ipek ilkkaracan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Uploads
Papers by ipek ilkkaracan
Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household ... more Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household structure from single male breadwinner families to dual earner families is associated with decreasing rates of poverty as well as lower levels of income inequality. This paper uses micro data from Turkish household income and budget surveys for 2003 and 2010 to examine to what extent household labor supply structure has an impact on family income, poverty and income inequality. We classify married couple households by labor supply of husbands and wives and explore any differentials in household income levels, poverty rates as well as income inequality measures amongst dual earner versus male breadwinner households. We also use counterfactual household labor supply structures to explore the potential changes in poverty risk as families transform from single male breadwinner to dual earner families. Given the phenomenally low female labor force participation rate in Turkey, one of the lowe...
After five decades of transformation, the share taken by agriculture in total employment in Turke... more After five decades of transformation, the share taken by agriculture in total employment in Turkey had decreased from 85 percent in 1950 to 36 percent in 2000. Despite significant technological progress, total agricultural employment remained in the 8–9 million range during much of this period. The pace of transformation hastened upon implementation of the Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) in 2001. This process placed some two million additional inhabitants in the “surplus labor ” category as the share of agricultural employment fell to under 25 percent by the end of 2008. We rely on various data sources to trace the contours of this transformation and examine its manifestations in the rural labor market. Since the transformation burdens the urban labor market with the task of absorbing the surplus labor, we also review the changes that have taken place in urban areas to gauge the prospects. We tease out the demographic manifestations of the transformation by breakin...
UN Women Discussion Papers, 2019
This paper examines gender inequalities in the labor market in Turkey with respect to wage differ... more This paper examines gender inequalities in the labor market in Turkey with respect to wage differentials as well as industry- and occupational segregation. We employ standard wage regression estimations as well as the Oaxaca decomposition method to explore the wage differentials between men and women and its underlying causes, namely human capital endowments, occupational and industrial segregation and a series of institutional factors such as private/public sector, coverage of the workplace under a collective labor bargain, social security coverage and firm size. We also examine the extent of gender-based industryand occupational segregation within the confines of our data set and compute the Duncan&Duncan segregation index. The data comes from the 1994 Labor Force Participation and Wage Structure Survey by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS), which covers a random sample of approximately 2,800 work places in three industries, namely manufacturing, mining & quarrying, and elect...
Journal of International Affairs, 2019
World Development, 2021
This paper uses applied macro–micro policy modeling and simulation to explore the gendered impact... more This paper uses applied macro–micro policy modeling and simulation to explore the gendered impact of increased public expenditures on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) on employment and income generation, time allocation to paid versus unpaid work, and poverty. We use a statistically matched dataset from the 2015 Time Use Survey and the Survey on Income and Living Conditions in Turkey to assess the poverty impact not only in terms of official income poverty but also in terms of time-poverty and a combined time- and income poverty measure. We find that increased spending on expansion of ECEC services in the order of 1.8 percent of GDP, generates over a million new jobs, and provides employment for previously non-employed persons, in particular, women. Many job recipient households are lifted above the income poverty threshold reducing the official poverty rate. However, employment into a new job creates a substantial time-poverty effect for women with small children, increasi...
Topics in Middle Eastern andNorth African Economies, 2013
Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household ... more Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household structure from single male breadwinner families to dual earner families is associated with decreasing rates of poverty as well as lower levels of income inequality. This paper uses micro data from Turkish household income and budget surveys for 2003 and 2010 to examine to what extent household labor supply structure has an impact on family income, poverty and income inequality. We classify married couple households by labor supply of husbands and wives and explore any differentials in household income levels, poverty rates as well as income inequality measures amongst dual earner versus male breadwinner households. We also use counterfactual household labor supply structures to explore the potential changes in poverty risk as families transform from single male breadwinner to dual earner families. Given the phenomenally low female labor force participation rate in Turkey, one of the lowe...
This chapter takes stock of what has been done so far in integrating unpaid work as an analytical... more This chapter takes stock of what has been done so far in integrating unpaid work as an analytical category into macroeconomic analysis. This literature review is structured under three main topics: reconceptualization of macroeconomic phenomena to encompass unpaid work; impact of macroeconomic policies through gendered allocation of unpaid work; exploration of the impact of unpaid work on macroeconomic outcomes through macroeconomic modeling, policy simulations and in the context of long-run sustainable growth. The review shows that gendered distribution of unpaid work acts in two-way interaction with macroeconomic phenomena. Production of goods and services through unpaid caring labor act as an important determinant of macroeconomic indicators, while ignorance of unpaid work in macroeconomic analysis leads to deficiencies in policy design and implementation.
The issue of work-family balance has acquired rising prominence on the public policy agenda paral... more The issue of work-family balance has acquired rising prominence on the public policy agenda parallel to the feminization of the labour force in many countries around the world. Ipek Ilkkaracan draws upon case studies on seven OECD member countries in order to explore the variety of work-family balance environments and public policy debates that have emerged in these countries. She underlines the importance of an integrated approach to the development of both time-related work-family reconciliation policies such as care leave, its gender distribution and work hours, as well as provision and subsidization of care services. She also identifies strategies for moving the public policy agenda forward both in the North and the South pointing to the multitude of social and economic objectives that work-family balance policies serve.
This one-pager presents the key findings and policy recommendations of the research project repor... more This one-pager presents the key findings and policy recommendations of the research project report The Impact of Public Investment in Social Care Services on Employment, Gender Equality, and Poverty: The Turkish Case, which examines the demand-side rationale for a public investment in the social care sector in Turkey--specifically, early childhood care and preschool education (ECCPE)--by comparing its potential for job creation, pro-women allocation of jobs, and poverty reduction with an equivalent investment in the construction sector.
The labor market in Turkey has been characterized by increasing segmentation into formal and info... more The labor market in Turkey has been characterized by increasing segmentation into formal and informal sectors. Alongside the momentum of economic growth and development in the post-1980 market liberalization period, the informal sector continues to account for a substantial and growing segment of the labor market, as high as 56 per cent non-agricultural employment and 36 per cent of non-agricultural wage earners in 2007.
Percent * Authors' calculations based on SILC 2011. ** Authors' calculations based on synthetic s... more Percent * Authors' calculations based on SILC 2011. ** Authors' calculations based on synthetic sector simulation results. Earnings for women in synthetic sector are not reported due to insufficient observations by education level.
* Mutlak yoksulluk sınırı satın alma gücü paritesine göre PPP ABD 2,15/gün olarak ölçümlenmiştir;... more * Mutlak yoksulluk sınırı satın alma gücü paritesine göre PPP ABD 2,15/gün olarak ölçümlenmiştir; veri 2011 yılına ya da mevcut en son yıla aittir (UNDP 2014, s.11).
Journal of Policy Modeling
Abstract Recent policy debates on macroeconomic tools to counteract the prolonged global economic... more Abstract Recent policy debates on macroeconomic tools to counteract the prolonged global economic recession point to the potential of fiscal policies with appropriate sectoral targets for simultaneously boosting effective demand while alleviating inequalities through employment generation. This paper contributes to the debate by pointing to the social care services sector –in particular early childhood education and care (ECEC) — as an effective target of fiscal spending for robust employment generation and gender inclusive growth. We use a macro-micro simulation model to examine the aggregate and gender employment impact of increasing public expenditures on ECEC services, an underdeveloped sector in Turkey versus physical infrastructure and construction, a common target of stimulatory spending. Our methodological approach combines input-output analysis on aggregate employment effects with a statistical microsimulation approach to assess distributional outcomes. We find that an expansion of ECEC services creates not only significantly more jobs but also does so in a more gender-equitable and fiscally sustainable way than the a construction boom.
Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household ... more Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household structure from single male breadwinner families to dual earner families is associated with decreasing rates of poverty as well as lower levels of income inequality. This paper uses micro data from Turkish household income and budget surveys for 2003 and 2010 to examine to what extent household labor supply structure has an impact on family income, poverty and income inequality. We classify married couple households by labor supply of husbands and wives and explore any differentials in household income levels, poverty rates as well as income inequality measures amongst dual earner versus male breadwinner households. We also use counterfactual household labor supply structures to explore the potential changes in poverty risk as families transform from single male breadwinner to dual earner families. Given the phenomenally low female labor force participation rate in Turkey, one of the lowe...
After five decades of transformation, the share taken by agriculture in total employment in Turke... more After five decades of transformation, the share taken by agriculture in total employment in Turkey had decreased from 85 percent in 1950 to 36 percent in 2000. Despite significant technological progress, total agricultural employment remained in the 8–9 million range during much of this period. The pace of transformation hastened upon implementation of the Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) in 2001. This process placed some two million additional inhabitants in the “surplus labor ” category as the share of agricultural employment fell to under 25 percent by the end of 2008. We rely on various data sources to trace the contours of this transformation and examine its manifestations in the rural labor market. Since the transformation burdens the urban labor market with the task of absorbing the surplus labor, we also review the changes that have taken place in urban areas to gauge the prospects. We tease out the demographic manifestations of the transformation by breakin...
UN Women Discussion Papers, 2019
This paper examines gender inequalities in the labor market in Turkey with respect to wage differ... more This paper examines gender inequalities in the labor market in Turkey with respect to wage differentials as well as industry- and occupational segregation. We employ standard wage regression estimations as well as the Oaxaca decomposition method to explore the wage differentials between men and women and its underlying causes, namely human capital endowments, occupational and industrial segregation and a series of institutional factors such as private/public sector, coverage of the workplace under a collective labor bargain, social security coverage and firm size. We also examine the extent of gender-based industryand occupational segregation within the confines of our data set and compute the Duncan&Duncan segregation index. The data comes from the 1994 Labor Force Participation and Wage Structure Survey by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS), which covers a random sample of approximately 2,800 work places in three industries, namely manufacturing, mining & quarrying, and elect...
Journal of International Affairs, 2019
World Development, 2021
This paper uses applied macro–micro policy modeling and simulation to explore the gendered impact... more This paper uses applied macro–micro policy modeling and simulation to explore the gendered impact of increased public expenditures on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) on employment and income generation, time allocation to paid versus unpaid work, and poverty. We use a statistically matched dataset from the 2015 Time Use Survey and the Survey on Income and Living Conditions in Turkey to assess the poverty impact not only in terms of official income poverty but also in terms of time-poverty and a combined time- and income poverty measure. We find that increased spending on expansion of ECEC services in the order of 1.8 percent of GDP, generates over a million new jobs, and provides employment for previously non-employed persons, in particular, women. Many job recipient households are lifted above the income poverty threshold reducing the official poverty rate. However, employment into a new job creates a substantial time-poverty effect for women with small children, increasi...
Topics in Middle Eastern andNorth African Economies, 2013
Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household ... more Research mostly in the context of developed economies shows that the transformation of household structure from single male breadwinner families to dual earner families is associated with decreasing rates of poverty as well as lower levels of income inequality. This paper uses micro data from Turkish household income and budget surveys for 2003 and 2010 to examine to what extent household labor supply structure has an impact on family income, poverty and income inequality. We classify married couple households by labor supply of husbands and wives and explore any differentials in household income levels, poverty rates as well as income inequality measures amongst dual earner versus male breadwinner households. We also use counterfactual household labor supply structures to explore the potential changes in poverty risk as families transform from single male breadwinner to dual earner families. Given the phenomenally low female labor force participation rate in Turkey, one of the lowe...
This chapter takes stock of what has been done so far in integrating unpaid work as an analytical... more This chapter takes stock of what has been done so far in integrating unpaid work as an analytical category into macroeconomic analysis. This literature review is structured under three main topics: reconceptualization of macroeconomic phenomena to encompass unpaid work; impact of macroeconomic policies through gendered allocation of unpaid work; exploration of the impact of unpaid work on macroeconomic outcomes through macroeconomic modeling, policy simulations and in the context of long-run sustainable growth. The review shows that gendered distribution of unpaid work acts in two-way interaction with macroeconomic phenomena. Production of goods and services through unpaid caring labor act as an important determinant of macroeconomic indicators, while ignorance of unpaid work in macroeconomic analysis leads to deficiencies in policy design and implementation.
The issue of work-family balance has acquired rising prominence on the public policy agenda paral... more The issue of work-family balance has acquired rising prominence on the public policy agenda parallel to the feminization of the labour force in many countries around the world. Ipek Ilkkaracan draws upon case studies on seven OECD member countries in order to explore the variety of work-family balance environments and public policy debates that have emerged in these countries. She underlines the importance of an integrated approach to the development of both time-related work-family reconciliation policies such as care leave, its gender distribution and work hours, as well as provision and subsidization of care services. She also identifies strategies for moving the public policy agenda forward both in the North and the South pointing to the multitude of social and economic objectives that work-family balance policies serve.
This one-pager presents the key findings and policy recommendations of the research project repor... more This one-pager presents the key findings and policy recommendations of the research project report The Impact of Public Investment in Social Care Services on Employment, Gender Equality, and Poverty: The Turkish Case, which examines the demand-side rationale for a public investment in the social care sector in Turkey--specifically, early childhood care and preschool education (ECCPE)--by comparing its potential for job creation, pro-women allocation of jobs, and poverty reduction with an equivalent investment in the construction sector.
The labor market in Turkey has been characterized by increasing segmentation into formal and info... more The labor market in Turkey has been characterized by increasing segmentation into formal and informal sectors. Alongside the momentum of economic growth and development in the post-1980 market liberalization period, the informal sector continues to account for a substantial and growing segment of the labor market, as high as 56 per cent non-agricultural employment and 36 per cent of non-agricultural wage earners in 2007.
Percent * Authors' calculations based on SILC 2011. ** Authors' calculations based on synthetic s... more Percent * Authors' calculations based on SILC 2011. ** Authors' calculations based on synthetic sector simulation results. Earnings for women in synthetic sector are not reported due to insufficient observations by education level.
* Mutlak yoksulluk sınırı satın alma gücü paritesine göre PPP ABD 2,15/gün olarak ölçümlenmiştir;... more * Mutlak yoksulluk sınırı satın alma gücü paritesine göre PPP ABD 2,15/gün olarak ölçümlenmiştir; veri 2011 yılına ya da mevcut en son yıla aittir (UNDP 2014, s.11).
Journal of Policy Modeling
Abstract Recent policy debates on macroeconomic tools to counteract the prolonged global economic... more Abstract Recent policy debates on macroeconomic tools to counteract the prolonged global economic recession point to the potential of fiscal policies with appropriate sectoral targets for simultaneously boosting effective demand while alleviating inequalities through employment generation. This paper contributes to the debate by pointing to the social care services sector –in particular early childhood education and care (ECEC) — as an effective target of fiscal spending for robust employment generation and gender inclusive growth. We use a macro-micro simulation model to examine the aggregate and gender employment impact of increasing public expenditures on ECEC services, an underdeveloped sector in Turkey versus physical infrastructure and construction, a common target of stimulatory spending. Our methodological approach combines input-output analysis on aggregate employment effects with a statistical microsimulation approach to assess distributional outcomes. We find that an expansion of ECEC services creates not only significantly more jobs but also does so in a more gender-equitable and fiscally sustainable way than the a construction boom.