meeta jain - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by meeta jain
Managing Plant Production Under Changing Environment
Plant Breeding, 2021
Soybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial culti... more Soybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial cultivation remained confined to areas >22°N till 1970s due to precocious flowering accompanied with reduced biomass in lower latitudes. This review summarizes the effect of short days on soybean phenology, discovery of a novel long juvenile (LJ) trait, its role in breaking the latitudinal boundary for soybean production, identification of genes and impact of LJ trait on world soybean production. E6, J and E9 major genes governing the trait have been characterized and cloned. LJ varieties are late in flowering and maturity and successful in long rainfall regime of Brazil. Availability of vast vacant fallows of Cerrado has been another factor for utilization of this trait in Brazil. Recent advances for developing short‐duration LJ varieties, for limited rainfall areas and its suitability to existing cropping systems by combining it with photoinsensitivity, have been reviewed. Based on the a...
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1993
Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004
In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydr... more In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydratase (5-aminolevulinate-hydrolyase EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity in excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening. The percent inhibition of enzyme activity by arsenate (As) was reduced by the supply of KNO 3 , but it was increased by the glutamine and GSH. Various inhibitors, such as, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and LA, decreased the % inhibition of enzyme activity by As. The % inhibition of enzyme activity was also reduced by in vivo supply of DTNB. The enzyme activity was reduced substantially by in vitro inclusion of LA, both in the absence and presence of As. In vitro inclusion of DTNB and GSH inhibited the enzyme activity extracted from leaf segments treated without arsenate (-As enzyme) and caused respectively no effect and stimulatory effect on arsenate treated enzyme (+ As enzyme). Increasing concentration of ALA during assay increased the activity of-As enzyme and + As enzyme to different extent, but double reciprocal plots for both the enzymes were biphasic and yielded distinct S 0.5 values for the two enzymes (-As enzyme, 40 µmol/L and + As enzyme, 145 µmol/L) at lower concentration range of ALA only. It is suggested that As inhibits ALAD activity in greening maize leaf segments by affecting its thiol groups and/or binding of ALA to the enzyme.
Cells, Jul 12, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Jun 23, 2023
Ethylene in Plant Biology
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, May 7, 1994
ABSTRACT In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic ac... more ABSTRACT In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydratase (5-aminolevulinate-hydrolyase EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity in excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening. The percent inhibition of enzyme activity by arsenate (As) was reduced by the supply of KNO3, but it was increased by the glutamine and GSH. Various inhibitors, such as, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and LA, decreased the % inhibition of enzyme activity by As. The % inhibition of enzyme activity was also reduced by in vivo supply of DTNB. The enzyme activity was reduced substantially by in vitro inclusion of LA, both in the absence and presence of As. In vitro inclusion of DTNB and GSH inhibited the enzyme activity extracted from leaf segments treated without arsenate (-As enzyme) and caused respectively no effect and stimulatory effect on arsenate treated enzyme (+As enzyme). Increasing concentration of ALA during assay increased the activity of -As enzyme and +As enzyme to different extent, but double reciprocal plots for both the enzymes were biphasic and yielded distinct S0.5 values for the two enzymes (-As enzyme, 40 micromol/L and +As enzyme, 145 micromol/L) at lower concentration range of ALA only. It is suggested that As inhibits ALAD activity in greening maize leaf segments by affecting its thiol groups and/or binding of ALA to the enzyme.
Seeds, May 16, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Plant, Soil and Environment, 2010
Treatment of maize seedlings with different concentrations of sorbitol decreased the rate of germ... more Treatment of maize seedlings with different concentrations of sorbitol decreased the rate of germination substantially. Root and shoot length was also reduced by sorbitol treatment, however, decrease in root length was lower than shoot length. Incubation of leaf segments from maize seedlings grown in continuous light with sorbitol decreased the fresh weight and increased the dry weight in a concentration-dependent manner. Sorbitol treatment also reduced the total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a as well as chlorophyll b; the decrease in chlorophyll 'b' being more prominent than chlorophyll 'a', however, carotenoid content was declined marginally. Supply of sorbitol decreased the protein and RNA content; however, proline content and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were increased. The results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of sorbitol-induced stress on overall growth in maize. Amongst the biochemical parameters analysed, chlorophyll, protein and RNA contents were...
UV-B Radiation and Crop Growth, 2022
![Research paper thumbnail of Genotypic Variability in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] through Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101548488/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology
Embryonic tip explants of 92 Indian soyabean and 7 advanced breeding lines derived from soaked ma... more Embryonic tip explants of 92 Indian soyabean and 7 advanced breeding lines derived from soaked mature seeds were inoculated and co-cultivated for 5-day with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 carrying the binary vector pCambia1305.1 containing a hygromycin and kanamycin resistance gene as plant and bacterial selectable markers, respectively. Transient expression of transgene was monitored by histochemical localization of β-glucouronidase (GUSPlus) reporter activity in transformed ET tissues. A high genetic variability for Agrobacterium-infection ranging from 3.8 to 100% was observed in the form of transient GUS expression. Five highly efficient genotypes, namely DS-228, JS 335, JS 72-44, KHSb2, and JS 72-280 with transient GUS expression of 100, 98.1, 96.5, 96 and 92%, respectively were identified. In addition, various infectivity patterns in these genotypes were observed. Genotypes with very high transient GUS expression identified in this study may improve success rate of development of ...
Ethylene in Plant Biology
Plant Life Under Changing Environment
Abstract Anthropogenic activities are creating various ecological problems, thus emerging diversi... more Abstract Anthropogenic activities are creating various ecological problems, thus emerging diversity of abiotic stresses like water, salinity, temperature, cold, heavy metal, ozone, and UV radiation. Significant loss in plant growth rate and yield due to these stresses has imparted a major challenge to the food security globally. Response to such abiotic stresses has been studied well from the physiological level to the molecular level. Photosynthesis and carbon fixation is pivotal for all the plants that are affected by mostly all abiotic stresses. The downregulation of Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle is also augmented by stomatal closure, CO2 diffusion through stomata, decreased activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, which in turn decreases the CO2 assimilation, consequently resulted in reduced biomass accumulation and crop yield. Other response includes the synthesis of stress hormones such as abscisic acid, regulating factor for stomatal opening, and generation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative stress. There is a complex network of interaction and regulation that acts during stress situation and helps plant to adapt accordingly. This chapter focuses on the damaging effect of various abiotic stresses on Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and provides updated information on the cycle and the factors associated with its regulation.
Insects
Whiteflies are a group of universally occurring insects that are considered to be a serious pest ... more Whiteflies are a group of universally occurring insects that are considered to be a serious pest in their own way for causing both direct and indirect damages to crops. A few of them serve as vectors of plant viruses that are detrimental to the crop in question and cause an actual loss in productivity. A lot of attention is focused on pest control measures under the umbrella of IPM. In this review, we attempt to summarize the existing literature on how and why whiteflies are a serious concern for agriculture and society. We reviewed why there could be a need for fresh insight into the ways and means with which the pest can be combated. Here, we have emphasized next-generation strategies based on macromolecules, i.e., RNA interference and genetic engineering (for the expression of anti-whitefly proteins), as these strategies possess the greatest scope for research and improvement in the future. Recent scientific efforts based on nanotechnology and genome editing, which seem to offer ...
Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 2019
Scarcity of water is a severe environmental restriction to plant productivity. Crop growth and yi... more Scarcity of water is a severe environmental restriction to plant productivity. Crop growth and yields are negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes. Here, we have reviewed the effects of water deficit stress on the germination and growth, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, and respiration in plants, particularly in maize. Oxidative stress is often associated as a secondary stress with primary drought stress. Therefore, injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. This chapter also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological, and molecular basis. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress, such as deep root systems for enhanced water uptake, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes such as glycine betaine and proline have optimistic effects on membrane integrity and enzyme along with adaptive roles in mediating osmotic adjustment under drought. Plant growth regulators such as cytokinin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid induce several cellular mechanisms associated with drought resistance. At molecular levels, up- and downregulation of many drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been characterized, such as the genes encoding for late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, dehydration responsive element binding proteins, and aquaporins. The development of crop varieties with increased tolerance to drought, both by conventional breeding methods and by genetic engineering, is an important approach to meet up global food demands with less water.
Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives II, 2020
Molecular markers play a key role in marker-assisted breeding which is ultimately the new version... more Molecular markers play a key role in marker-assisted breeding which is ultimately the new version of conventional breeding. It helps in the development of plants with a new characteristic in a short duration of time which is unknown in the plants. It is also the way for tagging the characteristic present at any location in the whole genome of the species. Various molecular/DNA markers are identified which deals with the sequence changes of the genome. QTL mapping today enhances the knowledge regarding the polygenes controlling important traits of the plants, while association mapping provides the phylogenetic study of the trait. In this regard, molecular marker is greatly used in the study. Here, we summarize the molecular markers for exploring the knowledge about their designs, types, uses, and applications in different aspects of plant breeding. Many markers are described with their procedure involved and new markers, which are extensively used nowadays like dCAPS, CAPS, SNP, etc. Here in this chapter we also cover the protocols to be followed using different types of molecular markers which enhance knowledge about their use.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2021
We have evaluated the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) in static magnetic field (SMF-200 mT for ... more We have evaluated the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) in static magnetic field (SMF-200 mT for 1h) induced tolerance towards UV-B stress in soybean seedlings using various NO modulators like sodium nitroprusside (SNP), inhibitor of nitrate reductase (NR) sodium tungstate (ST), NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. The UV-B exposure significantly reduced germination, seedling growth together with activities of total amylase, NOS and NR in seedlings from un-primed seeds whereas SMF-primed seedlings showed significant enhancement in all these parameters along with higher level of NO/ROS. The supply of NO donor, SNP further improved all the seedlings parameters in un-primed and SMF-primed seeds after UV-B exposure. While ST, L-NAME and DPI significantly reduced the SMF-induced seedling performance after UV-B exposure. The gene expression study also showed significant up-regulation of α-amylase (GmAMY1, GmAMY2), nitric oxide synthase (GmNOS2) and nitrate reductase (GmNR2) encoding genes in UV-B exposed SMF-primed seedlings over un-primed seedlings. In particular, SNP+UV-B treatment enhanced the GmNOS2 expression in both unprimed (31.9-fold) and SMF-primed (93.2-fold) seedlings in comparison to their respective controls of CK+UV-B. In contrast, UV-B+L-NAME treatment reduced the SMF-induced GmNOS2 expression (4.8-fold) and NOS activity (76%). It confirmed that NO may be the key signaling molecule in SMF stimulated tolerance towards UV-B stress during early seedling growth and NOS may possibly be accountable for SMF-triggered NO production in soybean seedlings exposed to UV-B irradiations.
Photoperiodic genes in soybean affect latitudinal adaptation, plant growth, and overall productiv... more Photoperiodic genes in soybean affect latitudinal adaptation, plant growth, and overall productivity of the crop. Soybean adapts to large latitudinal zones from 50°N to 40°S, but its individual accessions adapt to a very narrow latitudinal band. For its worldwide production, major considerations are its photoperiodic and growth habit genes. Inheritance of the photoperiodic genes and role of these genes regulate early or late flowering and also regulate early or late maturity of the crop. In this chapter, we have summarized the photoperiodic and growth habit genes and their role in soybean flowering and maturity. We have also discussed their mapping, mechanism, quantitative trait loci (QTL) study, and linked markers. Major photoperiodic genes include E1 gene, E2 gene, E3 gene, E4 gene, E5 gene, E7 gene, E8 gene, and E10 gene, and genes responsible for growth habit, Dt1 and Dt2, interact with each other and are involved in the functions of flowering, maturity, and plant architecture. ...
Managing Plant Production Under Changing Environment
Plant Breeding, 2021
Soybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial culti... more Soybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial cultivation remained confined to areas >22°N till 1970s due to precocious flowering accompanied with reduced biomass in lower latitudes. This review summarizes the effect of short days on soybean phenology, discovery of a novel long juvenile (LJ) trait, its role in breaking the latitudinal boundary for soybean production, identification of genes and impact of LJ trait on world soybean production. E6, J and E9 major genes governing the trait have been characterized and cloned. LJ varieties are late in flowering and maturity and successful in long rainfall regime of Brazil. Availability of vast vacant fallows of Cerrado has been another factor for utilization of this trait in Brazil. Recent advances for developing short‐duration LJ varieties, for limited rainfall areas and its suitability to existing cropping systems by combining it with photoinsensitivity, have been reviewed. Based on the a...
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1993
Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004
In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydr... more In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydratase (5-aminolevulinate-hydrolyase EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity in excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening. The percent inhibition of enzyme activity by arsenate (As) was reduced by the supply of KNO 3 , but it was increased by the glutamine and GSH. Various inhibitors, such as, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and LA, decreased the % inhibition of enzyme activity by As. The % inhibition of enzyme activity was also reduced by in vivo supply of DTNB. The enzyme activity was reduced substantially by in vitro inclusion of LA, both in the absence and presence of As. In vitro inclusion of DTNB and GSH inhibited the enzyme activity extracted from leaf segments treated without arsenate (-As enzyme) and caused respectively no effect and stimulatory effect on arsenate treated enzyme (+ As enzyme). Increasing concentration of ALA during assay increased the activity of-As enzyme and + As enzyme to different extent, but double reciprocal plots for both the enzymes were biphasic and yielded distinct S 0.5 values for the two enzymes (-As enzyme, 40 µmol/L and + As enzyme, 145 µmol/L) at lower concentration range of ALA only. It is suggested that As inhibits ALAD activity in greening maize leaf segments by affecting its thiol groups and/or binding of ALA to the enzyme.
Cells, Jul 12, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Jun 23, 2023
Ethylene in Plant Biology
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, May 7, 1994
ABSTRACT In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic ac... more ABSTRACT In vivo as well as in vitro supply of sodium arsenate inhibited the 5-Amino levulinic acid dehydratase (5-aminolevulinate-hydrolyase EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity in excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening. The percent inhibition of enzyme activity by arsenate (As) was reduced by the supply of KNO3, but it was increased by the glutamine and GSH. Various inhibitors, such as, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and LA, decreased the % inhibition of enzyme activity by As. The % inhibition of enzyme activity was also reduced by in vivo supply of DTNB. The enzyme activity was reduced substantially by in vitro inclusion of LA, both in the absence and presence of As. In vitro inclusion of DTNB and GSH inhibited the enzyme activity extracted from leaf segments treated without arsenate (-As enzyme) and caused respectively no effect and stimulatory effect on arsenate treated enzyme (+As enzyme). Increasing concentration of ALA during assay increased the activity of -As enzyme and +As enzyme to different extent, but double reciprocal plots for both the enzymes were biphasic and yielded distinct S0.5 values for the two enzymes (-As enzyme, 40 micromol/L and +As enzyme, 145 micromol/L) at lower concentration range of ALA only. It is suggested that As inhibits ALAD activity in greening maize leaf segments by affecting its thiol groups and/or binding of ALA to the enzyme.
Seeds, May 16, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Plant, Soil and Environment, 2010
Treatment of maize seedlings with different concentrations of sorbitol decreased the rate of germ... more Treatment of maize seedlings with different concentrations of sorbitol decreased the rate of germination substantially. Root and shoot length was also reduced by sorbitol treatment, however, decrease in root length was lower than shoot length. Incubation of leaf segments from maize seedlings grown in continuous light with sorbitol decreased the fresh weight and increased the dry weight in a concentration-dependent manner. Sorbitol treatment also reduced the total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a as well as chlorophyll b; the decrease in chlorophyll 'b' being more prominent than chlorophyll 'a', however, carotenoid content was declined marginally. Supply of sorbitol decreased the protein and RNA content; however, proline content and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were increased. The results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of sorbitol-induced stress on overall growth in maize. Amongst the biochemical parameters analysed, chlorophyll, protein and RNA contents were...
UV-B Radiation and Crop Growth, 2022
Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology
Embryonic tip explants of 92 Indian soyabean and 7 advanced breeding lines derived from soaked ma... more Embryonic tip explants of 92 Indian soyabean and 7 advanced breeding lines derived from soaked mature seeds were inoculated and co-cultivated for 5-day with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 carrying the binary vector pCambia1305.1 containing a hygromycin and kanamycin resistance gene as plant and bacterial selectable markers, respectively. Transient expression of transgene was monitored by histochemical localization of β-glucouronidase (GUSPlus) reporter activity in transformed ET tissues. A high genetic variability for Agrobacterium-infection ranging from 3.8 to 100% was observed in the form of transient GUS expression. Five highly efficient genotypes, namely DS-228, JS 335, JS 72-44, KHSb2, and JS 72-280 with transient GUS expression of 100, 98.1, 96.5, 96 and 92%, respectively were identified. In addition, various infectivity patterns in these genotypes were observed. Genotypes with very high transient GUS expression identified in this study may improve success rate of development of ...
Ethylene in Plant Biology
Plant Life Under Changing Environment
Abstract Anthropogenic activities are creating various ecological problems, thus emerging diversi... more Abstract Anthropogenic activities are creating various ecological problems, thus emerging diversity of abiotic stresses like water, salinity, temperature, cold, heavy metal, ozone, and UV radiation. Significant loss in plant growth rate and yield due to these stresses has imparted a major challenge to the food security globally. Response to such abiotic stresses has been studied well from the physiological level to the molecular level. Photosynthesis and carbon fixation is pivotal for all the plants that are affected by mostly all abiotic stresses. The downregulation of Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle is also augmented by stomatal closure, CO2 diffusion through stomata, decreased activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, which in turn decreases the CO2 assimilation, consequently resulted in reduced biomass accumulation and crop yield. Other response includes the synthesis of stress hormones such as abscisic acid, regulating factor for stomatal opening, and generation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative stress. There is a complex network of interaction and regulation that acts during stress situation and helps plant to adapt accordingly. This chapter focuses on the damaging effect of various abiotic stresses on Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and provides updated information on the cycle and the factors associated with its regulation.
Insects
Whiteflies are a group of universally occurring insects that are considered to be a serious pest ... more Whiteflies are a group of universally occurring insects that are considered to be a serious pest in their own way for causing both direct and indirect damages to crops. A few of them serve as vectors of plant viruses that are detrimental to the crop in question and cause an actual loss in productivity. A lot of attention is focused on pest control measures under the umbrella of IPM. In this review, we attempt to summarize the existing literature on how and why whiteflies are a serious concern for agriculture and society. We reviewed why there could be a need for fresh insight into the ways and means with which the pest can be combated. Here, we have emphasized next-generation strategies based on macromolecules, i.e., RNA interference and genetic engineering (for the expression of anti-whitefly proteins), as these strategies possess the greatest scope for research and improvement in the future. Recent scientific efforts based on nanotechnology and genome editing, which seem to offer ...
Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 2019
Scarcity of water is a severe environmental restriction to plant productivity. Crop growth and yi... more Scarcity of water is a severe environmental restriction to plant productivity. Crop growth and yields are negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes. Here, we have reviewed the effects of water deficit stress on the germination and growth, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, and respiration in plants, particularly in maize. Oxidative stress is often associated as a secondary stress with primary drought stress. Therefore, injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. This chapter also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological, and molecular basis. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress, such as deep root systems for enhanced water uptake, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes such as glycine betaine and proline have optimistic effects on membrane integrity and enzyme along with adaptive roles in mediating osmotic adjustment under drought. Plant growth regulators such as cytokinin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid induce several cellular mechanisms associated with drought resistance. At molecular levels, up- and downregulation of many drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been characterized, such as the genes encoding for late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, dehydration responsive element binding proteins, and aquaporins. The development of crop varieties with increased tolerance to drought, both by conventional breeding methods and by genetic engineering, is an important approach to meet up global food demands with less water.
Plant Ecophysiology and Adaptation under Climate Change: Mechanisms and Perspectives II, 2020
Molecular markers play a key role in marker-assisted breeding which is ultimately the new version... more Molecular markers play a key role in marker-assisted breeding which is ultimately the new version of conventional breeding. It helps in the development of plants with a new characteristic in a short duration of time which is unknown in the plants. It is also the way for tagging the characteristic present at any location in the whole genome of the species. Various molecular/DNA markers are identified which deals with the sequence changes of the genome. QTL mapping today enhances the knowledge regarding the polygenes controlling important traits of the plants, while association mapping provides the phylogenetic study of the trait. In this regard, molecular marker is greatly used in the study. Here, we summarize the molecular markers for exploring the knowledge about their designs, types, uses, and applications in different aspects of plant breeding. Many markers are described with their procedure involved and new markers, which are extensively used nowadays like dCAPS, CAPS, SNP, etc. Here in this chapter we also cover the protocols to be followed using different types of molecular markers which enhance knowledge about their use.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2021
We have evaluated the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) in static magnetic field (SMF-200 mT for ... more We have evaluated the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) in static magnetic field (SMF-200 mT for 1h) induced tolerance towards UV-B stress in soybean seedlings using various NO modulators like sodium nitroprusside (SNP), inhibitor of nitrate reductase (NR) sodium tungstate (ST), NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. The UV-B exposure significantly reduced germination, seedling growth together with activities of total amylase, NOS and NR in seedlings from un-primed seeds whereas SMF-primed seedlings showed significant enhancement in all these parameters along with higher level of NO/ROS. The supply of NO donor, SNP further improved all the seedlings parameters in un-primed and SMF-primed seeds after UV-B exposure. While ST, L-NAME and DPI significantly reduced the SMF-induced seedling performance after UV-B exposure. The gene expression study also showed significant up-regulation of α-amylase (GmAMY1, GmAMY2), nitric oxide synthase (GmNOS2) and nitrate reductase (GmNR2) encoding genes in UV-B exposed SMF-primed seedlings over un-primed seedlings. In particular, SNP+UV-B treatment enhanced the GmNOS2 expression in both unprimed (31.9-fold) and SMF-primed (93.2-fold) seedlings in comparison to their respective controls of CK+UV-B. In contrast, UV-B+L-NAME treatment reduced the SMF-induced GmNOS2 expression (4.8-fold) and NOS activity (76%). It confirmed that NO may be the key signaling molecule in SMF stimulated tolerance towards UV-B stress during early seedling growth and NOS may possibly be accountable for SMF-triggered NO production in soybean seedlings exposed to UV-B irradiations.
Photoperiodic genes in soybean affect latitudinal adaptation, plant growth, and overall productiv... more Photoperiodic genes in soybean affect latitudinal adaptation, plant growth, and overall productivity of the crop. Soybean adapts to large latitudinal zones from 50°N to 40°S, but its individual accessions adapt to a very narrow latitudinal band. For its worldwide production, major considerations are its photoperiodic and growth habit genes. Inheritance of the photoperiodic genes and role of these genes regulate early or late flowering and also regulate early or late maturity of the crop. In this chapter, we have summarized the photoperiodic and growth habit genes and their role in soybean flowering and maturity. We have also discussed their mapping, mechanism, quantitative trait loci (QTL) study, and linked markers. Major photoperiodic genes include E1 gene, E2 gene, E3 gene, E4 gene, E5 gene, E7 gene, E8 gene, and E10 gene, and genes responsible for growth habit, Dt1 and Dt2, interact with each other and are involved in the functions of flowering, maturity, and plant architecture. ...