huy nguyen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by huy nguyen
Proceedings Sixteenth Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI, 2000
Most behavioral synthesis tools perform limited architectural transformations to optimize hardwar... more Most behavioral synthesis tools perform limited architectural transformations to optimize hardware and power. Previously, researchers have proposed decomposition of multiplications into shifts and adds to achieve average savings of 2.5 times in hardware. In this paper, we propose a new program called OPTIMUS and related algorithms, that combine an architectural transformation procedure called number-splitting with shift-and-add decomposition to obtain up to an additional 2 fold savings, giving a factor of up to 5 savings in overall hardware. The number-splitting transformation changes the circuit interconnections and the descriptions of constant multipliers. The scheme is based on numerical matrix transformation algorithms that allow a given matrix to be expressed as the product of several matrices while maintaining numerical accuracy
Conference Record of the Thirty-Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat. No.00CH37154), 2000
... William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen, Albert H. Horst MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstra... more ... William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen, Albert H. Horst MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstract A very-high-per$ormme ultra-low-power signal processor chip-set has been developed for wideband adaptive radar and communications applications. ...
Methods in Molecular Biology, 2015
The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells permits the development o... more The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells permits the development of next-generation patient-specific systems biology models reflecting personalized genomics profiles to better understand pathophysiology. In this chapter, we describe how to create a patient-specific iPS cell line. There are three major steps: (1) performing a skin biopsy procedure on the patient; (2) extracting human fibroblast cells from the skin biopsy tissue; and (3) reprogramming patient-specific fibroblast cells into the pluripotent stem cell stage.
SBT/IEEE International Symposium on Telecommunications, 1990
... M. Mehmet Ali, H . Tri Nguyen Concordia University Department of Electrical Engineering 1455 ... more ... M. Mehmet Ali, H . Tri Nguyen Concordia University Department of Electrical Engineering 1455 De Maisonneuve Boulevard West Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 ... Thus in the switching fabric of size (nx n) there will be n queues at 2 each input, one per output, ( L a tota. of n ...
7th International Conference on Broadband Communications and Biomedical Applications, 2011
SuperDARN is an international network of HF radars dedicated to the study of the Earth&am... more SuperDARN is an international network of HF radars dedicated to the study of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The radars operate between 8 to 20 MHz and thus require broadband antennas for optimal performance. Since the first coherent HF backscatter radar was deployed by The John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory these types of radars have utilised large Log-periodic
7th International Conference on Broadband Communications and Biomedical Applications, 2011
This paper presents the experimental research on the influence of clock synchronisation in a mult... more This paper presents the experimental research on the influence of clock synchronisation in a multi-transceiver radar system in terms of phase noise and stability of the clock source. The work involves an implementation of a clock distribution method and discusses the experimental results. The TIGER-3 radar is being developed as an “all digital” radar with 20 integrated digital transceivers, each operating at 2.4kW of nominal power. Accurate coordination of all 20 transceivers is essential for generation of transmit signals, collection and merging of receive data to form a standard SuperDARN data set. Therefore, the system clock frequency must be highly stable and be tightly synchronised. In order to achieve this, a clock synchronisation method to coordinate the operation of entire system using a highly stable, accurate common clock source distributed to the transceivers is proposed. To improve noise immunity, differential signals are used. To further enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity of the clock system, magnetic circuitry is employed. Moreover, the FPGA clocking features including Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) and Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) available on the Xilinx Virtex-5 devices are used to correct and recover the received clock. Test results show that the clock system has excellent noise immunity allowing the radar system to perform at its full power.
2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2006
... Contrast Agents Esra Talu1, Kanaka Hettiarachchi3, Huy Nguyen2, Abraham. P. Lee3, Robert L. P... more ... Contrast Agents Esra Talu1, Kanaka Hettiarachchi3, Huy Nguyen2, Abraham. P. Lee3, Robert L. Powell1, Marjorie L. Longo1, Paul A. Dayton2 ... The gas and liquid flow rates were provided by Kent Scientific (Torrington, CT) syringe pumps for use with the stainless steel chamber. ...
Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2007
HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that remains an important cl... more HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that remains an important clinical problem without available rational treatment. As HIV does not infect neurons, the pathogenesis of HAD is thought to be secondary to the impact of infected leukocytes, including parenchymal microglia, which can secrete inflammatory mediators and viral products that alter the function of surrounding uninfected cells. We previously reported that the transcription factor p53 accumulates in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes of HAD patients. We have also shown that microglia from p53-deficient mice fail to induce neurotoxicity in response to the HIV coat protein gp120 in a coculture system, supporting the hypothesis that p53 plays a pathogenic role in the chronic neuroinflammatory component of HIV-associated neurodegeneration. We analyzed the extent and cell type specificity of p53 accumulation in subcortical white matter of ten AIDS patients that had previously been shown to demonstra...
2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011
The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2001
The prevalence of psychiatric problems and substance abuse is high in the veteran population with... more The prevalence of psychiatric problems and substance abuse is high in the veteran population with hepatitis C. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the effect of preexisting psychiatric conditions in veteran patients undergoing treatment with interferon a-2b (IFN-alpha) with respect to adverse events, compliance, and treatment response. Thirty-three veterans with chronic hepatitis C were treated with IFN-alpha (5 million units three times weekly) for 6 months, followed by a tapering dose for an additional 6 months. All patients fulfilled standard criteria for treatment eligibility. Psychiatric diagnoses, adverse events, and virological and biochemical responses to therapy were determined. Nineteen of 33 (58%) patients with hepatitis C had documented psychiatric conditions before starting IFN-alpha therapy. Of the patients with preexisting psychiatric diagnoses, 13/19 (68%) developed major adverse events requiring intervention or discontinuation of therapy. In contrast, 4/14 (29%) patients without psychiatric diagnoses developed major adverse events (p = 0.024) In the psychiatric group, 6/19 (32%) developed major neuropsychiatric side effects compared with 2/14 patients (14%) in the nonpsychiatric group (p = 0.25). Patients with and without psychiatric diagnoses had equivalent biochemical and virological responses to therapy. Overall, only 2/33 (6%) patients had a sustained virological response. Veterans with chronic hepatitis C and psychiatric diagnoses experienced a significantly greater number of major adverse events during treatment with IFN-alpha. Veteran patients with hepatitis C should be carefully screened for psychiatric conditions and may require more intensive monitoring during IFN-alpha therapy.
Proceedings of the 2012 symposuim on Computational Geometry - SoCG '12, 2012
In this paper we present a number of improved lower bounds for range searching in the pointer mac... more In this paper we present a number of improved lower bounds for range searching in the pointer machine and the group model. In the pointer machine, we prove lower bounds for the approximate simplex range reporting problem. In approximate simplex range reporting, points that lie within a distance of ε ⋅ Diam(s) from the border of a query simplex s,
The American journal of gastroenterology, 2002
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more prevalent in U.S. veterans attending Veterans Affairs M... more Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more prevalent in U.S. veterans attending Veterans Affairs Medical Centers than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors, psychiatric and substance abuse conditions, and severity of liver disease in veterans with HCV. The medical records and liver biopsies of 206 consecutive patients with HCV attending a multidisciplinary medical/psychiatric chronic hepatitis clinic and who met eligibility criteria for interferon alpha-2b therapy were reviewed. The mean age was 46.5+/-6.8 yr and 77% were Vietnam-era veterans. Risk factors included i.v. drug use (64%), blood transfusion (15%), and cocaine use (9%), and were unknown in 12%. The average estimated duration of disease was 24+/-7.6 yr. A history of alcohol abuse or dependence was identified in 80% of patients. Psychiatric illnesses were present in 60%, the most common being depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Overall, 89% of patients had documented ...
XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 2012
Conference Record of Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat.No.01CH37256), 2001
Page 1. High-Performance Low-Power Bit-Level Systolic Array Signal Processor with Low-Threshold D... more Page 1. High-Performance Low-Power Bit-Level Systolic Array Signal Processor with Low-Threshold Dynamic Logic Circuits William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstract MIT Lincoln Laboratory ...
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Supercomputing - ICS '99, 1999
AltiVec technology is Motorola's high-per$ormance vector parallel processing... more AltiVec technology is Motorola's high-per$ormance vector parallel processing extension to the PowerPC' RISC microprocessor. It is designed to improve the performance of algorithms and applica-tions that can exploit data parallelism such as those in digital signal processing ( ...
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2014
To examine the spectrum of fetal head and neck anomalies that may prompt prenatal referral and to... more To examine the spectrum of fetal head and neck anomalies that may prompt prenatal referral and to determine the frequency of these consultations. Case series with chart review. The billing databases of two urban pediatric otolaryngology practices were queried for ICD-9 codes corresponding to fetal anomalies between January 2010 and December 2012. The pediatric otolaryngology practices in this study evaluate all fetal head and neck anomalies referred to their respective institutions, including craniofacial disorders. Over a three-year period, 53 women presented for fetal otolaryngology consultation, with each practice seeing approximately one consultation every 6 weeks (every 5 weeks (JDS) and every 7 weeks (ARS)). The average maternal and gestational age at presentation were 28.7 years and 27.2 weeks, respectively. 83% of the cases (n = 44) involved some form of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Other head and neck anomalies included fetal goiter/other congenital neck mass (9%...
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2014
Defects in Membrane Frizzled-related Protein (MFRP) cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentos... more Defects in Membrane Frizzled-related Protein (MFRP) cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). MFRP codes for a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific membrane receptor of unknown function. In patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-derived RPE cells, precise levels of MFRP, and its dicistronic partner CTRP5, are critical to the regulation of actin organization. Overexpression of CTRP5 in naïve human RPE cells phenocopied behavior of MFRP-deficient patient RPE (iPS-RPE) cells. AAV8 (Y733F) vector expressing human MFRP rescued the actin disorganization phenotype and restored apical microvilli in patient-specific iPS-RPE cell lines. As a result, AAV-treated MFRP mutant iPS-RPE recovered pigmentation and transepithelial resistance. The efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapy was also evaluated in Mfrp(rd6)/Mfrp(rd6) mice--an established preclinical model of RP--and long-term improvement in visual function was observed in AAV-Mfrp-treated mice. This report is the firs...
Current opinion in virology, Jan 2, 2015
Turnip mosaic potyvirus is a virus of brassicas that emerged from a lineage of monocotyledon-infe... more Turnip mosaic potyvirus is a virus of brassicas that emerged from a lineage of monocotyledon-infecting potyviruses about 1000 years ago. In vivo and in silico studies all indicate that sites, primarily in its protein 3 (P3) and cylindrical inclusion protein (CI) genes, but also its small 6kDa 2 protein (6K2) and genome-linked viral protein (VPg) genes, control host specificity in a dynamic way. It is most likely that non-unique combinations of transient viral genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), not all of them non-synonymous, allowed the host switch to occur. These SNPs were probably ephemeral and replaced over time by other combinations as the population subsequently diverged within, and adapted to, the brassica host population.
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -, 2002
Proceedings Sixteenth Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI, 2000
Most behavioral synthesis tools perform limited architectural transformations to optimize hardwar... more Most behavioral synthesis tools perform limited architectural transformations to optimize hardware and power. Previously, researchers have proposed decomposition of multiplications into shifts and adds to achieve average savings of 2.5 times in hardware. In this paper, we propose a new program called OPTIMUS and related algorithms, that combine an architectural transformation procedure called number-splitting with shift-and-add decomposition to obtain up to an additional 2 fold savings, giving a factor of up to 5 savings in overall hardware. The number-splitting transformation changes the circuit interconnections and the descriptions of constant multipliers. The scheme is based on numerical matrix transformation algorithms that allow a given matrix to be expressed as the product of several matrices while maintaining numerical accuracy
Conference Record of the Thirty-Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat. No.00CH37154), 2000
... William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen, Albert H. Horst MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstra... more ... William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen, Albert H. Horst MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstract A very-high-per$ormme ultra-low-power signal processor chip-set has been developed for wideband adaptive radar and communications applications. ...
Methods in Molecular Biology, 2015
The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells permits the development o... more The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells permits the development of next-generation patient-specific systems biology models reflecting personalized genomics profiles to better understand pathophysiology. In this chapter, we describe how to create a patient-specific iPS cell line. There are three major steps: (1) performing a skin biopsy procedure on the patient; (2) extracting human fibroblast cells from the skin biopsy tissue; and (3) reprogramming patient-specific fibroblast cells into the pluripotent stem cell stage.
SBT/IEEE International Symposium on Telecommunications, 1990
... M. Mehmet Ali, H . Tri Nguyen Concordia University Department of Electrical Engineering 1455 ... more ... M. Mehmet Ali, H . Tri Nguyen Concordia University Department of Electrical Engineering 1455 De Maisonneuve Boulevard West Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 ... Thus in the switching fabric of size (nx n) there will be n queues at 2 each input, one per output, ( L a tota. of n ...
7th International Conference on Broadband Communications and Biomedical Applications, 2011
SuperDARN is an international network of HF radars dedicated to the study of the Earth&am... more SuperDARN is an international network of HF radars dedicated to the study of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The radars operate between 8 to 20 MHz and thus require broadband antennas for optimal performance. Since the first coherent HF backscatter radar was deployed by The John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory these types of radars have utilised large Log-periodic
7th International Conference on Broadband Communications and Biomedical Applications, 2011
This paper presents the experimental research on the influence of clock synchronisation in a mult... more This paper presents the experimental research on the influence of clock synchronisation in a multi-transceiver radar system in terms of phase noise and stability of the clock source. The work involves an implementation of a clock distribution method and discusses the experimental results. The TIGER-3 radar is being developed as an “all digital” radar with 20 integrated digital transceivers, each operating at 2.4kW of nominal power. Accurate coordination of all 20 transceivers is essential for generation of transmit signals, collection and merging of receive data to form a standard SuperDARN data set. Therefore, the system clock frequency must be highly stable and be tightly synchronised. In order to achieve this, a clock synchronisation method to coordinate the operation of entire system using a highly stable, accurate common clock source distributed to the transceivers is proposed. To improve noise immunity, differential signals are used. To further enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity of the clock system, magnetic circuitry is employed. Moreover, the FPGA clocking features including Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) and Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) available on the Xilinx Virtex-5 devices are used to correct and recover the received clock. Test results show that the clock system has excellent noise immunity allowing the radar system to perform at its full power.
2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2006
... Contrast Agents Esra Talu1, Kanaka Hettiarachchi3, Huy Nguyen2, Abraham. P. Lee3, Robert L. P... more ... Contrast Agents Esra Talu1, Kanaka Hettiarachchi3, Huy Nguyen2, Abraham. P. Lee3, Robert L. Powell1, Marjorie L. Longo1, Paul A. Dayton2 ... The gas and liquid flow rates were provided by Kent Scientific (Torrington, CT) syringe pumps for use with the stainless steel chamber. ...
Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2007
HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that remains an important cl... more HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease that remains an important clinical problem without available rational treatment. As HIV does not infect neurons, the pathogenesis of HAD is thought to be secondary to the impact of infected leukocytes, including parenchymal microglia, which can secrete inflammatory mediators and viral products that alter the function of surrounding uninfected cells. We previously reported that the transcription factor p53 accumulates in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes of HAD patients. We have also shown that microglia from p53-deficient mice fail to induce neurotoxicity in response to the HIV coat protein gp120 in a coculture system, supporting the hypothesis that p53 plays a pathogenic role in the chronic neuroinflammatory component of HIV-associated neurodegeneration. We analyzed the extent and cell type specificity of p53 accumulation in subcortical white matter of ten AIDS patients that had previously been shown to demonstra...
2011 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011
The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2001
The prevalence of psychiatric problems and substance abuse is high in the veteran population with... more The prevalence of psychiatric problems and substance abuse is high in the veteran population with hepatitis C. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the effect of preexisting psychiatric conditions in veteran patients undergoing treatment with interferon a-2b (IFN-alpha) with respect to adverse events, compliance, and treatment response. Thirty-three veterans with chronic hepatitis C were treated with IFN-alpha (5 million units three times weekly) for 6 months, followed by a tapering dose for an additional 6 months. All patients fulfilled standard criteria for treatment eligibility. Psychiatric diagnoses, adverse events, and virological and biochemical responses to therapy were determined. Nineteen of 33 (58%) patients with hepatitis C had documented psychiatric conditions before starting IFN-alpha therapy. Of the patients with preexisting psychiatric diagnoses, 13/19 (68%) developed major adverse events requiring intervention or discontinuation of therapy. In contrast, 4/14 (29%) patients without psychiatric diagnoses developed major adverse events (p = 0.024) In the psychiatric group, 6/19 (32%) developed major neuropsychiatric side effects compared with 2/14 patients (14%) in the nonpsychiatric group (p = 0.25). Patients with and without psychiatric diagnoses had equivalent biochemical and virological responses to therapy. Overall, only 2/33 (6%) patients had a sustained virological response. Veterans with chronic hepatitis C and psychiatric diagnoses experienced a significantly greater number of major adverse events during treatment with IFN-alpha. Veteran patients with hepatitis C should be carefully screened for psychiatric conditions and may require more intensive monitoring during IFN-alpha therapy.
Proceedings of the 2012 symposuim on Computational Geometry - SoCG '12, 2012
In this paper we present a number of improved lower bounds for range searching in the pointer mac... more In this paper we present a number of improved lower bounds for range searching in the pointer machine and the group model. In the pointer machine, we prove lower bounds for the approximate simplex range reporting problem. In approximate simplex range reporting, points that lie within a distance of ε ⋅ Diam(s) from the border of a query simplex s,
The American journal of gastroenterology, 2002
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more prevalent in U.S. veterans attending Veterans Affairs M... more Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more prevalent in U.S. veterans attending Veterans Affairs Medical Centers than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors, psychiatric and substance abuse conditions, and severity of liver disease in veterans with HCV. The medical records and liver biopsies of 206 consecutive patients with HCV attending a multidisciplinary medical/psychiatric chronic hepatitis clinic and who met eligibility criteria for interferon alpha-2b therapy were reviewed. The mean age was 46.5+/-6.8 yr and 77% were Vietnam-era veterans. Risk factors included i.v. drug use (64%), blood transfusion (15%), and cocaine use (9%), and were unknown in 12%. The average estimated duration of disease was 24+/-7.6 yr. A history of alcohol abuse or dependence was identified in 80% of patients. Psychiatric illnesses were present in 60%, the most common being depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Overall, 89% of patients had documented ...
XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 2012
Conference Record of Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat.No.01CH37256), 2001
Page 1. High-Performance Low-Power Bit-Level Systolic Array Signal Processor with Low-Threshold D... more Page 1. High-Performance Low-Power Bit-Level Systolic Array Signal Processor with Low-Threshold Dynamic Logic Circuits William S. Song, Michael M. Vai, Huy T. Nguyen MIT Lincoln Laboratory Abstract MIT Lincoln Laboratory ...
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Supercomputing - ICS '99, 1999
AltiVec technology is Motorola's high-per$ormance vector parallel processing... more AltiVec technology is Motorola's high-per$ormance vector parallel processing extension to the PowerPC' RISC microprocessor. It is designed to improve the performance of algorithms and applica-tions that can exploit data parallelism such as those in digital signal processing ( ...
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2014
To examine the spectrum of fetal head and neck anomalies that may prompt prenatal referral and to... more To examine the spectrum of fetal head and neck anomalies that may prompt prenatal referral and to determine the frequency of these consultations. Case series with chart review. The billing databases of two urban pediatric otolaryngology practices were queried for ICD-9 codes corresponding to fetal anomalies between January 2010 and December 2012. The pediatric otolaryngology practices in this study evaluate all fetal head and neck anomalies referred to their respective institutions, including craniofacial disorders. Over a three-year period, 53 women presented for fetal otolaryngology consultation, with each practice seeing approximately one consultation every 6 weeks (every 5 weeks (JDS) and every 7 weeks (ARS)). The average maternal and gestational age at presentation were 28.7 years and 27.2 weeks, respectively. 83% of the cases (n = 44) involved some form of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Other head and neck anomalies included fetal goiter/other congenital neck mass (9%...
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2014
Defects in Membrane Frizzled-related Protein (MFRP) cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentos... more Defects in Membrane Frizzled-related Protein (MFRP) cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). MFRP codes for a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific membrane receptor of unknown function. In patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-derived RPE cells, precise levels of MFRP, and its dicistronic partner CTRP5, are critical to the regulation of actin organization. Overexpression of CTRP5 in naïve human RPE cells phenocopied behavior of MFRP-deficient patient RPE (iPS-RPE) cells. AAV8 (Y733F) vector expressing human MFRP rescued the actin disorganization phenotype and restored apical microvilli in patient-specific iPS-RPE cell lines. As a result, AAV-treated MFRP mutant iPS-RPE recovered pigmentation and transepithelial resistance. The efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapy was also evaluated in Mfrp(rd6)/Mfrp(rd6) mice--an established preclinical model of RP--and long-term improvement in visual function was observed in AAV-Mfrp-treated mice. This report is the firs...
Current opinion in virology, Jan 2, 2015
Turnip mosaic potyvirus is a virus of brassicas that emerged from a lineage of monocotyledon-infe... more Turnip mosaic potyvirus is a virus of brassicas that emerged from a lineage of monocotyledon-infecting potyviruses about 1000 years ago. In vivo and in silico studies all indicate that sites, primarily in its protein 3 (P3) and cylindrical inclusion protein (CI) genes, but also its small 6kDa 2 protein (6K2) and genome-linked viral protein (VPg) genes, control host specificity in a dynamic way. It is most likely that non-unique combinations of transient viral genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), not all of them non-synonymous, allowed the host switch to occur. These SNPs were probably ephemeral and replaced over time by other combinations as the population subsequently diverged within, and adapted to, the brassica host population.
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -, 2002