requisite. Successfully treating OIs depends from one side on eliminating the causal factor and from the other side selecting the appropriate anti-infectious agent. This selection should be considered according to each and every clinical case based on clinical and bacteriological factors, with the use of broadspectrum antibiotics for short periods of time. This article aims to set out the most common odontogenic infectious diseases as well as the involved germs and to help dentists choosing the right antibiotic.

Research paper thumbnail of Palatine Tonsilloliths: A Retrospective Study on 500 Digital Panoramic Radiographs

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2018

Aim: This study aimed to investigate palatine tonsilloliths in the Lebanese population via digita... more Aim: This study aimed to investigate palatine tonsilloliths in the Lebanese population via digital panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods: Digital panoramic radiographs of a sample of 500 Lebanese adult patients (281 females and 219 males) with an average age of 47.9 years were included in this study and assessed for tonsilloliths. The IBM® SPSS® (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) version 20.0 for Windows was used to carry out statistical analysis of the data collected. Results: Tonsilloliths were found in 7.2% of cases (36 out of 500; belonging to 18 females and 18 males). Among these, 13 cases were on the right side, 12 on the left side and 11 were bilateral. Affected patients' age ranged from 24 to 84 years (mean of 61 years). There was no statically significant relation between tonsilloliths presence and gender, while a low positive correlation was observed between tonsilloliths and age (r = 0.193). Conclusion: Palatine tonsilloliths may be discovered fortuitously on panoramic radiographs utilized regularly in dental offices; their incidence increases with age. Clinical significance: Panoramic radiographs may have a beneficial role in detecting palatine tonsilloliths sometimes connected to unpleasant symptoms such as non-specific chronic halitosis.

Research paper thumbnail of A survey of oral health in institutionalized population with intellectual disabilities: Comparison with a national oral health survey of the normal population

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2017

Introduction: Compared to the general population, the intellectually-disabled (ID) experience poo... more Introduction: Compared to the general population, the intellectually-disabled (ID) experience poor health and inferior access to high quality health services. Aim: To compare the oral health of institutionalized ID Lebanese individuals to that of the normal Lebanese population (NLP). Materials and Methods: Caries and periodontal indices were recorded in 652 ID individuals (aged 6, 12, 15, and 35-44 years) residing in the 5 major Lebanese governorates. The comparison population was derived from the National Oral Health Survey conducted in 1994. Results: Six-year-old ID children had an average of 3.28 decayed primary teeth, 0.22 filled primary teeth, and an overall dft score of 3.50, whereas in the general population decayed, filled, and overall dft scores were 4.90, 0.10, and 5.4, respectively. The lowest number of permanent decayed teeth in the ID was recorded in the 35-44-year-old group (3.17) and the highest in 15-year-old group (4.01). In the NLP, the number of decayed permanent teeth gradually increased from age 12 (5.14) to age 35-44 years (7.20). Caries indices were generally better in the ID than that in the NLP, except for more missing teeth in ID adults (6.24 compared to 4.98). The ID population presented with more severe periodontal disease (pocketing) whereas the NLP presented with a greater proportion with calculus. Conclusion: This study highlighted important differences in oral health and treatment needs in the ID compared than that of the NLP. Policy changes are required if adequate services are to be provided for this group of the population.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydroboration of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids

European Scientific Journal, 2017

Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely... more Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely studied. They have excellent access routes to organoborans which have proven to be a very useful synthetic intermediate (Brown et al.; Matteson, 1987; Smith, 1994). The bill might be on one or other of the two carbons of the unsaturation. It is carried out preferentially along the least congested carbon (anti-Markownikov addition). This regioselectivity can be changed against steric effects (Brown & Zweifel, 1960; Brown & Sharp, 1968; Brown et al., 1974). The existence of two active sites in methyl esters of fatty acids, FAME: the carbon-carbon unsaturation and the ester, make their hydroboration reactions more difficult to achieve. However, it has been demonstrated that reducing the ester groups is much slower than that of olefins (Brown & Keblys, 1964). By using suitable operating conditions, it is possible to limit this secondary reaction and to obtain a selective reaction of carboncarbon double bond (Fore & Bickford, 1959). Others have protecting ester function by a silyl group in order to have a single reactive site (Kabalka & Bierer, 1989).

Research paper thumbnail of Oral Health Status of Institutionalized Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities in Lebanon

Journal of oral & maxillofacial research

To assess the dental status of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon a... more To assess the dental status of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon and the role of background and behavioural determinants. Oral health was recorded for 652 individuals (6, 12, 15 and 35 - 44 years old) using the decayed, missing and filled teeth/decayed and filled teeth (DMFT/dft) index. Data collected was statistically analysed with statistical significance set at P = 0.05. Overall, mean DMFT index score was 5.86 (SD 6); composed of 3.64 (SD 4.05) decayed (D) teeth; 1.71 (SD 4.38) missing (M) teeth; 0.87 (SD 2.51) filled (F) teeth. DMFT was highest in adults (12.71 [SD 7.43]) and had a large component of missing (6.24 [SD 7.02]) and filled (3.31 [SD 4.56]) teeth. DMFT scores ranged between 3.5 (SD 4.44) at 6 years and 4.8 (SD 4.52) at 15 years and the decayed component was the main contributor. In multivariate analyses, governorate of residence was statistically significantly (P ≤ 0.040 and P ≤ 0.044) associated with D and DMFT, the degree of disabilit...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Treatment Needs of Institutionalized Intellectually Disabled Individuals in Lebanon

Aims and Objectives: No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs ... more Aims and Objectives: No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs of the intellectually disabled in Lebanon. To evaluate the periodontal condition and treatment needs of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: A total of 272 individuals (141 males and 131 females) aged 15 years and 35–44 years were examined. Periodontal health was recorded following the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and treatment need was assigned accordingly. The IBM® SPSS® statistics 20.0 and Stata/SE 11.1 statistical packages were used to carry out all statistical analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Healthy periodontium was recorded in 26.1%, bleeding on probing in 27.9%, supra-/sub-gingival calculus in 31.3%, pockets of 4–5 mm in 11% and ≥6 mm in 3.7%. The largest proportion of the sample was in need for oral hygiene instruction and calculus removal (42.3...