susan jobling - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by susan jobling

This chapter describes the scientific evidence and regulatory debates concerning one of these oes... more This chapter describes the scientific evidence and regulatory debates concerning one of these oestrogens, ethinyloestradiol (EE2), an active ingredient in the birth control pill. First developed in 1938, it is released to the aquatic environment via wastewater treatment plants. Although it is now clear that wildlife species are exposed to and impacted by a cocktail of endocrine disrupting chemicals, there is also reasonable scientific certainty that EE2 plays a significant role, and at vanishingly low levels in the environment.

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogen... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers Correlate with Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish Populations"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):32-39.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874167.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Health Effects in Fish of Long-Term Exp... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Health Effects in Fish of Long-Term Exposure to Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):81-89.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874182.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI () Undifferentiated gonad (G) of a 300-dph roach. The gonad consists of several primordial germ cells (PGC). Scale bar = 100 μm. () Ovary of a 300-dph female roach reared in tap water. The ovary contains oogonia (O) and primary oocytes (PO). The plate also shows the ovarian cavity (OC). Scale bar = 200 μm. () Testis of a 300-dph male roach reared in tap water. The testis contains spermatogonia A (SGA) and is connected to the mesentery (M) by a single point of attachment, the sperm duct (SD). Scale bar = 100 μm. () Gonad of a 300-dph intersex roach reared in 80% effluent. The testis contains spermatogonia A (SGA) and is connected to the mesentery (M) by two points of attachment (large arrows), forming a femalelike ovarian cavity (OC). Scale bar = 200 μm.

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Assessing the Sensitivity of Different ... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Assessing the Sensitivity of Different Life Stages for Sexual Disruption in Roach () Exposed to Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;113(10):1299-1307.Published online 14 Jun 2005PMCID:PMC1281270.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine sys... more Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects to humans or wildlife. The release of particular EDCs into the environment has been shown to negatively affect certain wildlife populations and has led to restrictions on the use of some EDCs. Current chemical regulations aim to balance the industrial, agricultural and/or pharmaceutical benefits of using these substances with their demonstrated or potential harm to human health or the environment. A summary is provided of the natural science evidence base informing the regulation of chemicals released into the environment that may have endocrine disrupting effects on wildlife. This summary is in a format (a 'restatement') intended to be policy-neutral and accessible to informed, but not expert, policy-makers and stakeholders.

Ponds are often small wildlife sanctuaries in domestic gardens and our natural environment. They ... more Ponds are often small wildlife sanctuaries in domestic gardens and our natural environment. They are wonderful learning environments for families and young children. One of the highlights within any pond is the frog spawn, tadpoles and adult frogs. All stages of a frog’s development are loved by children. Families would agree that it is a great shame that some frog populations succumb to viral and fungal diseases causing local population crashes in some ponds. Action needs to be taken to understand the environmental factors that affect frog health and to ensure our ponds and frogs stay in good health. Studies are beginning to show that there are links between human presence and impacts of pollutants, such as increased incidence of infection and disease.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine sys... more Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects to humans or wildlife. The release of particular EDCs into the environment has been shown to negatively affect certain wildlife populations and has led to restrictions on the use of some EDCs. Current chemical regulations aim to balance the industrial, agricultural and/or pharmaceutical benefits of using these substances with their demonstrated or potential harm to human health or the environment. A summary is provided of the natural science evidence base informing the regulation of chemicals released into the environment that may have endocrine disrupting effects on wildlife. This summary is in a format (a ‘restatement’) intended to be policy-neutral and accessible to informed, but not expert, policy-makers and stakeholders.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Molecular isolation and characterization of the kisspeptin system: KISS and GPR54 in roach Rutilu... more Molecular isolation and characterization of the kisspeptin system: KISS and GPR54 in roach Rutilus rutilus: a new relevant biomarker of endocrine disruption in fish.

Ecology and Evolution

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Nature communications, May 16, 2017

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni... more Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global health problem by 2025, there is now renewed emphasis on snail control. Here, we characterize the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, a lophotrochozoan protostome, and provide timely and important information on snail biology. We describe aspects of phero-perception, stress responses, immune function and regulation of gene expression that support the persistence of B. glabrata in the field and may define this species as a suitable snail host for S. mansoni. We identify several potential targets for developing novel control measures aimed at reducing snail-mediated transmission of schistosomiasis.

Archives of toxicology, Jan 6, 2016

Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals... more Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals, known as "endocrine disruptors" (EDs), trigger adverse health effects by disrupting the endogenous hormone system. There is need to harmonize guidance on the regulation of EDs, but this has been hampered by what appeared as a lack of consensus among scientists. This publication provides summary information about a consensus reached by a group of world-leading scientists that can serve as the basis for the development of ED criteria in relevant EU legislation. Twenty-three international scientists from different disciplines discussed principles and open questions on ED identification as outlined in a draft consensus paper at an expert meeting hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany on 11-12 April 2016. Participants reached a consensus regarding scientific principles for the identification of EDs. The paper discusses the consensus rea...

Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2016

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradi... more Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

PLOS ONE, 2016

Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testin... more Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testin... more Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

Environmental health : a global access science source, Jul 14, 2016

The issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is receiving wide attention from both the scie... more The issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is receiving wide attention from both the scientific and regulatory communities. Recent analyses of the EDC literature have been criticized for failing to use transparent and objective approaches to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence linking EDC exposures to adverse health or environmental outcomes. Systematic review methodologies are ideal for addressing this issue as they provide transparent and consistent approaches to study selection and evaluation. Objective methods are needed for integrating the multiple streams of evidence (epidemiology, wildlife, laboratory animal, in vitro, and in silico data) that are relevant in assessing EDCs. We have developed a framework for the systematic review and integrated assessment (SYRINA) of EDC studies. The framework was designed for use with the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and World Health Organization (WHO) definition of an EDC, which requires appraisal of e...

Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013

The invention relates to a device for analysing the levels of steroid estrogens in freshwater and... more The invention relates to a device for analysing the levels of steroid estrogens in freshwater and predicting the risk posed by steroid estrogen pollutants to freshwater organisms, such as fish.

This chapter describes the scientific evidence and regulatory debates concerning one of these oes... more This chapter describes the scientific evidence and regulatory debates concerning one of these oestrogens, ethinyloestradiol (EE2), an active ingredient in the birth control pill. First developed in 1938, it is released to the aquatic environment via wastewater treatment plants. Although it is now clear that wildlife species are exposed to and impacted by a cocktail of endocrine disrupting chemicals, there is also reasonable scientific certainty that EE2 plays a significant role, and at vanishingly low levels in the environment.

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogen... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers Correlate with Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish Populations"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):32-39.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874167.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Health Effects in Fish of Long-Term Exp... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Health Effects in Fish of Long-Term Exposure to Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):81-89.Published online 21 Oct 2005PMCID:PMC1874182.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI () Undifferentiated gonad (G) of a 300-dph roach. The gonad consists of several primordial germ cells (PGC). Scale bar = 100 μm. () Ovary of a 300-dph female roach reared in tap water. The ovary contains oogonia (O) and primary oocytes (PO). The plate also shows the ovarian cavity (OC). Scale bar = 200 μm. () Testis of a 300-dph male roach reared in tap water. The testis contains spermatogonia A (SGA) and is connected to the mesentery (M) by a single point of attachment, the sperm duct (SD). Scale bar = 100 μm. () Gonad of a 300-dph intersex roach reared in 80% effluent. The testis contains spermatogonia A (SGA) and is connected to the mesentery (M) by two points of attachment (large arrows), forming a femalelike ovarian cavity (OC). Scale bar = 200 μm.

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Assessing the Sensitivity of Different ... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Assessing the Sensitivity of Different Life Stages for Sexual Disruption in Roach () Exposed to Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works"Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;113(10):1299-1307.Published online 14 Jun 2005PMCID:PMC1281270.This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine sys... more Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects to humans or wildlife. The release of particular EDCs into the environment has been shown to negatively affect certain wildlife populations and has led to restrictions on the use of some EDCs. Current chemical regulations aim to balance the industrial, agricultural and/or pharmaceutical benefits of using these substances with their demonstrated or potential harm to human health or the environment. A summary is provided of the natural science evidence base informing the regulation of chemicals released into the environment that may have endocrine disrupting effects on wildlife. This summary is in a format (a 'restatement') intended to be policy-neutral and accessible to informed, but not expert, policy-makers and stakeholders.

Ponds are often small wildlife sanctuaries in domestic gardens and our natural environment. They ... more Ponds are often small wildlife sanctuaries in domestic gardens and our natural environment. They are wonderful learning environments for families and young children. One of the highlights within any pond is the frog spawn, tadpoles and adult frogs. All stages of a frog’s development are loved by children. Families would agree that it is a great shame that some frog populations succumb to viral and fungal diseases causing local population crashes in some ponds. Action needs to be taken to understand the environmental factors that affect frog health and to ensure our ponds and frogs stay in good health. Studies are beginning to show that there are links between human presence and impacts of pollutants, such as increased incidence of infection and disease.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine sys... more Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse effects to humans or wildlife. The release of particular EDCs into the environment has been shown to negatively affect certain wildlife populations and has led to restrictions on the use of some EDCs. Current chemical regulations aim to balance the industrial, agricultural and/or pharmaceutical benefits of using these substances with their demonstrated or potential harm to human health or the environment. A summary is provided of the natural science evidence base informing the regulation of chemicals released into the environment that may have endocrine disrupting effects on wildlife. This summary is in a format (a ‘restatement’) intended to be policy-neutral and accessible to informed, but not expert, policy-makers and stakeholders.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Molecular isolation and characterization of the kisspeptin system: KISS and GPR54 in roach Rutilu... more Molecular isolation and characterization of the kisspeptin system: KISS and GPR54 in roach Rutilus rutilus: a new relevant biomarker of endocrine disruption in fish.

Ecology and Evolution

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Nature communications, May 16, 2017

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni... more Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global health problem by 2025, there is now renewed emphasis on snail control. Here, we characterize the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, a lophotrochozoan protostome, and provide timely and important information on snail biology. We describe aspects of phero-perception, stress responses, immune function and regulation of gene expression that support the persistence of B. glabrata in the field and may define this species as a suitable snail host for S. mansoni. We identify several potential targets for developing novel control measures aimed at reducing snail-mediated transmission of schistosomiasis.

Archives of toxicology, Jan 6, 2016

Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals... more Endocrine disruption is a specific form of toxicity, where natural and/or anthropogenic chemicals, known as "endocrine disruptors" (EDs), trigger adverse health effects by disrupting the endogenous hormone system. There is need to harmonize guidance on the regulation of EDs, but this has been hampered by what appeared as a lack of consensus among scientists. This publication provides summary information about a consensus reached by a group of world-leading scientists that can serve as the basis for the development of ED criteria in relevant EU legislation. Twenty-three international scientists from different disciplines discussed principles and open questions on ED identification as outlined in a draft consensus paper at an expert meeting hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany on 11-12 April 2016. Participants reached a consensus regarding scientific principles for the identification of EDs. The paper discusses the consensus rea...

Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2016

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradi... more Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

PLOS ONE, 2016

Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testin... more Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testin... more Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

Environmental health : a global access science source, Jul 14, 2016

The issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is receiving wide attention from both the scie... more The issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is receiving wide attention from both the scientific and regulatory communities. Recent analyses of the EDC literature have been criticized for failing to use transparent and objective approaches to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence linking EDC exposures to adverse health or environmental outcomes. Systematic review methodologies are ideal for addressing this issue as they provide transparent and consistent approaches to study selection and evaluation. Objective methods are needed for integrating the multiple streams of evidence (epidemiology, wildlife, laboratory animal, in vitro, and in silico data) that are relevant in assessing EDCs. We have developed a framework for the systematic review and integrated assessment (SYRINA) of EDC studies. The framework was designed for use with the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and World Health Organization (WHO) definition of an EDC, which requires appraisal of e...

Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013

The invention relates to a device for analysing the levels of steroid estrogens in freshwater and... more The invention relates to a device for analysing the levels of steroid estrogens in freshwater and predicting the risk posed by steroid estrogen pollutants to freshwater organisms, such as fish.