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Papers by jenny rizkiana

Carbon Resources Conversion

Molecules

Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be... more Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be transformed into added-value hydrocarbon feedstocks through suitable reactions. The conversion of methane to methanol with a higher chemical value has recently attracted much attention. The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is often considered a “holy grail” reaction in catalysis. However, methanol production through the thermal catalytic process is thermodynamically and economically unfavorable due to its high energy consumption, low catalyst stability, and complex reactor maintenance. Photocatalytic technology offers great potential to carry out unfavorable reactions under mild conditions. Many in-depth studies have been carried out on the photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol. This review will comprehensively provide recent progress in the photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol based on materials and engineering perspectives. Several aspects are considere...

Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences

Volatile state mathematical models for quantifying the chemical components in volatile biomass py... more Volatile state mathematical models for quantifying the chemical components in volatile biomass pyrolysis products were developed. The component mass yield Yi rate depends linearly on its pseudo kinetic constant and the remaining mass yield. The mass fraction rate of each component was modeled from the derivation of its mass yield rate equation. A new mathematical model equation was successfully developed. The involved variables are: biomass number, temperature, heating rate, pre-exponential factor, and pseudo activation energy related to each component. The component mass fraction yi and the mass yield were predicted using this model within a temperature range. Available experimental pyrolysis data for beechwood and rice husk biomass were used to confirm the developed model. The volatile products were separated into bio-pyrolysis gas (BPG) and a bio-pyrolysis oil (BPO). Five components in the BPG and forty in the BPO were quantified. The pseudo activation energy for each pseudo chem...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020

Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia, 2018

A study on simulation and optimization of coupling reaction between methanol synthesis and isopro... more A study on simulation and optimization of coupling reaction between methanol synthesis and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) dehydrogenation was performed. The analysis is carried out theoretically to obtain the optimum operation conditions which give the best performance. The reactions are just interacting thermally. In this study, both reactions are held catalytically in a heat-exchanger type reactor. As a high pressure reaction, methanol synthesis is placed in the inner side of reactor tube while dehydrogenation of IPA is in the opposite. Tube wall acts as a heat transfer media. The reactor is modeled by a steady state heterogeneous equation for a fixed bed reactor. Optimization is done in order to find the optimum value of operation conditions, those are the inlet temperature of both side of reactor and the molar feed flow ratio between the exothermic side and the endothermic side. Sum of weighted reaction conversion is considered to be the objective function that is maximized. The simula...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Lately, the increase in biofuel production has simultaneously led to lignocellulose material disp... more Lately, the increase in biofuel production has simultaneously led to lignocellulose material disposal activities. As a waste produced by the biofuel industry, lignocellulose materials are not utilized fully yet due to their complex polymeric structure. As one compound of lignocellulose, lignin possesses the lowest economic value due to its recalcitrant nature. In this work, guaiacol as one of monomeric substance originated from lignin is used as a representative molecule to be valorized due to the existence of both hydroxyl and methoxy moiety groups in it. One important reaction of lignin monomeric substance (phenolic compounds) valorization is oxygen removal. Aromatic substances such as Benzene and Toluene are produced through oxygen removal from the guaiacol molecule. Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol is aimed to remove oxygen atoms from it. Though conventionally hydrogen for the Hydrodeoxygenation process is supplied by external molecular hydrogen, in this work it is supplied from h...

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2022

The zeolite ring structure constrains the Cu–μO–Cu geometry and determines how the Cu–μO–Cu bonds... more The zeolite ring structure constrains the Cu–μO–Cu geometry and determines how the Cu–μO–Cu bonds weaken to allow a μO–H bond to form during the H–CH3 bond cleavage. The weaker the Cu–μO–Cu bonds, the stronger the μO–H bond.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Current development of industry nowadays is more towards sustainability and greener production th... more Current development of industry nowadays is more towards sustainability and greener production that minimize the production of waste, for example the production of biodiesel energy from Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO). However, biodiesel production is still could not eliminate the hazardous waste that is glycerin pitch. Glycerin pitch is a waste found in the glycerin purification unit which is a unit used to produce the high-grade glycerin, a side product of biodiesel production. Up until now, the existing glycerin pitch is still not well managed and remains as a hazardous waste. Glycerin pitch contains a sodium salt that can be recovered to produce biodiesel transesterification catalyst, sodium methoxide. Applying a concept of circular economy, a catalyst recovery building block is attached to integrated biodiesel process with glycerol purification. The process consists of three units, solid-liquid extraction to separate inorganic salt contains in the pitch, Chlo...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical intereste... more Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical interesterification to produce fat product with similar slip melting point (SMP) to cocoa butter alternatives. Chemical interesterification was conducted at 75°C for 8 hours using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The objective of the research was to determine effect of feed composition on slip melting point profile changes during interesterification reaction. The feed composition was determined using Mixture Design method. The experimental data showed that SMP of interesterification product was changed throughout the reaction time. The SMP of chemical interesterification product was affected by the reactivity of the dominant fatty acid in the feed blends. The reactivity of fatty acid in the feed blend directed fatty acid positioning on the triglyserides at the end of reaction. Feed composition determined predominated portion of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the mixture, and the...

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018

γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a glucose derivatives and its utilization as organic solvent has been de... more γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a glucose derivatives and its utilization as organic solvent has been developed to extract lignin from biomass. Both GVL and lignin can be used for producing aromatic chemicals (Bezene, Toluene, Xylene – BTX) via catalytic pyrolysis. We present a study focused on the catalyst modification of the zeolites to produce BTX from GVL. The catalysts were modified using wet impregnation method and alkaline treatment using NaOH solution. The addition of metal oxides were examined. Catalyst performance test were carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The feed was flowed at flowrate of 0.2 ml/min in 50 ml/min N2. The operating temperature was maintained at 500°C with catalyst-to-GVL ratio of 1:1.5. The results showed that adition of Fe-metal improves zeolites activity compared with parent zeolites. Alkaline treatment had negative impact on HZSM-5 activity because of the change of silica-alumina-ratio (SAR) and average pore diameter.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a... more Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a synergy effect. However, not all cogasification gives better product quality than fuel parent gasification. In this study, demineralization acted as lignite pre-treatment stage is achieved through HF leaching at 70°C for 4 hours. The mixing ratio varied by lignite to empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are 1: 2, 1: 1, and 2: 1 both for non-demineralized lignite (BLM) and lignite demineralized (BLD). The negative synergy effect of two combination is caused by the high content of silica and alumina from the empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB). The lignite demineralization cogasification produces a lower H2 yield than BLM because it also dissolves the mineral content which functions as a catalyst for cogasification synthesis.

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2018

Low rank coal upgrading into a more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel can be done throu... more Low rank coal upgrading into a more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel can be done through copyrolysis with biomass into a fuel called hybrid coal. The purpose of the research is to determine the effects of biomass composition and copyrolysis retention time to the hybrid coal yields. Copyrolysis process conducted in a vertical tubular fixed bed reactor in an inert condition with atmospheric pressure and temperature set at 300oC. Inert condition achieved by flowing nitrogen gas into the reactor with a flowrate of 1.6 L/minutes. Biomass mixing composition is varied at 20, 30, and 40% from the total weight of the mixture. Copyrolysis retention time varied at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Hybrid coals are characterized by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific value measurement. Increase in retention time of copyrolysis from 30 to 90 minutes causing an increase in calorific value of 12.57-23.80%. From the proximate analysis results, fixed carbon content rise with the in...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the technologies to overcome pollution that can be applied for... more Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the technologies to overcome pollution that can be applied for air and water purification. TiO2 has been widely used as a photocatalyst, however, several disadvantages of TiO2 including low absorption of visible or solar radiation, rapid recombination of electron and hole as well as low stability limits its practical applications especially for wastewater treatment. Thus, to overcome this problem, this study aims to develop highly adsorbent photocatalyst using TiO2/SiO2 composites with sugarcane bagasse waste act as SiO2 source. The experimental results show that the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/SiO2 composite in the decolorization of methyl orange exhibits three-fold enhancement compared to neat TiO2. Several catalyst characterizations were obtained including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Characterization data show that a phase transformation was obtained from amorphous to crystall...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global e... more Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global energy crisis. The issue raises attention to renewable energy sources. Indonesia has committed to using 15% bioethanol in gasoline mixture by 2025, as outlined in Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006. This article discusses past studies on sweet sorghum plants in their use as a raw material for bioethanol production from various aspects. The study shows that sweet sorghum juice has a high potential to be converted into bioethanol due to its high sugar content. Pretreated sweet sorghum seeds and bagasse also have great potential to be converted into bioethanol due to their rich oligomer and polymer sugar content. The main challenge of producing bioethanol from sweet sorghum is the low economic competitiveness of utilizing sweet sorghum as an energy crop compared to using sweet sorghum as a food crop. The present study focuses on the mass balance analysis of bioethanol production from sweet so...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Pangalengan has been known as business centre of dairy farming in southern Bandung area since Dut... more Pangalengan has been known as business centre of dairy farming in southern Bandung area since Dutch colonization. The Dairy Farmer Cooperative of South Bandung (KPBS) Pangalengan is organizing the collection of raw milk from dairy farmer and sent them to further production system. There are three districts i.e. Pangalengan, Kertasari and Pacet. In this paper, we highlight the history and challenges of biogas utilization in the Pangalengan working field. Although utilization of biogas from dairy manure was long time ago initiated in the area, coverage of biogas application is still as low as 14%. A breakthrough is required to tackle the challenge. We introduced fostered village program in a collaboration between university and the farmer cooperative to ensure continuity of the biogas program.

Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 2021

Abstract Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for power generation. Rece... more Abstract Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for power generation. Recently, there is increase interest in utilization of chemical looping process for converting biomass into energy based on combined heat and power (CHP) concept. In this study, the possibility of combining biomass direct chemical looping combustion (BDCLC) process with the organic Rankine cycle for the waste heat recovery (ORC-WHR) in a small-scale power generation system is investigated. The effects of various working fluids in the ORC-WHR unit and operating pressure of BDCLC unit on the performance of system are analyzed. It is found that 191.2 kWe can be generated from 1000 kWth biomass input, in which the expansion-compression process in the BDCLC unit contributes 170.2 kWe and the ORC-WHR unit contributes the other 21.0 kWe for the system with an efficiency of 19.1 % for the overall system and an ORC-WHR efficiency of 19.9 % when benzene is used as the working fluid. It is expected to provide a more promising small-scale biomass-based power generation system.

Carbon Resources Conversion

Molecules

Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be... more Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be transformed into added-value hydrocarbon feedstocks through suitable reactions. The conversion of methane to methanol with a higher chemical value has recently attracted much attention. The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is often considered a “holy grail” reaction in catalysis. However, methanol production through the thermal catalytic process is thermodynamically and economically unfavorable due to its high energy consumption, low catalyst stability, and complex reactor maintenance. Photocatalytic technology offers great potential to carry out unfavorable reactions under mild conditions. Many in-depth studies have been carried out on the photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol. This review will comprehensively provide recent progress in the photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol based on materials and engineering perspectives. Several aspects are considere...

Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences

Volatile state mathematical models for quantifying the chemical components in volatile biomass py... more Volatile state mathematical models for quantifying the chemical components in volatile biomass pyrolysis products were developed. The component mass yield Yi rate depends linearly on its pseudo kinetic constant and the remaining mass yield. The mass fraction rate of each component was modeled from the derivation of its mass yield rate equation. A new mathematical model equation was successfully developed. The involved variables are: biomass number, temperature, heating rate, pre-exponential factor, and pseudo activation energy related to each component. The component mass fraction yi and the mass yield were predicted using this model within a temperature range. Available experimental pyrolysis data for beechwood and rice husk biomass were used to confirm the developed model. The volatile products were separated into bio-pyrolysis gas (BPG) and a bio-pyrolysis oil (BPO). Five components in the BPG and forty in the BPO were quantified. The pseudo activation energy for each pseudo chem...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020

Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia, 2018

A study on simulation and optimization of coupling reaction between methanol synthesis and isopro... more A study on simulation and optimization of coupling reaction between methanol synthesis and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) dehydrogenation was performed. The analysis is carried out theoretically to obtain the optimum operation conditions which give the best performance. The reactions are just interacting thermally. In this study, both reactions are held catalytically in a heat-exchanger type reactor. As a high pressure reaction, methanol synthesis is placed in the inner side of reactor tube while dehydrogenation of IPA is in the opposite. Tube wall acts as a heat transfer media. The reactor is modeled by a steady state heterogeneous equation for a fixed bed reactor. Optimization is done in order to find the optimum value of operation conditions, those are the inlet temperature of both side of reactor and the molar feed flow ratio between the exothermic side and the endothermic side. Sum of weighted reaction conversion is considered to be the objective function that is maximized. The simula...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Lately, the increase in biofuel production has simultaneously led to lignocellulose material disp... more Lately, the increase in biofuel production has simultaneously led to lignocellulose material disposal activities. As a waste produced by the biofuel industry, lignocellulose materials are not utilized fully yet due to their complex polymeric structure. As one compound of lignocellulose, lignin possesses the lowest economic value due to its recalcitrant nature. In this work, guaiacol as one of monomeric substance originated from lignin is used as a representative molecule to be valorized due to the existence of both hydroxyl and methoxy moiety groups in it. One important reaction of lignin monomeric substance (phenolic compounds) valorization is oxygen removal. Aromatic substances such as Benzene and Toluene are produced through oxygen removal from the guaiacol molecule. Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol is aimed to remove oxygen atoms from it. Though conventionally hydrogen for the Hydrodeoxygenation process is supplied by external molecular hydrogen, in this work it is supplied from h...

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2022

The zeolite ring structure constrains the Cu–μO–Cu geometry and determines how the Cu–μO–Cu bonds... more The zeolite ring structure constrains the Cu–μO–Cu geometry and determines how the Cu–μO–Cu bonds weaken to allow a μO–H bond to form during the H–CH3 bond cleavage. The weaker the Cu–μO–Cu bonds, the stronger the μO–H bond.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Current development of industry nowadays is more towards sustainability and greener production th... more Current development of industry nowadays is more towards sustainability and greener production that minimize the production of waste, for example the production of biodiesel energy from Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO). However, biodiesel production is still could not eliminate the hazardous waste that is glycerin pitch. Glycerin pitch is a waste found in the glycerin purification unit which is a unit used to produce the high-grade glycerin, a side product of biodiesel production. Up until now, the existing glycerin pitch is still not well managed and remains as a hazardous waste. Glycerin pitch contains a sodium salt that can be recovered to produce biodiesel transesterification catalyst, sodium methoxide. Applying a concept of circular economy, a catalyst recovery building block is attached to integrated biodiesel process with glycerol purification. The process consists of three units, solid-liquid extraction to separate inorganic salt contains in the pitch, Chlo...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical intereste... more Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical interesterification to produce fat product with similar slip melting point (SMP) to cocoa butter alternatives. Chemical interesterification was conducted at 75°C for 8 hours using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The objective of the research was to determine effect of feed composition on slip melting point profile changes during interesterification reaction. The feed composition was determined using Mixture Design method. The experimental data showed that SMP of interesterification product was changed throughout the reaction time. The SMP of chemical interesterification product was affected by the reactivity of the dominant fatty acid in the feed blends. The reactivity of fatty acid in the feed blend directed fatty acid positioning on the triglyserides at the end of reaction. Feed composition determined predominated portion of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the mixture, and the...

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018

γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a glucose derivatives and its utilization as organic solvent has been de... more γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a glucose derivatives and its utilization as organic solvent has been developed to extract lignin from biomass. Both GVL and lignin can be used for producing aromatic chemicals (Bezene, Toluene, Xylene – BTX) via catalytic pyrolysis. We present a study focused on the catalyst modification of the zeolites to produce BTX from GVL. The catalysts were modified using wet impregnation method and alkaline treatment using NaOH solution. The addition of metal oxides were examined. Catalyst performance test were carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The feed was flowed at flowrate of 0.2 ml/min in 50 ml/min N2. The operating temperature was maintained at 500°C with catalyst-to-GVL ratio of 1:1.5. The results showed that adition of Fe-metal improves zeolites activity compared with parent zeolites. Alkaline treatment had negative impact on HZSM-5 activity because of the change of silica-alumina-ratio (SAR) and average pore diameter.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a... more Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a synergy effect. However, not all cogasification gives better product quality than fuel parent gasification. In this study, demineralization acted as lignite pre-treatment stage is achieved through HF leaching at 70°C for 4 hours. The mixing ratio varied by lignite to empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are 1: 2, 1: 1, and 2: 1 both for non-demineralized lignite (BLM) and lignite demineralized (BLD). The negative synergy effect of two combination is caused by the high content of silica and alumina from the empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB). The lignite demineralization cogasification produces a lower H2 yield than BLM because it also dissolves the mineral content which functions as a catalyst for cogasification synthesis.

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2018

Low rank coal upgrading into a more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel can be done throu... more Low rank coal upgrading into a more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel can be done through copyrolysis with biomass into a fuel called hybrid coal. The purpose of the research is to determine the effects of biomass composition and copyrolysis retention time to the hybrid coal yields. Copyrolysis process conducted in a vertical tubular fixed bed reactor in an inert condition with atmospheric pressure and temperature set at 300oC. Inert condition achieved by flowing nitrogen gas into the reactor with a flowrate of 1.6 L/minutes. Biomass mixing composition is varied at 20, 30, and 40% from the total weight of the mixture. Copyrolysis retention time varied at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Hybrid coals are characterized by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific value measurement. Increase in retention time of copyrolysis from 30 to 90 minutes causing an increase in calorific value of 12.57-23.80%. From the proximate analysis results, fixed carbon content rise with the in...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the technologies to overcome pollution that can be applied for... more Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the technologies to overcome pollution that can be applied for air and water purification. TiO2 has been widely used as a photocatalyst, however, several disadvantages of TiO2 including low absorption of visible or solar radiation, rapid recombination of electron and hole as well as low stability limits its practical applications especially for wastewater treatment. Thus, to overcome this problem, this study aims to develop highly adsorbent photocatalyst using TiO2/SiO2 composites with sugarcane bagasse waste act as SiO2 source. The experimental results show that the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/SiO2 composite in the decolorization of methyl orange exhibits three-fold enhancement compared to neat TiO2. Several catalyst characterizations were obtained including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Characterization data show that a phase transformation was obtained from amorphous to crystall...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global e... more Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global energy crisis. The issue raises attention to renewable energy sources. Indonesia has committed to using 15% bioethanol in gasoline mixture by 2025, as outlined in Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006. This article discusses past studies on sweet sorghum plants in their use as a raw material for bioethanol production from various aspects. The study shows that sweet sorghum juice has a high potential to be converted into bioethanol due to its high sugar content. Pretreated sweet sorghum seeds and bagasse also have great potential to be converted into bioethanol due to their rich oligomer and polymer sugar content. The main challenge of producing bioethanol from sweet sorghum is the low economic competitiveness of utilizing sweet sorghum as an energy crop compared to using sweet sorghum as a food crop. The present study focuses on the mass balance analysis of bioethanol production from sweet so...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Pangalengan has been known as business centre of dairy farming in southern Bandung area since Dut... more Pangalengan has been known as business centre of dairy farming in southern Bandung area since Dutch colonization. The Dairy Farmer Cooperative of South Bandung (KPBS) Pangalengan is organizing the collection of raw milk from dairy farmer and sent them to further production system. There are three districts i.e. Pangalengan, Kertasari and Pacet. In this paper, we highlight the history and challenges of biogas utilization in the Pangalengan working field. Although utilization of biogas from dairy manure was long time ago initiated in the area, coverage of biogas application is still as low as 14%. A breakthrough is required to tackle the challenge. We introduced fostered village program in a collaboration between university and the farmer cooperative to ensure continuity of the biogas program.

Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 2021

Abstract Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for power generation. Rece... more Abstract Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for power generation. Recently, there is increase interest in utilization of chemical looping process for converting biomass into energy based on combined heat and power (CHP) concept. In this study, the possibility of combining biomass direct chemical looping combustion (BDCLC) process with the organic Rankine cycle for the waste heat recovery (ORC-WHR) in a small-scale power generation system is investigated. The effects of various working fluids in the ORC-WHR unit and operating pressure of BDCLC unit on the performance of system are analyzed. It is found that 191.2 kWe can be generated from 1000 kWth biomass input, in which the expansion-compression process in the BDCLC unit contributes 170.2 kWe and the ORC-WHR unit contributes the other 21.0 kWe for the system with an efficiency of 19.1 % for the overall system and an ORC-WHR efficiency of 19.9 % when benzene is used as the working fluid. It is expected to provide a more promising small-scale biomass-based power generation system.