jack Greiner - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by jack Greiner

Research paper thumbnail of Association of Tear Osmolarity With Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study

Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science

Research paper thumbnail of Phase 3, Randomized, 20-Month Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Bimatoprost Implant in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (ARTEMIS 2)

Drugs

Objective To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of 10 and 15 µg... more Objective To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods This randomized, 20-month, multicenter, masked, parallel-group, phase 3 trial enrolled 528 patients with OAG or OHT and an open iridocorneal angle inferiorly in the study eye. Study eyes were administered 10 or 15 µg bimatoprost implant on day 1, week 16, and week 32, or twice-daily topical timolol maleate 0.5%. Primary endpoints were IOP and IOP change from baseline through week 12. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and corneal endothelial cell density (CECD). Results Both 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint of noninferiority to timolol in IOP lowering through 12 weeks. Mean IOP reductions from baseline ranged from 6.2-7.4, 6.5-7.8, and 6.1-6.7 mmHg through week 12 in the 10 µg implant, 15 µg implant, and timolol groups, respectively. IOP lowering was similar after the second and third implant administrations. Probabilities of requiring no IOP-lowering treatment for 1 year after the third administration were 77.5% (10 µg implant) and 79.0% (15 µg implant). The most common TEAE was conjunctival hyperemia, typically temporally associated with the administration procedure. Corneal TEAEs of interest (primarily corneal endothelial cell loss, corneal edema, and corneal touch) were more frequent with the 15 than the 10 µg implant and generally were reported after repeated administrations. Loss in mean CECD from baseline to month 20 was ~ 5% in 10 µg implant-treated eyes and ~ 1% in topical timolol-treated eyes. Visual field progression (change in the mean deviation from baseline) was reduced in the 10 µg implant group compared with the timolol group. Conclusions The results corroborated the previous phase 3 study of the bimatoprost implant. The bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint and effectively lowered IOP. The majority of patients required no additional treatment for 12 months after the third administration. The benefit-risk assessment favored the 10 over the 15 µg implant. Studies evaluating other administration regimens with reduced risk of corneal events are ongoing. The bimatoprost implant has the potential to improve adherence and reduce treatment burden in glaucoma. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02250651. The members of the ARTEMIS 2 Study Group are presented in the Acknowledgements section.

Research paper thumbnail of Cutaneous Permeation of a Percutaneously Applied Glucocorticoid Using Plant-Based Anionic Phospholipids in Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil: A Preliminary Study

Medicina

Purpose: It is important that, when corticosteroids are used therapeutically, concentrations be r... more Purpose: It is important that, when corticosteroids are used therapeutically, concentrations be reduced as much as possible to mitigate potential adverse events and side effects. This preliminary study compares the permeation for the delivery of a corticosteroid in a 1% hydrocortisone-supplemented topical cream containing anionic polar phospholipids (APP) in hydrogenated vegetable oil (triglyceride) versus a market-leading 1% hydrocortisone in a mineral hydrocarbon-based skin cream. Methods: Using the Franz diffusion cell method with cadaveric skin, the permeation of a 1% hydrocortisone-supplemented cream containing APP (test preparation) was compared with a commercially available 1% hydrocortisone cream (control preparation). The principal APP in the test preparation were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. Permeation was determined at 4 and 8 h time intervals. Results: The permeation values for the 1% hydrocortisone supplemental APP cream (test prepa...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Efficacy and Convenience of Warm Compresses and Eyelid Hygiene to Thermal Pulsation Treatment for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Research paper thumbnail of Implications of the hydrotropic function of intralenticular ATP in cataractogenesis and presbyopiogenesis

New Frontiers in Ophthalmology

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Role for Glycerylphosphorylcholine in Cryopreservation

Trends in Transplantation

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrotropic Function of ATP in Age-Related Cataract and Presbyopia

The etiology of age-related cataract and presbyopia is protein aggregation. Although the etiology... more The etiology of age-related cataract and presbyopia is protein aggregation. Although the etiology of these two diseases is shared along with the organ involved, the crystalline lens, the functional mechanism of these diseases is different. Cataract is an opacification of the lens tissue resulting from interference with the passage of light traveling to the retina. Disturbances in the light occur when it encounters enlarged protein aggregates. Presbyopia results from a stiffening of the lens tissue reducing its flexibility, interfering with the tissues ability to change shape. This limitation of shape change diminishes the ability of the lens to accommodate in order to focus light on the retina. Stiffening of the lens tissue results from protein aggregation. Both diseases are age-related and affect visual function in nearly all humans living beyond midlife; however, both age-related cataractogenesis and presbyopiogenesis have their onset earlier than midlife, though at that time, eff...

Research paper thumbnail of Association of Epitheliopathy of Upper and Lower Eyelid Marginal Conjunctiva With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Symptoms of Dry-Eye Disease

Research paper thumbnail of Guidelines for Frontline Health Care Staff Safety for COVID-19

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health

This document establishes safety guidelines for physicians, nurses, and allied health care and fa... more This document establishes safety guidelines for physicians, nurses, and allied health care and facility staff who may be exposed to patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a health care facility. SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly contagious and places health care workers at risk for infection resulting in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Physicians, nurses, and allied health care and facility staff in all frontline environments must be provided and utilize necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). It is important that health care staff adopt a universal set of guidelines in which to conduct themselves in order to minimize infection with the SARS-CoV-2 contagion. The establishment of these guidelines is necessary in this viral pandemic since such directives can create a standard of safety that is universally accepted. These guidelines establish a framework to provide consistency among health care facilities and staff from the time the s...

Research paper thumbnail of Intracellular ATP Concentration and Implication for Cellular Evolution

Biology

Crystalline lens and striated muscle exist at opposite ends of the metabolic spectrum. Lens is a ... more Crystalline lens and striated muscle exist at opposite ends of the metabolic spectrum. Lens is a metabolically quiescent tissue, whereas striated muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue with high-energy requirements, yet both tissues contain millimolar levels of ATP (>2.3 mM), far exceeding their underlying metabolic needs. We explored intracellular concentrations of ATP across multiple cells, tissues, species, and domains to provide context for interpreting lens/striated muscle data. Our database revealed that high intracellular ATP concentrations are ubiquitous across diverse life forms including species existing from the Precambrian Era, suggesting an ancient highly conserved role for ATP, independent of its widely accepted view as primarily “metabolic currency”. Our findings reinforce suggestions that the primordial function of ATP was non-metabolic in nature, serving instead to prevent protein aggregation.

Research paper thumbnail of Automatic application of warmth and expression - a breakthrough in physical therapy of dry eye

Research paper thumbnail of Dry eye treatment composition

Research paper thumbnail of Modalities to Disseminate Guidelines for Frontline Health Care Staff Safety for COVID-19

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health

Research paper thumbnail of Guidelines for Reopening a Nation in a SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Path Forward

Medicina

Background and Objectives: Action, not fear, is the path forward in the coronavirus infectious di... more Background and Objectives: Action, not fear, is the path forward in the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since early 2020, the world’s nations have faced conundrums over severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections resulting in COVID-19 resulting in national closures, and thus, a clear understandable plan that nations can implement is required to reopen. The healthcare benefits of reopening a nation more likely than not exceed the benefits of continued pandemic-related closure. Pandemic-related closures have resulted in countless delayed or avoided urgent care evaluations. Furthermore, routine care of acute and chronic illnesses, including evaluations, diagnoses, and treatments, has also been delayed. Isolation, loss of income, and fear have resulted in mental health conditions or exacerbated existing conditions. The magnitude of untoward ramifications is unknown and may ultimately represent an inestimable degree of danger and...

Research paper thumbnail of Corneal Cryopreservation Using Glycerylphosphorylcholine-Enriched Medium

Research paper thumbnail of Phosphorus-31 NMR of the Intact Crystalline Lens: I. The Living Lens Spectrum. II. The Spectroscopic Effects of Deuterium Oxide Incubation

Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements

Research paper thumbnail of pH of organ-culture-stored corneas

Acta Ophthalmol, 2009

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Artificial tear film of complex phospholipid over the aqueous eye layer and an overlayer of nonpolar oil

Research paper thumbnail of Quantitative in Vitro Comparison of Fluorescein Delivery to the Eye via Impregnated Paper Strip and Volumetric Techniques

Optometry and Vision Science, Jul 1, 2002

To compare the quantity of fluorescein delivered to the eye via fluorescein-impregnated paper str... more To compare the quantity of fluorescein delivered to the eye via fluorescein-impregnated paper strips of various sizes and surface areas and via various microliter volumes of fluorescein sodium using an in vitro assay. A commercially available fluorescein-impregnated strip (75 mm2) and three modified strips of reduced fluorescein-impregnated surface areas (10, 7.5, and 5.0 mm2) were used. The amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye for each of the four strips was approximated by applying each strip to a Whatman No. 1 filter paper under conditions simulating application of the strip to the eye, extracting the fluorescein from the filter paper in an aqueous solution, and performing spectrophotometric analysis at 484 nm. Similarly, this filter paper analytical system was calibrated using 1, 2, and 3 microl volumes of 2% w/v fluorescein delivered to the filter paper. Using calibration curves, linearity was observed between absorbance and concentration of fluorescein sodium with an R2 value > or = 0.99. Using these calibration curves, the amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye for the four strips and the three fluorescein solution samples was determined. Fluorescein-impregnated strips with surface areas of 75, 10, and 5 mm2 delivered approximately the same quantity of fluorescein to the ocular surface as 3 microl, 1 microl, and 0.5 microl of fluorescein 2% solution, respectively. The surface area of the fluorescein-impregnated portion of the strip can be designed to control the amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye.

Research paper thumbnail of Histology of the ferret retina

Anatomischer Anzeiger, Feb 1, 1984

The retina of the adult ferret, Mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron mi... more The retina of the adult ferret, Mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy to provide an anatomical basis for use of the ferret as a model for retinal research. The pigment epithelium is a simple cuboidal layer of cells characterized by a zone of basal folds, apical microvilli, and pigment granules at various stages of maturation. The distinction between rod and cone photoreceptor cells is based on their location, morphology, heterochromatin pattern and the electron density of their inner segments. The round, light-staining cone cell nuclei occupy the layer of perikarya along the apical border of the outer nuclear layer. The remainder of the outer nuclear layer consists of oblong, deeply-stained rod cell nuclei. Ribbon type synaptic complexes involving photoreceptor cell axons, horizontal cell processes, and bipolar cell dendrites characterize the outer plexiform layer. The inner nuclear layer is comprised of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cell perikarya as well as the perikarya of the Müller cells. The light-staining horizontal cell nuclei are prominent along the apical border of the inner nuclear layer. The light-staining amacrine cell nuclei form a more or less continuous layer along the basal border of the inner nuclear layer. Both conventional and ribbon-type synapses characterize the inner plexiform layer. The ganglion cells form a single cell layer. The optic fiber layer contains bundles of axons surrounded by Müller cell processes. Small blood vessels and capillaries are present in the basal portion of the retina throughout the region extending from the internal limiting membrane to the outer plexiform layer. The adult one-year-old retina is compared with the retina at the time of eye opening.

Research paper thumbnail of Association of Tear Osmolarity With Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study

Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science

Research paper thumbnail of Phase 3, Randomized, 20-Month Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Bimatoprost Implant in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (ARTEMIS 2)

Drugs

Objective To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of 10 and 15 µg... more Objective To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods This randomized, 20-month, multicenter, masked, parallel-group, phase 3 trial enrolled 528 patients with OAG or OHT and an open iridocorneal angle inferiorly in the study eye. Study eyes were administered 10 or 15 µg bimatoprost implant on day 1, week 16, and week 32, or twice-daily topical timolol maleate 0.5%. Primary endpoints were IOP and IOP change from baseline through week 12. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and corneal endothelial cell density (CECD). Results Both 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint of noninferiority to timolol in IOP lowering through 12 weeks. Mean IOP reductions from baseline ranged from 6.2-7.4, 6.5-7.8, and 6.1-6.7 mmHg through week 12 in the 10 µg implant, 15 µg implant, and timolol groups, respectively. IOP lowering was similar after the second and third implant administrations. Probabilities of requiring no IOP-lowering treatment for 1 year after the third administration were 77.5% (10 µg implant) and 79.0% (15 µg implant). The most common TEAE was conjunctival hyperemia, typically temporally associated with the administration procedure. Corneal TEAEs of interest (primarily corneal endothelial cell loss, corneal edema, and corneal touch) were more frequent with the 15 than the 10 µg implant and generally were reported after repeated administrations. Loss in mean CECD from baseline to month 20 was ~ 5% in 10 µg implant-treated eyes and ~ 1% in topical timolol-treated eyes. Visual field progression (change in the mean deviation from baseline) was reduced in the 10 µg implant group compared with the timolol group. Conclusions The results corroborated the previous phase 3 study of the bimatoprost implant. The bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint and effectively lowered IOP. The majority of patients required no additional treatment for 12 months after the third administration. The benefit-risk assessment favored the 10 over the 15 µg implant. Studies evaluating other administration regimens with reduced risk of corneal events are ongoing. The bimatoprost implant has the potential to improve adherence and reduce treatment burden in glaucoma. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02250651. The members of the ARTEMIS 2 Study Group are presented in the Acknowledgements section.

Research paper thumbnail of Cutaneous Permeation of a Percutaneously Applied Glucocorticoid Using Plant-Based Anionic Phospholipids in Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil: A Preliminary Study

Medicina

Purpose: It is important that, when corticosteroids are used therapeutically, concentrations be r... more Purpose: It is important that, when corticosteroids are used therapeutically, concentrations be reduced as much as possible to mitigate potential adverse events and side effects. This preliminary study compares the permeation for the delivery of a corticosteroid in a 1% hydrocortisone-supplemented topical cream containing anionic polar phospholipids (APP) in hydrogenated vegetable oil (triglyceride) versus a market-leading 1% hydrocortisone in a mineral hydrocarbon-based skin cream. Methods: Using the Franz diffusion cell method with cadaveric skin, the permeation of a 1% hydrocortisone-supplemented cream containing APP (test preparation) was compared with a commercially available 1% hydrocortisone cream (control preparation). The principal APP in the test preparation were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. Permeation was determined at 4 and 8 h time intervals. Results: The permeation values for the 1% hydrocortisone supplemental APP cream (test prepa...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Efficacy and Convenience of Warm Compresses and Eyelid Hygiene to Thermal Pulsation Treatment for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Research paper thumbnail of Implications of the hydrotropic function of intralenticular ATP in cataractogenesis and presbyopiogenesis

New Frontiers in Ophthalmology

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Role for Glycerylphosphorylcholine in Cryopreservation

Trends in Transplantation

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrotropic Function of ATP in Age-Related Cataract and Presbyopia

The etiology of age-related cataract and presbyopia is protein aggregation. Although the etiology... more The etiology of age-related cataract and presbyopia is protein aggregation. Although the etiology of these two diseases is shared along with the organ involved, the crystalline lens, the functional mechanism of these diseases is different. Cataract is an opacification of the lens tissue resulting from interference with the passage of light traveling to the retina. Disturbances in the light occur when it encounters enlarged protein aggregates. Presbyopia results from a stiffening of the lens tissue reducing its flexibility, interfering with the tissues ability to change shape. This limitation of shape change diminishes the ability of the lens to accommodate in order to focus light on the retina. Stiffening of the lens tissue results from protein aggregation. Both diseases are age-related and affect visual function in nearly all humans living beyond midlife; however, both age-related cataractogenesis and presbyopiogenesis have their onset earlier than midlife, though at that time, eff...

Research paper thumbnail of Association of Epitheliopathy of Upper and Lower Eyelid Marginal Conjunctiva With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Symptoms of Dry-Eye Disease

Research paper thumbnail of Guidelines for Frontline Health Care Staff Safety for COVID-19

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health

This document establishes safety guidelines for physicians, nurses, and allied health care and fa... more This document establishes safety guidelines for physicians, nurses, and allied health care and facility staff who may be exposed to patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a health care facility. SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly contagious and places health care workers at risk for infection resulting in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Physicians, nurses, and allied health care and facility staff in all frontline environments must be provided and utilize necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). It is important that health care staff adopt a universal set of guidelines in which to conduct themselves in order to minimize infection with the SARS-CoV-2 contagion. The establishment of these guidelines is necessary in this viral pandemic since such directives can create a standard of safety that is universally accepted. These guidelines establish a framework to provide consistency among health care facilities and staff from the time the s...

Research paper thumbnail of Intracellular ATP Concentration and Implication for Cellular Evolution

Biology

Crystalline lens and striated muscle exist at opposite ends of the metabolic spectrum. Lens is a ... more Crystalline lens and striated muscle exist at opposite ends of the metabolic spectrum. Lens is a metabolically quiescent tissue, whereas striated muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue with high-energy requirements, yet both tissues contain millimolar levels of ATP (>2.3 mM), far exceeding their underlying metabolic needs. We explored intracellular concentrations of ATP across multiple cells, tissues, species, and domains to provide context for interpreting lens/striated muscle data. Our database revealed that high intracellular ATP concentrations are ubiquitous across diverse life forms including species existing from the Precambrian Era, suggesting an ancient highly conserved role for ATP, independent of its widely accepted view as primarily “metabolic currency”. Our findings reinforce suggestions that the primordial function of ATP was non-metabolic in nature, serving instead to prevent protein aggregation.

Research paper thumbnail of Automatic application of warmth and expression - a breakthrough in physical therapy of dry eye

Research paper thumbnail of Dry eye treatment composition

Research paper thumbnail of Modalities to Disseminate Guidelines for Frontline Health Care Staff Safety for COVID-19

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health

Research paper thumbnail of Guidelines for Reopening a Nation in a SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Path Forward

Medicina

Background and Objectives: Action, not fear, is the path forward in the coronavirus infectious di... more Background and Objectives: Action, not fear, is the path forward in the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since early 2020, the world’s nations have faced conundrums over severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections resulting in COVID-19 resulting in national closures, and thus, a clear understandable plan that nations can implement is required to reopen. The healthcare benefits of reopening a nation more likely than not exceed the benefits of continued pandemic-related closure. Pandemic-related closures have resulted in countless delayed or avoided urgent care evaluations. Furthermore, routine care of acute and chronic illnesses, including evaluations, diagnoses, and treatments, has also been delayed. Isolation, loss of income, and fear have resulted in mental health conditions or exacerbated existing conditions. The magnitude of untoward ramifications is unknown and may ultimately represent an inestimable degree of danger and...

Research paper thumbnail of Corneal Cryopreservation Using Glycerylphosphorylcholine-Enriched Medium

Research paper thumbnail of Phosphorus-31 NMR of the Intact Crystalline Lens: I. The Living Lens Spectrum. II. The Spectroscopic Effects of Deuterium Oxide Incubation

Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements

Research paper thumbnail of pH of organ-culture-stored corneas

Acta Ophthalmol, 2009

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Artificial tear film of complex phospholipid over the aqueous eye layer and an overlayer of nonpolar oil

Research paper thumbnail of Quantitative in Vitro Comparison of Fluorescein Delivery to the Eye via Impregnated Paper Strip and Volumetric Techniques

Optometry and Vision Science, Jul 1, 2002

To compare the quantity of fluorescein delivered to the eye via fluorescein-impregnated paper str... more To compare the quantity of fluorescein delivered to the eye via fluorescein-impregnated paper strips of various sizes and surface areas and via various microliter volumes of fluorescein sodium using an in vitro assay. A commercially available fluorescein-impregnated strip (75 mm2) and three modified strips of reduced fluorescein-impregnated surface areas (10, 7.5, and 5.0 mm2) were used. The amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye for each of the four strips was approximated by applying each strip to a Whatman No. 1 filter paper under conditions simulating application of the strip to the eye, extracting the fluorescein from the filter paper in an aqueous solution, and performing spectrophotometric analysis at 484 nm. Similarly, this filter paper analytical system was calibrated using 1, 2, and 3 microl volumes of 2% w/v fluorescein delivered to the filter paper. Using calibration curves, linearity was observed between absorbance and concentration of fluorescein sodium with an R2 value > or = 0.99. Using these calibration curves, the amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye for the four strips and the three fluorescein solution samples was determined. Fluorescein-impregnated strips with surface areas of 75, 10, and 5 mm2 delivered approximately the same quantity of fluorescein to the ocular surface as 3 microl, 1 microl, and 0.5 microl of fluorescein 2% solution, respectively. The surface area of the fluorescein-impregnated portion of the strip can be designed to control the amount of fluorescein delivered to the eye.

Research paper thumbnail of Histology of the ferret retina

Anatomischer Anzeiger, Feb 1, 1984

The retina of the adult ferret, Mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron mi... more The retina of the adult ferret, Mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy to provide an anatomical basis for use of the ferret as a model for retinal research. The pigment epithelium is a simple cuboidal layer of cells characterized by a zone of basal folds, apical microvilli, and pigment granules at various stages of maturation. The distinction between rod and cone photoreceptor cells is based on their location, morphology, heterochromatin pattern and the electron density of their inner segments. The round, light-staining cone cell nuclei occupy the layer of perikarya along the apical border of the outer nuclear layer. The remainder of the outer nuclear layer consists of oblong, deeply-stained rod cell nuclei. Ribbon type synaptic complexes involving photoreceptor cell axons, horizontal cell processes, and bipolar cell dendrites characterize the outer plexiform layer. The inner nuclear layer is comprised of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cell perikarya as well as the perikarya of the Müller cells. The light-staining horizontal cell nuclei are prominent along the apical border of the inner nuclear layer. The light-staining amacrine cell nuclei form a more or less continuous layer along the basal border of the inner nuclear layer. Both conventional and ribbon-type synapses characterize the inner plexiform layer. The ganglion cells form a single cell layer. The optic fiber layer contains bundles of axons surrounded by Müller cell processes. Small blood vessels and capillaries are present in the basal portion of the retina throughout the region extending from the internal limiting membrane to the outer plexiform layer. The adult one-year-old retina is compared with the retina at the time of eye opening.