indra malakar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by indra malakar

Research paper thumbnail of Conceptualizing Central Tendency and Dispersion in Applied Statistics

Cognition

In any research to summarize the huge collected data for describing its characteristics, frequenc... more In any research to summarize the huge collected data for describing its characteristics, frequency distribution or histogram are used to reduce the heap of data. Thus, the collected data can be summarized as a single index or value representing the entire data that facilitate data comparison. Statisticians use a variety of numerical measures or indices in order to summarize data in a concise yet informative manner. The other way of representing the bunch of data is the tabular, diagrammatic and graphical approaches that visually illustrate the unorganized data. However, these techniques can not be enough to explain the quantitative data. Thus, statistical analysis is required to determine the various numerical measures that describe the inherent characteristic of frequency distribution. There are many methods of describing the characteristics of the collected data. The averages are the measures that condense a huge unwieldy set of numerical data into single numerical values which ar...

Research paper thumbnail of Womens' Role in Household Decision Making in Newari Community

Cognition

This study attempts to explore women's role in household decision making in Newari community ... more This study attempts to explore women's role in household decision making in Newari community among married women of 15-60 years of Kirtipur Municipality 5, Kathmandu district. This study has used both quantitative and qualitative data for the study purpose and also includes few case studies for the qualitative purpose. Mean age of the respondent was 38.52 (±8.72). Total respondents of this study were 125 married Newari women. The study is based on primary data collection in terms of decision making about their marriage, selling and buying of assets, daily consumption of food, educational enrollment of kids and using family income. This study reveals that Newari married women have effective role in decision making on marriage and educational enrollment of their kids however their participation is quite low in decision making for daily consuming food and selling and buying of assets.

Research paper thumbnail of Relevance of Social Security Allowance in Nepal

Innovative Research Journal

This study aims at assessing the relevance of social security allowance in Nepal among the benefi... more This study aims at assessing the relevance of social security allowance in Nepal among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu district. With purposive selection of Kirtipur Municipality, a community based cross sectional study was carried out among old age allowance beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality. Most of the target people (86.1% male and 85.6% female) of social security allowance have been primarily using allowance money for basic personal needs for buying food/clothes/vegetables and though the government's initiatives have had the direct bearing on the reduction of the household economic poverty and vulnerability of the beneficiaries, it seems insufficient enough to maintain the target people’s life as majority of them (80.4%) reported the inadequacy of the allowance distributed. This was evidenced by chi-square test also. The study revealed that there is needed to make the institutional efforts within the legal framework to make members of the families ...

Research paper thumbnail of Knowledge and Attitude on STIs and HIV/AIDs Among Secondary Level Adolescent Students of Kirtipur Municipality

Department of population studies, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Carving the Research Proposal

Journal of Population and Development

This study aims at assessing the process of writing research proposal with its format and lay out... more This study aims at assessing the process of writing research proposal with its format and lay out used by different researchers and institutions. Using secondary sources of data, the study embarks the structure of the research proposal discussing with regards to the key sections of the proposal like proposal format provided by various institution, cover page, introduction, literature review, research and research question, research purpose and objectives, significance of the study, limitations and delimitations of the study, research methodology, ethical considerations, timeline, budget estimations and references employing a descriptive research design. Simple descriptive tools, content analysis and tables have been used for analysis of data. A research proposal is a detail description of a proposed study designed to explore a given problem. An excellent carved proposal has more possibility of persuading the evaluation committee on credibility, achievability, practicality and reprod...

Research paper thumbnail of Human Development Index: A Comparative Study between Nepal and Other SAARC Member Countries

South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2021

This study aims at assessing the trends, patterns and compositions of indices of Human Developmen... more This study aims at assessing the trends, patterns and compositions of indices of Human Development Index (HDI) of Nepal, with the bid of comparing these with those of the SAARC member countries. Using primary and secondary sources of data, the study embarks on a consecutive analysis of the years ranging from 2015 to 2019, while employing a descriptive research design. Simple descriptive tools; content analysis, trend line, and bar diagram are used for data presentation and analysis. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been preparing the global Human Development Index report since 1990. The study argues that misplaced priorities and not necessarily a shortage of resources often prevent countries from reaching acceptable levels of human development indexes, and thus failing to assuring their citizens the necessary universal access to basic essential amenities such as health, education, security and overall human emancipation. It concludes that, this type of comparison is ...

Research paper thumbnail of Local Development Planning Process: A Policy-Level Analysis in Nepal

Journal of Population and Development, 2021

This study aims at assessing the process and practice of local development planning in Nepal unde... more This study aims at assessing the process and practice of local development planning in Nepal under federal system, with the bid of analyzing the local government operation act, 2074 and local level plan formulation direction, 2075. Using the primary and secondary sources of data, the study embarks on the local development planning process under federal system of Nepal while employing a descriptive research design. Nepal has not experienced long empirical experiences on local development planning exercised under federal democratic republic and it is a totally new practice. The study argues that the local government operation Act, enacted in 2074, conceived the decentralized planning process starting from the settlement level moving up through the local government to the national level and under this all local bodies are required to prepare short, medium and long term, periodic and strategic plans. It concludes that the long term vision of 15th plan of Nepal with "Prosperous Nepa...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Remittance in Women Education: An Empirical Study

Patan Pragya, 2021

This study aims at exploring the impact of remittance on women's education while employing de... more This study aims at exploring the impact of remittance on women's education while employing descriptive cum cross sectional research design. For this purpose, conveniently Raghuganga Rural Municipality, Ward no. 3, (Mauwaphant area), Myagdi District of Gandaki Province and to well represent the universe, 19 households were randomly selected receiving the remittance. Fieldwork method including in-depth interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussion, key informants interview, and case study were the basic tools used in this study for obtaining the primary data which were then analyzed by using simple statistical tools such as tabulation, classification, frequency and percentage. The study argues that remittance raises school enrollment, school completion rate, and private school enrolment and thus improving the educational status of women in general and girls in particular in comparison to the past and have brought the qualitative change in children’s educationa...

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Elderly towards Social Security Allowance in Nepal

South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2019

With the worldwide increase in life expectancy, insecurities in life are increasing generally to ... more With the worldwide increase in life expectancy, insecurities in life are increasing generally to old aged people which have never been known before. Universal Old Age Allowance distributed in cash to the elderly 70 years and above is the main social security system provided by Nepal Government to the Nepalese elderly. The main objective of this article is to explore the perception of the elderly on old age allowance in Nepal. This study has used both quantitative and qualitative data for the study purpose. Data for this purpose was gathered from Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu district. Total sample was 47 senior citizens receiving Social Security Allowance. For the qualitative purpose few case studies were also included. Mean age of the respondents was 77.21 (±4.73) years. Age ranged from 70 years to 96 years. 55.3% of the participants were female, 65.9% of the participants were illiterate. This study found Old Age Allowance (OAA) is the main source of income of the elderly and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effectiveness and Relevance of Social Security Allowance in Nepal

Tribhuvan University Journal, 2018

This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA)... more This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA) among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality 7, Kathmandu district. This study is based on primary data collection in terms of use of the allowance, sufficiency or insufficiency of the distributed amount and use of it to maintain the social status. The problems associated with the respondents along with the program were also purposively selected to verify the objectives. This study reveals that social security allowance have been used for the fulfillment of recipients basic personal needs. The effectiveness of this allow ace is highly appreciable.

Research paper thumbnail of Theorizing Probability Distribution in Applied Statistics

Journal of Population and Development

This paper investigates into theoretical knowledge on probability distribution and the applicatio... more This paper investigates into theoretical knowledge on probability distribution and the application of binomial, poisson and normal distribution. Binomial distribution is widely used discrete random variable when the trails are repeated under identical condition for fixed number of times and when there are only two possible outcomes whereas poisson distribution is for discrete random variable for which the probability of occurrence of an event is small and the total number of possible cases is very large and normal distribution is limiting form of binomial distribution and used when the number of cases is infinitely large and probabilities of success and failure is almost equal.

Research paper thumbnail of Conceptualizing Central Tendency and Dispersion in Applied Statistics

Cognition

In any research to summarize the huge collected data for describing its characteristics, frequenc... more In any research to summarize the huge collected data for describing its characteristics, frequency distribution or histogram are used to reduce the heap of data. Thus, the collected data can be summarized as a single index or value representing the entire data that facilitate data comparison. Statisticians use a variety of numerical measures or indices in order to summarize data in a concise yet informative manner. The other way of representing the bunch of data is the tabular, diagrammatic and graphical approaches that visually illustrate the unorganized data. However, these techniques can not be enough to explain the quantitative data. Thus, statistical analysis is required to determine the various numerical measures that describe the inherent characteristic of frequency distribution. There are many methods of describing the characteristics of the collected data. The averages are the measures that condense a huge unwieldy set of numerical data into single numerical values which ar...

Research paper thumbnail of Womens' Role in Household Decision Making in Newari Community

Cognition

This study attempts to explore women's role in household decision making in Newari community ... more This study attempts to explore women's role in household decision making in Newari community among married women of 15-60 years of Kirtipur Municipality 5, Kathmandu district. This study has used both quantitative and qualitative data for the study purpose and also includes few case studies for the qualitative purpose. Mean age of the respondent was 38.52 (±8.72). Total respondents of this study were 125 married Newari women. The study is based on primary data collection in terms of decision making about their marriage, selling and buying of assets, daily consumption of food, educational enrollment of kids and using family income. This study reveals that Newari married women have effective role in decision making on marriage and educational enrollment of their kids however their participation is quite low in decision making for daily consuming food and selling and buying of assets.

Research paper thumbnail of Relevance of Social Security Allowance in Nepal

Innovative Research Journal

This study aims at assessing the relevance of social security allowance in Nepal among the benefi... more This study aims at assessing the relevance of social security allowance in Nepal among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu district. With purposive selection of Kirtipur Municipality, a community based cross sectional study was carried out among old age allowance beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality. Most of the target people (86.1% male and 85.6% female) of social security allowance have been primarily using allowance money for basic personal needs for buying food/clothes/vegetables and though the government's initiatives have had the direct bearing on the reduction of the household economic poverty and vulnerability of the beneficiaries, it seems insufficient enough to maintain the target people’s life as majority of them (80.4%) reported the inadequacy of the allowance distributed. This was evidenced by chi-square test also. The study revealed that there is needed to make the institutional efforts within the legal framework to make members of the families ...

Research paper thumbnail of Knowledge and Attitude on STIs and HIV/AIDs Among Secondary Level Adolescent Students of Kirtipur Municipality

Department of population studies, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Carving the Research Proposal

Journal of Population and Development

This study aims at assessing the process of writing research proposal with its format and lay out... more This study aims at assessing the process of writing research proposal with its format and lay out used by different researchers and institutions. Using secondary sources of data, the study embarks the structure of the research proposal discussing with regards to the key sections of the proposal like proposal format provided by various institution, cover page, introduction, literature review, research and research question, research purpose and objectives, significance of the study, limitations and delimitations of the study, research methodology, ethical considerations, timeline, budget estimations and references employing a descriptive research design. Simple descriptive tools, content analysis and tables have been used for analysis of data. A research proposal is a detail description of a proposed study designed to explore a given problem. An excellent carved proposal has more possibility of persuading the evaluation committee on credibility, achievability, practicality and reprod...

Research paper thumbnail of Human Development Index: A Comparative Study between Nepal and Other SAARC Member Countries

South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2021

This study aims at assessing the trends, patterns and compositions of indices of Human Developmen... more This study aims at assessing the trends, patterns and compositions of indices of Human Development Index (HDI) of Nepal, with the bid of comparing these with those of the SAARC member countries. Using primary and secondary sources of data, the study embarks on a consecutive analysis of the years ranging from 2015 to 2019, while employing a descriptive research design. Simple descriptive tools; content analysis, trend line, and bar diagram are used for data presentation and analysis. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been preparing the global Human Development Index report since 1990. The study argues that misplaced priorities and not necessarily a shortage of resources often prevent countries from reaching acceptable levels of human development indexes, and thus failing to assuring their citizens the necessary universal access to basic essential amenities such as health, education, security and overall human emancipation. It concludes that, this type of comparison is ...

Research paper thumbnail of Local Development Planning Process: A Policy-Level Analysis in Nepal

Journal of Population and Development, 2021

This study aims at assessing the process and practice of local development planning in Nepal unde... more This study aims at assessing the process and practice of local development planning in Nepal under federal system, with the bid of analyzing the local government operation act, 2074 and local level plan formulation direction, 2075. Using the primary and secondary sources of data, the study embarks on the local development planning process under federal system of Nepal while employing a descriptive research design. Nepal has not experienced long empirical experiences on local development planning exercised under federal democratic republic and it is a totally new practice. The study argues that the local government operation Act, enacted in 2074, conceived the decentralized planning process starting from the settlement level moving up through the local government to the national level and under this all local bodies are required to prepare short, medium and long term, periodic and strategic plans. It concludes that the long term vision of 15th plan of Nepal with "Prosperous Nepa...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Remittance in Women Education: An Empirical Study

Patan Pragya, 2021

This study aims at exploring the impact of remittance on women's education while employing de... more This study aims at exploring the impact of remittance on women's education while employing descriptive cum cross sectional research design. For this purpose, conveniently Raghuganga Rural Municipality, Ward no. 3, (Mauwaphant area), Myagdi District of Gandaki Province and to well represent the universe, 19 households were randomly selected receiving the remittance. Fieldwork method including in-depth interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussion, key informants interview, and case study were the basic tools used in this study for obtaining the primary data which were then analyzed by using simple statistical tools such as tabulation, classification, frequency and percentage. The study argues that remittance raises school enrollment, school completion rate, and private school enrolment and thus improving the educational status of women in general and girls in particular in comparison to the past and have brought the qualitative change in children’s educationa...

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Elderly towards Social Security Allowance in Nepal

South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2019

With the worldwide increase in life expectancy, insecurities in life are increasing generally to ... more With the worldwide increase in life expectancy, insecurities in life are increasing generally to old aged people which have never been known before. Universal Old Age Allowance distributed in cash to the elderly 70 years and above is the main social security system provided by Nepal Government to the Nepalese elderly. The main objective of this article is to explore the perception of the elderly on old age allowance in Nepal. This study has used both quantitative and qualitative data for the study purpose. Data for this purpose was gathered from Kirtipur Municipality of Kathmandu district. Total sample was 47 senior citizens receiving Social Security Allowance. For the qualitative purpose few case studies were also included. Mean age of the respondents was 77.21 (±4.73) years. Age ranged from 70 years to 96 years. 55.3% of the participants were female, 65.9% of the participants were illiterate. This study found Old Age Allowance (OAA) is the main source of income of the elderly and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effectiveness and Relevance of Social Security Allowance in Nepal

Tribhuvan University Journal, 2018

This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA)... more This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA) among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality 7, Kathmandu district. This study is based on primary data collection in terms of use of the allowance, sufficiency or insufficiency of the distributed amount and use of it to maintain the social status. The problems associated with the respondents along with the program were also purposively selected to verify the objectives. This study reveals that social security allowance have been used for the fulfillment of recipients basic personal needs. The effectiveness of this allow ace is highly appreciable.

Research paper thumbnail of Theorizing Probability Distribution in Applied Statistics

Journal of Population and Development

This paper investigates into theoretical knowledge on probability distribution and the applicatio... more This paper investigates into theoretical knowledge on probability distribution and the application of binomial, poisson and normal distribution. Binomial distribution is widely used discrete random variable when the trails are repeated under identical condition for fixed number of times and when there are only two possible outcomes whereas poisson distribution is for discrete random variable for which the probability of occurrence of an event is small and the total number of possible cases is very large and normal distribution is limiting form of binomial distribution and used when the number of cases is infinitely large and probabilities of success and failure is almost equal.