Ige A Y O D E J I Rapheal (original) (raw)

Papers by Ige A Y O D E J I Rapheal

Energies

Nigeria has the potential to generate 12,522 MW of electricity, but can only dispatch 4000 MW, wh... more Nigeria has the potential to generate 12,522 MW of electricity, but can only dispatch 4000 MW, which is insufficient for a population of over 200 million people as of 2022. Therefore, Nigerians use solid fuels including firewood and charcoal as an alternative to insufficient electricity for domestic use. The consumption of firewood and charcoal in Nigeria is estimated at 23,745,458 tons and 4,828,689 tons, respectively in 2021, by far the most consumed domestic solid fuel sources in Nigeria. Although there are domestic solid fuel alternatives, such as dung, agricultural residues and coal, to firewood and wood charcoal, their sustainable adoption has been slow in Nigeria, indicating that there is insufficient knowledge of domestic solid fuel sources. This requires a review focused on assessing Nigeria’s national sources of solid fuels. This article presents an overview of the sources of domestic solid fuels in Nigeria, an exploration of different types of firewood and charcoal studie...

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2022

The Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of tender leaves of Daniellia oliveri were analy... more The Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of tender leaves of Daniellia oliveri were analyzed in this study. The results of the proximate analysis were as follows, moisture content (78.67±2.31%), ash (4.67±0.29%), crude lipid (2.67±0.29%), crude protein (7.23±0.13%), crude fibre (2.33±0.29%), available carbohydrate (4.43±2.59%) and the energy value (70.67±12.45 kJ/kg). In elemental analysis, potassium has the highest concentration (3766.67±57.74 mg/100g), zinc (0.1502±0.00020 mg/100 g) is the lowest and lead (0.2352±0.00015 mg/100g). The anti-nutritional parameters analyzed includes; phytate (6.7592 mg/100g), oxalate (0.0023mg/100g), saponin (1.20mg/100g), tannin (430.80mg/100 g), hydrocyanic acid (122.73 mg/100g). The anti-nutrients to nutrients ratio show the bioavailability of some essential minerals, with the exception of [cyanides] and [tannin] in the tender leaves. These reach significant levels and are expected to reduce bioavailability of iron, magnesium and zinc in tender leaves.

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2022

In this study copper nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from Solanum lycopersicum (Tom... more In this study copper nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) and Psidium guajava (Guava) fruits. The synthesis process optimized experimental conditions such as temperature, concentration of precursor and amount of fruit extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Uv-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX techniques. Copper nanoparticles synthesized with tomato and guava extracts had diameters of 52nm and 25nm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested using pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their results revealed that copper nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents. The optimum conditions for the synthesis were 0.05 M, 80 o C and 10cm 3 for concentration, temperature and volume of fruit extract, respectively.

Biomass fuels are potential source of renewable energy and can be easily obtained from agricultur... more Biomass fuels are potential source of renewable energy and can be easily obtained from agricultural waste. In this context, this article presents the preparation steps and characterization of watermelon peels for the production of briquettes. The chemical compositions with physical characteristics of the waste briquettes were evaluated. The moisture content of the both briquette samples were 11.20±0.40% and 16.18±0.20% respectively are less than 20% of recommended standard. The briquette sample using cassava starch as a binder has a fixed carbon content and ash content values of 15.00±0.5% and 18.00±0.2% respectively, while that of gum Arabic are 13.50±0.20% and 18.50±0.40% respectively. The calorific values of the sample briquettes with cassava starch binder and also that of gum Arabic binder are 11.99±0.10MJ/Kg and 11.27±0.28MJ/Kg, respectively. It showed that the binder types had effect on physicochemical properties and it was concluded that briquettes bonded with starch had better characteristics.

Acta Chemica Malaysia, 2020

Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led ... more Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led to rigorous research to determine affordable processes of using waste materials for production of sustainable energy. In this research pyrolysis was carried out in a fabricated fixed bed pilot-scale reactor using Gmelina arborea (sawdust) biomass for the production of bio-oil. The physical, chemical properties and the ultimate analysis of the bio oil produced were determined following standard methods. The physicochemical properties and ultimate analysis obtained were favourable. The highest moisture content of 21 % at 600 oC and least moisture content of 12 % at 900 oC were obtained from Gmelina arborea. The elemental results of the products show low sulphur quantity which is of good prospects that Gmelina arborea are good materials for bioenergy production without posing danger to the environment. Utilisation of Gmelina arborea for bio-oil production as an alternative fuel would shun u...

Acta chemica Malaysia, 2022

The challenges associated with effective drug delivery necessitates the development and adoption ... more The challenges associated with effective drug delivery necessitates the development and adoption of modern approach. This research aims to improve the bio-potency of ofloxacin (OF) against drug resistant strains of microorganism using nanoemulsion. The emulsification was achieved by mechano-chemical process. The morphological characterization of emulsion was carried out using Cryogenic-TEM (Cryo-TEM). The electrokinetic properties and emulsion size was done using Zetasizer and Photon Correlation Photo-spectrometer (PCS). Drug-emulsion interaction study using FTIR. The antimicrobial studies of Ofloxacin (OF), non-drug loaded emulsion (COAB), drug-loaded emulsion (COAB+OF) was carried out on P. aeruginosa and pharmacokinetics were established using HPLC. Cryo-TEM micrograph showed spherical morphology with mean particle size of 166.8 and 177.5 nm for COAB and COAB+OF respectively. While PCS and Zetasizer recorded a mean value of 0.156 and-26.1 mV for COAB and 0.341, and-2.72 mV for COAB+OF respectively. This shows that the colloids are nano-sized, charged and metastable. FTIR results shows O-H absorption at 3570-3200 cm-1 , likewise CH3 and CH2 at 3050-2895 cm-1 for OF, COAB and COAB+OF respectively. This suggests encapsulation and wholeness with no drug-excipient interactions. The antimicrobial study shows COAB+OF to me more bio-potent that OF with zone of inhibition value of 12.8±0.3 mm compared to 8.0±0.2 mm in OF at 62.50 mg/ml. HPLC showed a maximum OF concentration (Cmax) of 2.27 µg/mL at 150 min which is the drug release maxima. This study showed that encapsulating ofloxacin in castor oil based nanoemulsion system improves its bio-potency.

Acta Chemica Malaysia, 2022

The exploit of biomass for bio-fuel production is becoming trendy as a waste management option. T... more The exploit of biomass for bio-fuel production is becoming trendy as a waste management option. This study is aimed to investigate the physico-chemical and combustion properties of briquettes obtained from pyrolyzed biochar of rice husk. The rice husk biochar briquette bonded with cassava starch as binder were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. A high heating value of 39.72 MJ/Kg was recorded for rice husk biochar briquette and 28.45 MJ/Kg of raw rice husk briquette respectively. The ash contents of 3.89 % and 4.52 % were recorded for raw rice husk briquette and rice husk biochar briquette respectively. It took rice husk biochar briquette approximately 13 minutes to boil 1000 cm 3 of water, while raw rice husk briquette boiled same quantity of water in 17 minutes. The finding of this study shows that the biochars obtained from the pyrolysis of rice husk are more suitable for fuel briquette production than the raw rice husk.

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2021

The initiative of using biomass as a preference source of energy is vindicated by its availabilit... more The initiative of using biomass as a preference source of energy is vindicated by its availability, abundance, easy accessibility and its eco-friendly nature. This therefore calls for the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate the physicochemical and combustion properties of briquettes obtained from pyrolyzed biochar of groundnut shell. The groundnut shell biochar briquette bonded with cassava starch as binder were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. A high heating value of 45.20 MJ/Kg was recorded for groundnut shell biochar briquette compared to 25.20 MJ/Kg of raw groundnut shell briquette. While the ash contents of 5.12 % and 6.40 % were recorded for raw groundnut shell briquette and groundnut shell biochar briquette respectively. It took groundnut shell biochar briquette approximately 10 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while raw groundnut shell briquette boiled same quantity of water in 20 minutes. The finding of this study shows that the biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of groundnut shell is suitable for fuel briquette production.

There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal w... more There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal wastes. Anaerobic digestion, a biological conversion process can be used to obtain energy from biologicall wastes. This study explored the production of biogas from co-digestion of fonio hus and donkey dung using anaerobic biological conversion. The digesters were labeled as; digester A-Fonio husk only, digester B-donkey dung only, digester C-Fonio husk (300g) and Donkey Dung (200g), digester D-Fonio husk (200g) and donkey dung (300g). Proximate analysis of the substrates before and after digestion were determined such as total solids (TS), volatile solid, carbon content, nitrogen content, ash content, etc., and pH before and after digestion process. The biogas produced during this period was collected by water displacement method and subsequently measured. The results showed that Fonio husk in bio-digesters A and B gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 4972 ml and 5222 ml (week 3) while pig dung in bio-digesters C and D gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 5564 ml and 5978 respectively (week 3) within three weeks of fermentation. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 320C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas as a result of improved nutrient provide by donkey dung as shown in the results obtained from the proximate analysis and has the best neutral pH, there was a reduction in the startup time.

Sciendo, 2020

Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led ... more Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led to rigorous research to determine affordable processes of using waste materials for production of sustainable energy. In this research pyrolysis was carried out in a fabricated fixed bed pilot-scale reactor using Gmelina arborea (sawdust) biomass for the production of bio-oil. The physical, chemical properties and the ultimate analysis of the bio oil produced were determined following standard methods. The physicochemical properties and ultimate analysis obtained were favourable. The highest moisture content of 21 % at 600 o C and least moisture content of 12 % at 900 o C were obtained from Gmelina arborea. The elemental results of the products show low sulphur quantity which is of good prospects that Gmelina arborea are good materials for bioenergy production without posing danger to the environment. Utilisation of Gmelina arborea for bio-oil production as an alternative fuel would shun unfavourable environmental abasement related to the use of conventional fuels.

International Journal of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, 2020

Production of sufficient sustainable sources of energy, mitigation of green house gas emissions a... more Production of sufficient sustainable sources of energy, mitigation of green house gas emissions amongst others are the aspiring goals that have led in developing technologies to produce more energy from renewable sources. This study investigated the potentials of an alternative fuel sources for biogas production, it was carried out using donkey dung and swine dung as substrates, further co-digestion of both donkey dung and swine dung was done to differentiate between independent and co-digestion of substrates. Digesters were used to digest swine dung and donkey dung respectively as single substrates as well as to co-digest swine dung and donkey dung. The operating conditions here are pH value 7.2, Temperature 32°C and retention time of 68 days. Effect of seeding with bacteria increases the rate of production and mixing is an essential part that also aids the production of biogas. This work presents the design and construction of biogas digester to treat 500g of swine dung and donkey dung. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 32°C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas. Therefore, from the values of the physic-chemical properties with the sufficient carbon obtained, it will increase the sufficient effective biogas production as an alternative source of energy.

Renewable plant materials are regarded as one of the most affirmative option for the production o... more Renewable plant materials are regarded as one of the most affirmative option for the production of fuels and chemicals. With the concept of pyrolysis process, there is every possibility to produce alternative sources of energy and fuels from renewable biomass. The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed groundnut shell using fabricated reactor. The pyrolysis process was produced with bio-oil response, bio-char response and non condensable gases response as products. The effect of pyrolysis variables were observed by the production of the bio-oil as the response. Sixty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by box Benkhen design indicated optimum pyrolysis condition at particle size of 1.15mm mesh, reaction time of 83 mins and temperature of 650oC. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained with 33.91% at optimum condition. The bio-oil samples had better performance which met the specifications for the measured properties and compares well with the ASTM standard. Therefore, using groundnut shell for bio-oil production via pyrolysis process can serve as an approach of providing a sustainable alternative source of fuel and friendly environment.

Original Research Article , 2020

Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant that has a great reproductive potential. The propagation of wa... more Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant that has a great reproductive potential. The propagation of water hyacinth in most water bodies have decimated the livelihoods of many and reduced the water quality, among other negative effects. Converting this invasive water hyacinth into briquettes will serve as a good measure for controlling its proliferation, and also as a strong strategy for the development of sustainable alternative energy sources. This study explored water hyacinth briquettes as alternative to the local wood fuels through mercerization process to enhance the qualities of a biomass briquette and encourage its use as a renewable energy source of fuel. The aim was to evaluate the combustion performance of treated water hyacinth (TWH) and water hyacinth (WH). After sample collection, preparation and treatment, the briquettes were produced using 20 g of starch prepared into slurry blended with 80 g of the sample to produce the briquettes. The proximate characteristics, physical properties, combustion properties, the morphologies and structural changes in the briquettes were determined. The results obtained showed that both samples have good energy potentials. The outcome indicates that the alkaline treatment removed Original Research Article Moki et al.; IRJPAC, 21(18): 43-55, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.62084 44 the hemicelluloses in the biomass and in turn reduced the moisture content of the briquettes. Consequently, the physical and combustibility properties of the briquettes got improved. The calorific value also improved from (30.58 MJ/Kg) in WH to (34.22 MJ/Kg) in TWH, The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a rough surface which enhanced bonding of the sample particles while the FTIR showed a structural change in the OH groups which indicates that the hemicelluloses have been removed.

Conscientiabeam , 2020

Article History Keywords Combustion Sesame hull Binder Energy Biomass. Briquetting is an efficien... more Article History Keywords Combustion Sesame hull Binder Energy Biomass. Briquetting is an efficient way of converting agricultural and forestry residues to clean alternative energy form for rural and suburban communities. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the combustion properties of briquettes produced from sesame hull as an alternative fuel source to firewood and charcoal which are drivers of deforestation. Two different briquette samples were produced; Sample (A) is a briquette produced from sesame hull with 100% binder level of starch while sample (B) is a briquette produced from sesame hull with 50% binder level of starch as binding agent. The combustion properties examined include moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, density, calorific value, water boiling time and time taking by the samples to burn to ashes were also determined. The physico-chemical characteristics of the briquettes studied showed that briquettes produced of 100% binder had higher fixed carbon of 13.78 %, notable high calorific value of 26.75 MJ/Kg, water boiling time at 4.02 min and with burning time of 13.22 min. The utilization of sesame hull for the production of briquette has provided an alternative economical energy source to firewood and charcoal. The briquettes produced showed that they are suitable as an alternative source of fuel energy which can be utilize for both domestic and industrial applications. Contribution/Originality: This study has provided additional information in the utilization of agricultural residue (sesame hull) as a potential energy raw material via briquetting densification process. The utilization of sesame hull for the production of briquette has provided an alternative economical energy source to firewood and charcoal thereby ensuring environmental cleanliness with zero tolerance for waste management.

The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed ric... more The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed rice husk using a fabricated fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis process was conducted with bio-oil response, bio-char response and non-condensable gases response as products. The effect of pyrolysis variables were observed by the production of the bio-oil as the response. Sixty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by Box Benkhen design indicated optimum pyrolysis conditions at particle size of 2.03mm mesh, reaction time of 81.80 mins and temperature of 650 o C for rice husk. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained with 38.39% at optimum condition of the variables. The bio-oil sample obtained had better performance compared with ASTM standard. Such a determination would contribute so immensely to a significant comprehension of the chemical efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction.

The unsystematic utilization of agricultural wastes has resulted into health hazard and environme... more The unsystematic utilization of agricultural wastes has resulted into health hazard and environmental pollution. A potential solution to the afore-mentioned problems is to use these waste for sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. This research is carried out to study the combustion properties of briquettes produced from carbonized rice husk using gum Arabic and starch as binders at varying concentration weight of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% with the constant weight of 100g of the substrate. A simple extruder briquette machine was fabricated to facilitate the densification of the biomass. The calorific value increased with the increase in binder concentration. The burning rate shows that briquettes with little amount of binder burnt off faster, the rate of burning decreased with the increase in binder amount. The ignition time decreased with the increase in binder amount. Gum Arabic of 45%, boiled 250ml of water in 18 minutes while the same ratio for starch binder boiled the same quantity in 14 minutes; from the results gotten 45% starch binder has the best positive outstanding results compared to other concentrations.

Thereis need to discover better energy sources, that can help to sustain human life and achieve o... more Thereis need to discover better energy sources, that can help to sustain human life and achieve overall social, economic and environmental aspects of human development. In order to achieve this, this study was carried out to investigate the performance of biomass briquettes produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB) solid wastes and treated sugarcane bagasse (TSB) solid wastes respectively. The briquettes, comprising of 4 ratio 1 (80g: 20g) of the samples and starch were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, Furrier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the briquettes fabricated. The briquettes developed had calorific values between 31.127MJ/Kg (SB) and 34.591MJ/Kg (TSB). The compressive strength values were 4.21kg/cm 2 SB to 37.77kg/cm 2 TSB. It took SB 3 minutes to boil 250mls of water, while TSB boiled same quantity of water in 2 minutes. The results obtained showed that both the treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse can be used for fuel briquette production. However the treated briquette samples had better performance when compared to the untreated briquette samples.

Biodiesel is another form of renewable energy with various applications. In this context, biodies... more Biodiesel is another form of renewable energy with various applications. In this context, biodiesel characterization showed that kinematic viscosity at 40°C was 5.3, cetane number was 68.1, flash point 240, pour point was -12, density was 0.85, specific gravity was 0.85, sulfated ash was 0.6, copper strip corrosion test was 1b and the high heating value was 42.4. The empirical model obtained showed that reaction time, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature are the most important variables that influence the process. Irrespective of the amount of methanol employed, biodiesel yields in excess of 69% were obtained only when the trans-esterification taken place at temperature of 65°C for 74 mins. The optimal process condition was discovered to be when the temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were 66.26°C, 74.4 minutes and 5.23 M, respectively. Validation results (68.7 ± 0.8%) are generally in agreement with the predicted value of 70.04%.

Energies

Nigeria has the potential to generate 12,522 MW of electricity, but can only dispatch 4000 MW, wh... more Nigeria has the potential to generate 12,522 MW of electricity, but can only dispatch 4000 MW, which is insufficient for a population of over 200 million people as of 2022. Therefore, Nigerians use solid fuels including firewood and charcoal as an alternative to insufficient electricity for domestic use. The consumption of firewood and charcoal in Nigeria is estimated at 23,745,458 tons and 4,828,689 tons, respectively in 2021, by far the most consumed domestic solid fuel sources in Nigeria. Although there are domestic solid fuel alternatives, such as dung, agricultural residues and coal, to firewood and wood charcoal, their sustainable adoption has been slow in Nigeria, indicating that there is insufficient knowledge of domestic solid fuel sources. This requires a review focused on assessing Nigeria’s national sources of solid fuels. This article presents an overview of the sources of domestic solid fuels in Nigeria, an exploration of different types of firewood and charcoal studie...

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2022

The Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of tender leaves of Daniellia oliveri were analy... more The Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of tender leaves of Daniellia oliveri were analyzed in this study. The results of the proximate analysis were as follows, moisture content (78.67±2.31%), ash (4.67±0.29%), crude lipid (2.67±0.29%), crude protein (7.23±0.13%), crude fibre (2.33±0.29%), available carbohydrate (4.43±2.59%) and the energy value (70.67±12.45 kJ/kg). In elemental analysis, potassium has the highest concentration (3766.67±57.74 mg/100g), zinc (0.1502±0.00020 mg/100 g) is the lowest and lead (0.2352±0.00015 mg/100g). The anti-nutritional parameters analyzed includes; phytate (6.7592 mg/100g), oxalate (0.0023mg/100g), saponin (1.20mg/100g), tannin (430.80mg/100 g), hydrocyanic acid (122.73 mg/100g). The anti-nutrients to nutrients ratio show the bioavailability of some essential minerals, with the exception of [cyanides] and [tannin] in the tender leaves. These reach significant levels and are expected to reduce bioavailability of iron, magnesium and zinc in tender leaves.

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2022

In this study copper nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from Solanum lycopersicum (Tom... more In this study copper nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) and Psidium guajava (Guava) fruits. The synthesis process optimized experimental conditions such as temperature, concentration of precursor and amount of fruit extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Uv-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX techniques. Copper nanoparticles synthesized with tomato and guava extracts had diameters of 52nm and 25nm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested using pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their results revealed that copper nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents. The optimum conditions for the synthesis were 0.05 M, 80 o C and 10cm 3 for concentration, temperature and volume of fruit extract, respectively.

Biomass fuels are potential source of renewable energy and can be easily obtained from agricultur... more Biomass fuels are potential source of renewable energy and can be easily obtained from agricultural waste. In this context, this article presents the preparation steps and characterization of watermelon peels for the production of briquettes. The chemical compositions with physical characteristics of the waste briquettes were evaluated. The moisture content of the both briquette samples were 11.20±0.40% and 16.18±0.20% respectively are less than 20% of recommended standard. The briquette sample using cassava starch as a binder has a fixed carbon content and ash content values of 15.00±0.5% and 18.00±0.2% respectively, while that of gum Arabic are 13.50±0.20% and 18.50±0.40% respectively. The calorific values of the sample briquettes with cassava starch binder and also that of gum Arabic binder are 11.99±0.10MJ/Kg and 11.27±0.28MJ/Kg, respectively. It showed that the binder types had effect on physicochemical properties and it was concluded that briquettes bonded with starch had better characteristics.

Acta Chemica Malaysia, 2020

Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led ... more Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led to rigorous research to determine affordable processes of using waste materials for production of sustainable energy. In this research pyrolysis was carried out in a fabricated fixed bed pilot-scale reactor using Gmelina arborea (sawdust) biomass for the production of bio-oil. The physical, chemical properties and the ultimate analysis of the bio oil produced were determined following standard methods. The physicochemical properties and ultimate analysis obtained were favourable. The highest moisture content of 21 % at 600 oC and least moisture content of 12 % at 900 oC were obtained from Gmelina arborea. The elemental results of the products show low sulphur quantity which is of good prospects that Gmelina arborea are good materials for bioenergy production without posing danger to the environment. Utilisation of Gmelina arborea for bio-oil production as an alternative fuel would shun u...

Acta chemica Malaysia, 2022

The challenges associated with effective drug delivery necessitates the development and adoption ... more The challenges associated with effective drug delivery necessitates the development and adoption of modern approach. This research aims to improve the bio-potency of ofloxacin (OF) against drug resistant strains of microorganism using nanoemulsion. The emulsification was achieved by mechano-chemical process. The morphological characterization of emulsion was carried out using Cryogenic-TEM (Cryo-TEM). The electrokinetic properties and emulsion size was done using Zetasizer and Photon Correlation Photo-spectrometer (PCS). Drug-emulsion interaction study using FTIR. The antimicrobial studies of Ofloxacin (OF), non-drug loaded emulsion (COAB), drug-loaded emulsion (COAB+OF) was carried out on P. aeruginosa and pharmacokinetics were established using HPLC. Cryo-TEM micrograph showed spherical morphology with mean particle size of 166.8 and 177.5 nm for COAB and COAB+OF respectively. While PCS and Zetasizer recorded a mean value of 0.156 and-26.1 mV for COAB and 0.341, and-2.72 mV for COAB+OF respectively. This shows that the colloids are nano-sized, charged and metastable. FTIR results shows O-H absorption at 3570-3200 cm-1 , likewise CH3 and CH2 at 3050-2895 cm-1 for OF, COAB and COAB+OF respectively. This suggests encapsulation and wholeness with no drug-excipient interactions. The antimicrobial study shows COAB+OF to me more bio-potent that OF with zone of inhibition value of 12.8±0.3 mm compared to 8.0±0.2 mm in OF at 62.50 mg/ml. HPLC showed a maximum OF concentration (Cmax) of 2.27 µg/mL at 150 min which is the drug release maxima. This study showed that encapsulating ofloxacin in castor oil based nanoemulsion system improves its bio-potency.

Acta Chemica Malaysia, 2022

The exploit of biomass for bio-fuel production is becoming trendy as a waste management option. T... more The exploit of biomass for bio-fuel production is becoming trendy as a waste management option. This study is aimed to investigate the physico-chemical and combustion properties of briquettes obtained from pyrolyzed biochar of rice husk. The rice husk biochar briquette bonded with cassava starch as binder were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. A high heating value of 39.72 MJ/Kg was recorded for rice husk biochar briquette and 28.45 MJ/Kg of raw rice husk briquette respectively. The ash contents of 3.89 % and 4.52 % were recorded for raw rice husk briquette and rice husk biochar briquette respectively. It took rice husk biochar briquette approximately 13 minutes to boil 1000 cm 3 of water, while raw rice husk briquette boiled same quantity of water in 17 minutes. The finding of this study shows that the biochars obtained from the pyrolysis of rice husk are more suitable for fuel briquette production than the raw rice husk.

International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2021

The initiative of using biomass as a preference source of energy is vindicated by its availabilit... more The initiative of using biomass as a preference source of energy is vindicated by its availability, abundance, easy accessibility and its eco-friendly nature. This therefore calls for the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate the physicochemical and combustion properties of briquettes obtained from pyrolyzed biochar of groundnut shell. The groundnut shell biochar briquette bonded with cassava starch as binder were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. A high heating value of 45.20 MJ/Kg was recorded for groundnut shell biochar briquette compared to 25.20 MJ/Kg of raw groundnut shell briquette. While the ash contents of 5.12 % and 6.40 % were recorded for raw groundnut shell briquette and groundnut shell biochar briquette respectively. It took groundnut shell biochar briquette approximately 10 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while raw groundnut shell briquette boiled same quantity of water in 20 minutes. The finding of this study shows that the biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of groundnut shell is suitable for fuel briquette production.

There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal w... more There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal wastes. Anaerobic digestion, a biological conversion process can be used to obtain energy from biologicall wastes. This study explored the production of biogas from co-digestion of fonio hus and donkey dung using anaerobic biological conversion. The digesters were labeled as; digester A-Fonio husk only, digester B-donkey dung only, digester C-Fonio husk (300g) and Donkey Dung (200g), digester D-Fonio husk (200g) and donkey dung (300g). Proximate analysis of the substrates before and after digestion were determined such as total solids (TS), volatile solid, carbon content, nitrogen content, ash content, etc., and pH before and after digestion process. The biogas produced during this period was collected by water displacement method and subsequently measured. The results showed that Fonio husk in bio-digesters A and B gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 4972 ml and 5222 ml (week 3) while pig dung in bio-digesters C and D gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 5564 ml and 5978 respectively (week 3) within three weeks of fermentation. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 320C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas as a result of improved nutrient provide by donkey dung as shown in the results obtained from the proximate analysis and has the best neutral pH, there was a reduction in the startup time.

Sciendo, 2020

Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led ... more Nigeria demand for sustainable, affordable and accessible energy is on the rise. Hence, this led to rigorous research to determine affordable processes of using waste materials for production of sustainable energy. In this research pyrolysis was carried out in a fabricated fixed bed pilot-scale reactor using Gmelina arborea (sawdust) biomass for the production of bio-oil. The physical, chemical properties and the ultimate analysis of the bio oil produced were determined following standard methods. The physicochemical properties and ultimate analysis obtained were favourable. The highest moisture content of 21 % at 600 o C and least moisture content of 12 % at 900 o C were obtained from Gmelina arborea. The elemental results of the products show low sulphur quantity which is of good prospects that Gmelina arborea are good materials for bioenergy production without posing danger to the environment. Utilisation of Gmelina arborea for bio-oil production as an alternative fuel would shun unfavourable environmental abasement related to the use of conventional fuels.

International Journal of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, 2020

Production of sufficient sustainable sources of energy, mitigation of green house gas emissions a... more Production of sufficient sustainable sources of energy, mitigation of green house gas emissions amongst others are the aspiring goals that have led in developing technologies to produce more energy from renewable sources. This study investigated the potentials of an alternative fuel sources for biogas production, it was carried out using donkey dung and swine dung as substrates, further co-digestion of both donkey dung and swine dung was done to differentiate between independent and co-digestion of substrates. Digesters were used to digest swine dung and donkey dung respectively as single substrates as well as to co-digest swine dung and donkey dung. The operating conditions here are pH value 7.2, Temperature 32°C and retention time of 68 days. Effect of seeding with bacteria increases the rate of production and mixing is an essential part that also aids the production of biogas. This work presents the design and construction of biogas digester to treat 500g of swine dung and donkey dung. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 32°C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas. Therefore, from the values of the physic-chemical properties with the sufficient carbon obtained, it will increase the sufficient effective biogas production as an alternative source of energy.

Renewable plant materials are regarded as one of the most affirmative option for the production o... more Renewable plant materials are regarded as one of the most affirmative option for the production of fuels and chemicals. With the concept of pyrolysis process, there is every possibility to produce alternative sources of energy and fuels from renewable biomass. The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed groundnut shell using fabricated reactor. The pyrolysis process was produced with bio-oil response, bio-char response and non condensable gases response as products. The effect of pyrolysis variables were observed by the production of the bio-oil as the response. Sixty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by box Benkhen design indicated optimum pyrolysis condition at particle size of 1.15mm mesh, reaction time of 83 mins and temperature of 650oC. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained with 33.91% at optimum condition. The bio-oil samples had better performance which met the specifications for the measured properties and compares well with the ASTM standard. Therefore, using groundnut shell for bio-oil production via pyrolysis process can serve as an approach of providing a sustainable alternative source of fuel and friendly environment.

Original Research Article , 2020

Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant that has a great reproductive potential. The propagation of wa... more Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant that has a great reproductive potential. The propagation of water hyacinth in most water bodies have decimated the livelihoods of many and reduced the water quality, among other negative effects. Converting this invasive water hyacinth into briquettes will serve as a good measure for controlling its proliferation, and also as a strong strategy for the development of sustainable alternative energy sources. This study explored water hyacinth briquettes as alternative to the local wood fuels through mercerization process to enhance the qualities of a biomass briquette and encourage its use as a renewable energy source of fuel. The aim was to evaluate the combustion performance of treated water hyacinth (TWH) and water hyacinth (WH). After sample collection, preparation and treatment, the briquettes were produced using 20 g of starch prepared into slurry blended with 80 g of the sample to produce the briquettes. The proximate characteristics, physical properties, combustion properties, the morphologies and structural changes in the briquettes were determined. The results obtained showed that both samples have good energy potentials. The outcome indicates that the alkaline treatment removed Original Research Article Moki et al.; IRJPAC, 21(18): 43-55, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.62084 44 the hemicelluloses in the biomass and in turn reduced the moisture content of the briquettes. Consequently, the physical and combustibility properties of the briquettes got improved. The calorific value also improved from (30.58 MJ/Kg) in WH to (34.22 MJ/Kg) in TWH, The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a rough surface which enhanced bonding of the sample particles while the FTIR showed a structural change in the OH groups which indicates that the hemicelluloses have been removed.

Conscientiabeam , 2020

Article History Keywords Combustion Sesame hull Binder Energy Biomass. Briquetting is an efficien... more Article History Keywords Combustion Sesame hull Binder Energy Biomass. Briquetting is an efficient way of converting agricultural and forestry residues to clean alternative energy form for rural and suburban communities. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the combustion properties of briquettes produced from sesame hull as an alternative fuel source to firewood and charcoal which are drivers of deforestation. Two different briquette samples were produced; Sample (A) is a briquette produced from sesame hull with 100% binder level of starch while sample (B) is a briquette produced from sesame hull with 50% binder level of starch as binding agent. The combustion properties examined include moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, density, calorific value, water boiling time and time taking by the samples to burn to ashes were also determined. The physico-chemical characteristics of the briquettes studied showed that briquettes produced of 100% binder had higher fixed carbon of 13.78 %, notable high calorific value of 26.75 MJ/Kg, water boiling time at 4.02 min and with burning time of 13.22 min. The utilization of sesame hull for the production of briquette has provided an alternative economical energy source to firewood and charcoal. The briquettes produced showed that they are suitable as an alternative source of fuel energy which can be utilize for both domestic and industrial applications. Contribution/Originality: This study has provided additional information in the utilization of agricultural residue (sesame hull) as a potential energy raw material via briquetting densification process. The utilization of sesame hull for the production of briquette has provided an alternative economical energy source to firewood and charcoal thereby ensuring environmental cleanliness with zero tolerance for waste management.

The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed ric... more The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed rice husk using a fabricated fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis process was conducted with bio-oil response, bio-char response and non-condensable gases response as products. The effect of pyrolysis variables were observed by the production of the bio-oil as the response. Sixty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by Box Benkhen design indicated optimum pyrolysis conditions at particle size of 2.03mm mesh, reaction time of 81.80 mins and temperature of 650 o C for rice husk. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained with 38.39% at optimum condition of the variables. The bio-oil sample obtained had better performance compared with ASTM standard. Such a determination would contribute so immensely to a significant comprehension of the chemical efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction.

The unsystematic utilization of agricultural wastes has resulted into health hazard and environme... more The unsystematic utilization of agricultural wastes has resulted into health hazard and environmental pollution. A potential solution to the afore-mentioned problems is to use these waste for sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. This research is carried out to study the combustion properties of briquettes produced from carbonized rice husk using gum Arabic and starch as binders at varying concentration weight of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% with the constant weight of 100g of the substrate. A simple extruder briquette machine was fabricated to facilitate the densification of the biomass. The calorific value increased with the increase in binder concentration. The burning rate shows that briquettes with little amount of binder burnt off faster, the rate of burning decreased with the increase in binder amount. The ignition time decreased with the increase in binder amount. Gum Arabic of 45%, boiled 250ml of water in 18 minutes while the same ratio for starch binder boiled the same quantity in 14 minutes; from the results gotten 45% starch binder has the best positive outstanding results compared to other concentrations.

Thereis need to discover better energy sources, that can help to sustain human life and achieve o... more Thereis need to discover better energy sources, that can help to sustain human life and achieve overall social, economic and environmental aspects of human development. In order to achieve this, this study was carried out to investigate the performance of biomass briquettes produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB) solid wastes and treated sugarcane bagasse (TSB) solid wastes respectively. The briquettes, comprising of 4 ratio 1 (80g: 20g) of the samples and starch were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, Furrier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the briquettes fabricated. The briquettes developed had calorific values between 31.127MJ/Kg (SB) and 34.591MJ/Kg (TSB). The compressive strength values were 4.21kg/cm 2 SB to 37.77kg/cm 2 TSB. It took SB 3 minutes to boil 250mls of water, while TSB boiled same quantity of water in 2 minutes. The results obtained showed that both the treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse can be used for fuel briquette production. However the treated briquette samples had better performance when compared to the untreated briquette samples.

Biodiesel is another form of renewable energy with various applications. In this context, biodies... more Biodiesel is another form of renewable energy with various applications. In this context, biodiesel characterization showed that kinematic viscosity at 40°C was 5.3, cetane number was 68.1, flash point 240, pour point was -12, density was 0.85, specific gravity was 0.85, sulfated ash was 0.6, copper strip corrosion test was 1b and the high heating value was 42.4. The empirical model obtained showed that reaction time, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature are the most important variables that influence the process. Irrespective of the amount of methanol employed, biodiesel yields in excess of 69% were obtained only when the trans-esterification taken place at temperature of 65°C for 74 mins. The optimal process condition was discovered to be when the temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were 66.26°C, 74.4 minutes and 5.23 M, respectively. Validation results (68.7 ± 0.8%) are generally in agreement with the predicted value of 70.04%.