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Papers by jose rios

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Planta Medica, 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High b... more Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High blood sugar can produce long-term complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, retinopathy, and poor blood flow. Its development can be prevented or delayed in people with impaired glucose tolerance by implementing lifestyle changes or the use of therapeutic agents. Some of these drugs have been obtained from plants or have a microbial origin, such as galegine isolated from Galega officinalis, which has a great similarity to the antidiabetic drug metformin. Picnogenol, acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are other antidiabetic products of natural origin. This review compiles the principal articles on medicinal plants used for treating diabetes and its comorbidities, as well as mechanisms of natural products as antidiabetic agents. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, effects on glucose uptake and glucose transporters, modification of mechanisms mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity, modification of gene expression, and activities of hormones involved in glucose homeostasis such as adiponectin, resistin, and incretin, and reduction of oxidative stress are some of the mechanisms in which natural products are involved. We also review the most relevant clinical trials performed with medicinal plants and natural products such as aloe, banaba, bitter melon, caper, cinnamon, cocoa, coffee, fenugreek, garlic, guava, gymnema, nettle, sage, soybean, green and black tea, turmeric, walnut, and yerba mate. Compounds of high interest as potential antidiabetics are: fukugetin, palmatine, berberine, honokiol, amorfrutins, trigonelline, gymnemic acids, gurmarin, and phlorizin.

Research paper thumbnail of Proposal for the Conceptual Design of Aeronautical Final Assembly Lines Based on the Industrial Digital Mock-Up Concept

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2013

The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity.... more The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity. The phase dealing with the definition of conceptual solutions is characterized by depending heavily on the personnel experience and being time-consuming. To enhance such process, it is proposed a development of a knowledge based software application to assist designers in the definition of scenarios and to generate conceptual FAL alternatives. Both the scenario and the generated FAL solution are part of the industrialization digital mock-up (IDMU). A commercial software application used in the aircraft programmes and supporting the IDMU concepts of: Product, Process and Resource; was selected to implement a software prototype. This communication presents the adopted methodological approach and the architecture of the developed application.

Research paper thumbnail of Método General De Diagnóstico De Sistemas De Fabricación y Planificacion De Acciones De Mejora Continua

Research paper thumbnail of Inspection model assists in correcting injection defects

Research paper thumbnail of Controles numericos

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of age and breed on corneal thickness, density, and morphology of corneal endothelial cells in enucleated sheep eyes

Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2015

The purpose of the study was to determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD),... more The purpose of the study was to determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD), morphology, and morphometry in ovine eyes, and to report the effects of age and breed on these parameters. Forty-eight healthy ovine eyes were classified into six groups (eight eyes per group) according to animals' age (lambs and adults) and breed (Manchega, Ripollesa, and Rasa Aragonesa). Endothelial cell density (cells/mm(2) ) and CT (μm) were calculated in the central cornea and four peripheral quadrants by means of specular microscopy. Mean cell area (MCA (μm(2) )), pleomorphism (% hexagonal cells), and polymegethism (CV) were evaluated in the central cornea. Statistics consisted of an ANOVA model and a LSD test for the post hoc analysis. Results in lambs were as follows: ECD = 3532 ± 259, CT = 699 ± 56, MCA = 283 ± 22, % hexagonal cells = 75.64 ± 3.09, and CV = 18 ± 8.4; and in adults: ECD = 2204 ± 261, CT = 804 ± 87, MCA = 473 ± 53, % hexagonal cells = 69.9 ± 3.42, and CV = 18.1 ± 5.2. There were differences (P < 0.001) in all parameters studied between both groups except for the CV (P = 0.962). Regarding the breed, Rasa Aragonesa presented a higher CT (P = 0.001) and CV (P = 0.04) compared to other breeds. Mean values of all groups together showed that central and dorsal areas of the cornea were the thickest, whereas temporal quadrant was the thinnest (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that age and breed influence corneal and endothelial parameters in sheep.

Research paper thumbnail of Automation of a robot polishing system

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and imaging markers in premotor LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 2015

Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) has been proposed as a risk marker of Parkinson&... more Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) has been proposed as a risk marker of Parkinson's disease (PD). Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers (aLRRK2+), at high risk for developing PD, provide an opportunity for the study of preclinical biomarkers. To assess SN echogenicity and other echographic features in LRRK2 G2019S carriers and their clinical and imaging correlates. Transcranial sonography was performed in 26 LRRK2 G2019S PD patients, 50 first-degree relatives, 31 idiopathic PD (IPD) patients and 26 controls. SN echogenicity and other echographic features were assessed in all study subjects. Dopamine transporter imaging (DAT-SPECT) was performed in 29 first-degree relatives. 75% of the LRRK2-PD and 87.5% of the IPD showed SN+ (p = 0.087). aLRRK2+ had a higher frequency of SN+ than non carriers (58.3% vs. 25%, p = 0.039) and controls (58.3% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.002) and had a larger area of SN echogenicity than non carriers (p = 0.030) and controls (p < 0.001). The width of the third ventricle was significantly lower in LRRK2-PD than in IPD (1.9 mm [1.38; 2.75] vs. 3.0 mm [2.3; 5.3]; p = 0.003). Four out of 5 (80%) of the aLRRK2+ with an abnormal DAT-SPECT and four of the 5 (80%) of those with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) had SN+. SN+ is very frequent in LRRK2-PD and aLRRK2+. Most aLRRK2 with possible surrogate markers of PD such as abnormal DAT-SPECT or RBD, also had SN+, which supports that this echofeature might be a marker of PD in these asymptomatic population.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an Information Framework for the Integration of Dimensional Inspection in a Production Cycle

Research paper thumbnail of Pulmonary hemodynamic profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2015

Few data are available in regards to the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the broad s... more Few data are available in regards to the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the broad spectrum of COPD. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of PH in a cohort of COPD patients across the severity of airflow limitation, and reporting the hemodynamic characteristics at rest and during exercise. We performed a retrospective analysis on COPD patients who underwent right-heart catheterization in our center with measurements obtained at rest (n=139) and during exercise (n=85). PH was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <15 mmHg. Exercise-induced PH (EIPH) was defined by a ratio of ΔmPAP/Δcardiac output >3. PH was present in 25 patients (18%). According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification, PH prevalence in GOLD 2 was 7% (3 patients); 25% (14 patients) in GOLD 3; and 22% (8 patients) in GOLD 4. Severe PH (mPAP ≥35 mmHg) was identified in four patients (2.8%). Arterial partial oxygen pressure was the outcome most strongly associated with PH (r=-0.29, P<0.001). EIPH was observed in 60 patients (71%) and had a similar prevalence in both GOLD 2 and 3, and was present in all GOLD 4 patients. Patients with PH had lower cardiac index during exercise than patients without PH (5.0±1.2 versus 6.7±1.4 L/min/m(2), respectively; P=0.001). PH has a similar prevalence in COPD patients with severe and very-severe airflow limitation, being associated with the presence of arterial hypoxemia. In contrast, EIPH is highly prevalent, even in moderate COPD, and might contribute to limiting exercise tolerance.

Research paper thumbnail of A knowledge-based approach to integrate Fuzzy Conceptual Design Tools and MOKA into a CAD system

Product Lifecycle Management / Computer-Aided Design (PLM/CAD) systems support only part of the c... more Product Lifecycle Management / Computer-Aided Design (PLM/CAD) systems support only part of the conceptual design process, let alone one with uncertain and imprecise information for decision making.

Research paper thumbnail of 5 Flujo de información en el proceso de diseño

Research paper thumbnail of Contactin-associated protein (Caspr) and contactin form a complex that is targeted to the paranodal junctions during myelination

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 15, 2000

Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of ... more Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of myelinating glia. They are interposed between sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier and potassium channels in the juxtaparanodal regions; their precise function and molecular composition have been elusive. We previously reported that Caspr (contactin-associated protein) is a major axonal constituent of these junctions (Einheber et al., 1997). We now report that contactin colocalizes and forms a cis complex with Caspr in the paranodes and juxtamesaxon. These proteins coextract and coprecipitate from neurons, myelinating cultures, and myelin preparations enriched in junctional markers; they fractionate on sucrose gradients as a high-molecular-weight complex, suggesting that other proteins may also be associated with this complex. Neurons express two contactin isoforms that differ in their extent of glycosylation: a lower-molecular-weight phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-resi...

Research paper thumbnail of Desarrollo De Un Entorno De Información Para La Integración De La Inspección Dimensional

Research paper thumbnail of 301 Molecular Mrna Markers to Detect and Monitor Circulating Tumour Cells in Peripheral Blod from Urothelial Carcinoma Patients

European Urology Supplements, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Development to assist in the creation of product development structures

Research paper thumbnail of Paranodal interactions regulate expression of sodium channel subtypes and provide a diffusion barrier for the node of Ranvier

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 6, 2003

The node of Ranvier is a distinct domain of myelinated axons that is highly enriched in sodium ch... more The node of Ranvier is a distinct domain of myelinated axons that is highly enriched in sodium channels and is critical for impulse propagation. During development, the channel subtypes expressed at the node undergo a transition from Nav1.2 to Nav1.6. Specialized junctions that form between the paranodal glial membranes and axon flank the nodes and are candidates to regulate their maturation and delineate their boundaries. To investigate these roles, we characterized node development in mice deficient in contactin-associated protein (Caspr), an integral junctional component. Paranodes in these mice lack transverse bands, a hallmark of the mature junction, and exhibit progressive disruption of axon-paranodal loop interactions in the CNS. Caspr mutant mice display significant abnormalities at central nodes; components of the nodes progressively disperse along axons, and many nodes fail to mature properly, persistently expressing Nav1.2 rather than Nav1.6. In contrast, PNS nodes are on...

Research paper thumbnail of Ingeniería concurrente en el diseño de moldes de inyección

Research paper thumbnail of An easy-to-use, operator-independent, clinical model to predict the left vs. right ventricular outflow tract origin of ventricular arrhythmias

Europace, 2015

To identify clinical characteristics able to predict a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) orig... more To identify clinical characteristics able to predict a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) origin in outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OTVAs).

Research paper thumbnail of Soluciones avanzadas para la creación de IT de montaje aeronáutico mediante herramientas PLM

En el montaje aeronáutico, el volumen de información que hay que proporcionar a los operarios sob... more En el montaje aeronáutico, el volumen de información que hay que proporcionar a los operarios sobre materiales, proceso, requerimientos de calidad y elementos a montar en cada operación es muy elevado. Esta información se define en un documento llamado Instrucción Técnica (IT) de montaje, que se adjunta a la orden de trabajo. La IT es un documento de texto con ilustraciones. La creación y puesta al día de la IT es un proceso costoso que se realiza después de terminar el diseño industrial de la línea de montaje.

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Planta Medica, 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High b... more Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High blood sugar can produce long-term complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, retinopathy, and poor blood flow. Its development can be prevented or delayed in people with impaired glucose tolerance by implementing lifestyle changes or the use of therapeutic agents. Some of these drugs have been obtained from plants or have a microbial origin, such as galegine isolated from Galega officinalis, which has a great similarity to the antidiabetic drug metformin. Picnogenol, acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are other antidiabetic products of natural origin. This review compiles the principal articles on medicinal plants used for treating diabetes and its comorbidities, as well as mechanisms of natural products as antidiabetic agents. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, effects on glucose uptake and glucose transporters, modification of mechanisms mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity, modification of gene expression, and activities of hormones involved in glucose homeostasis such as adiponectin, resistin, and incretin, and reduction of oxidative stress are some of the mechanisms in which natural products are involved. We also review the most relevant clinical trials performed with medicinal plants and natural products such as aloe, banaba, bitter melon, caper, cinnamon, cocoa, coffee, fenugreek, garlic, guava, gymnema, nettle, sage, soybean, green and black tea, turmeric, walnut, and yerba mate. Compounds of high interest as potential antidiabetics are: fukugetin, palmatine, berberine, honokiol, amorfrutins, trigonelline, gymnemic acids, gurmarin, and phlorizin.

Research paper thumbnail of Proposal for the Conceptual Design of Aeronautical Final Assembly Lines Based on the Industrial Digital Mock-Up Concept

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2013

The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity.... more The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity. The phase dealing with the definition of conceptual solutions is characterized by depending heavily on the personnel experience and being time-consuming. To enhance such process, it is proposed a development of a knowledge based software application to assist designers in the definition of scenarios and to generate conceptual FAL alternatives. Both the scenario and the generated FAL solution are part of the industrialization digital mock-up (IDMU). A commercial software application used in the aircraft programmes and supporting the IDMU concepts of: Product, Process and Resource; was selected to implement a software prototype. This communication presents the adopted methodological approach and the architecture of the developed application.

Research paper thumbnail of Método General De Diagnóstico De Sistemas De Fabricación y Planificacion De Acciones De Mejora Continua

Research paper thumbnail of Inspection model assists in correcting injection defects

Research paper thumbnail of Controles numericos

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of age and breed on corneal thickness, density, and morphology of corneal endothelial cells in enucleated sheep eyes

Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2015

The purpose of the study was to determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD),... more The purpose of the study was to determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD), morphology, and morphometry in ovine eyes, and to report the effects of age and breed on these parameters. Forty-eight healthy ovine eyes were classified into six groups (eight eyes per group) according to animals' age (lambs and adults) and breed (Manchega, Ripollesa, and Rasa Aragonesa). Endothelial cell density (cells/mm(2) ) and CT (μm) were calculated in the central cornea and four peripheral quadrants by means of specular microscopy. Mean cell area (MCA (μm(2) )), pleomorphism (% hexagonal cells), and polymegethism (CV) were evaluated in the central cornea. Statistics consisted of an ANOVA model and a LSD test for the post hoc analysis. Results in lambs were as follows: ECD = 3532 ± 259, CT = 699 ± 56, MCA = 283 ± 22, % hexagonal cells = 75.64 ± 3.09, and CV = 18 ± 8.4; and in adults: ECD = 2204 ± 261, CT = 804 ± 87, MCA = 473 ± 53, % hexagonal cells = 69.9 ± 3.42, and CV = 18.1 ± 5.2. There were differences (P < 0.001) in all parameters studied between both groups except for the CV (P = 0.962). Regarding the breed, Rasa Aragonesa presented a higher CT (P = 0.001) and CV (P = 0.04) compared to other breeds. Mean values of all groups together showed that central and dorsal areas of the cornea were the thickest, whereas temporal quadrant was the thinnest (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that age and breed influence corneal and endothelial parameters in sheep.

Research paper thumbnail of Automation of a robot polishing system

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical and imaging markers in premotor LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 2015

Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) has been proposed as a risk marker of Parkinson&... more Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) has been proposed as a risk marker of Parkinson's disease (PD). Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers (aLRRK2+), at high risk for developing PD, provide an opportunity for the study of preclinical biomarkers. To assess SN echogenicity and other echographic features in LRRK2 G2019S carriers and their clinical and imaging correlates. Transcranial sonography was performed in 26 LRRK2 G2019S PD patients, 50 first-degree relatives, 31 idiopathic PD (IPD) patients and 26 controls. SN echogenicity and other echographic features were assessed in all study subjects. Dopamine transporter imaging (DAT-SPECT) was performed in 29 first-degree relatives. 75% of the LRRK2-PD and 87.5% of the IPD showed SN+ (p = 0.087). aLRRK2+ had a higher frequency of SN+ than non carriers (58.3% vs. 25%, p = 0.039) and controls (58.3% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.002) and had a larger area of SN echogenicity than non carriers (p = 0.030) and controls (p < 0.001). The width of the third ventricle was significantly lower in LRRK2-PD than in IPD (1.9 mm [1.38; 2.75] vs. 3.0 mm [2.3; 5.3]; p = 0.003). Four out of 5 (80%) of the aLRRK2+ with an abnormal DAT-SPECT and four of the 5 (80%) of those with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) had SN+. SN+ is very frequent in LRRK2-PD and aLRRK2+. Most aLRRK2 with possible surrogate markers of PD such as abnormal DAT-SPECT or RBD, also had SN+, which supports that this echofeature might be a marker of PD in these asymptomatic population.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an Information Framework for the Integration of Dimensional Inspection in a Production Cycle

Research paper thumbnail of Pulmonary hemodynamic profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2015

Few data are available in regards to the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the broad s... more Few data are available in regards to the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the broad spectrum of COPD. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of PH in a cohort of COPD patients across the severity of airflow limitation, and reporting the hemodynamic characteristics at rest and during exercise. We performed a retrospective analysis on COPD patients who underwent right-heart catheterization in our center with measurements obtained at rest (n=139) and during exercise (n=85). PH was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <15 mmHg. Exercise-induced PH (EIPH) was defined by a ratio of ΔmPAP/Δcardiac output >3. PH was present in 25 patients (18%). According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification, PH prevalence in GOLD 2 was 7% (3 patients); 25% (14 patients) in GOLD 3; and 22% (8 patients) in GOLD 4. Severe PH (mPAP ≥35 mmHg) was identified in four patients (2.8%). Arterial partial oxygen pressure was the outcome most strongly associated with PH (r=-0.29, P<0.001). EIPH was observed in 60 patients (71%) and had a similar prevalence in both GOLD 2 and 3, and was present in all GOLD 4 patients. Patients with PH had lower cardiac index during exercise than patients without PH (5.0±1.2 versus 6.7±1.4 L/min/m(2), respectively; P=0.001). PH has a similar prevalence in COPD patients with severe and very-severe airflow limitation, being associated with the presence of arterial hypoxemia. In contrast, EIPH is highly prevalent, even in moderate COPD, and might contribute to limiting exercise tolerance.

Research paper thumbnail of A knowledge-based approach to integrate Fuzzy Conceptual Design Tools and MOKA into a CAD system

Product Lifecycle Management / Computer-Aided Design (PLM/CAD) systems support only part of the c... more Product Lifecycle Management / Computer-Aided Design (PLM/CAD) systems support only part of the conceptual design process, let alone one with uncertain and imprecise information for decision making.

Research paper thumbnail of 5 Flujo de información en el proceso de diseño

Research paper thumbnail of Contactin-associated protein (Caspr) and contactin form a complex that is targeted to the paranodal junctions during myelination

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 15, 2000

Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of ... more Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of myelinating glia. They are interposed between sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier and potassium channels in the juxtaparanodal regions; their precise function and molecular composition have been elusive. We previously reported that Caspr (contactin-associated protein) is a major axonal constituent of these junctions (Einheber et al., 1997). We now report that contactin colocalizes and forms a cis complex with Caspr in the paranodes and juxtamesaxon. These proteins coextract and coprecipitate from neurons, myelinating cultures, and myelin preparations enriched in junctional markers; they fractionate on sucrose gradients as a high-molecular-weight complex, suggesting that other proteins may also be associated with this complex. Neurons express two contactin isoforms that differ in their extent of glycosylation: a lower-molecular-weight phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-resi...

Research paper thumbnail of Desarrollo De Un Entorno De Información Para La Integración De La Inspección Dimensional

Research paper thumbnail of 301 Molecular Mrna Markers to Detect and Monitor Circulating Tumour Cells in Peripheral Blod from Urothelial Carcinoma Patients

European Urology Supplements, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Development to assist in the creation of product development structures

Research paper thumbnail of Paranodal interactions regulate expression of sodium channel subtypes and provide a diffusion barrier for the node of Ranvier

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan 6, 2003

The node of Ranvier is a distinct domain of myelinated axons that is highly enriched in sodium ch... more The node of Ranvier is a distinct domain of myelinated axons that is highly enriched in sodium channels and is critical for impulse propagation. During development, the channel subtypes expressed at the node undergo a transition from Nav1.2 to Nav1.6. Specialized junctions that form between the paranodal glial membranes and axon flank the nodes and are candidates to regulate their maturation and delineate their boundaries. To investigate these roles, we characterized node development in mice deficient in contactin-associated protein (Caspr), an integral junctional component. Paranodes in these mice lack transverse bands, a hallmark of the mature junction, and exhibit progressive disruption of axon-paranodal loop interactions in the CNS. Caspr mutant mice display significant abnormalities at central nodes; components of the nodes progressively disperse along axons, and many nodes fail to mature properly, persistently expressing Nav1.2 rather than Nav1.6. In contrast, PNS nodes are on...

Research paper thumbnail of Ingeniería concurrente en el diseño de moldes de inyección

Research paper thumbnail of An easy-to-use, operator-independent, clinical model to predict the left vs. right ventricular outflow tract origin of ventricular arrhythmias

Europace, 2015

To identify clinical characteristics able to predict a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) orig... more To identify clinical characteristics able to predict a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) origin in outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OTVAs).

Research paper thumbnail of Soluciones avanzadas para la creación de IT de montaje aeronáutico mediante herramientas PLM

En el montaje aeronáutico, el volumen de información que hay que proporcionar a los operarios sob... more En el montaje aeronáutico, el volumen de información que hay que proporcionar a los operarios sobre materiales, proceso, requerimientos de calidad y elementos a montar en cada operación es muy elevado. Esta información se define en un documento llamado Instrucción Técnica (IT) de montaje, que se adjunta a la orden de trabajo. La IT es un documento de texto con ilustraciones. La creación y puesta al día de la IT es un proceso costoso que se realiza después de terminar el diseño industrial de la línea de montaje.