karim abood - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by karim abood
The presence of a threatened or endangered species (TES) at a CERCLA site requires that applicabl... more The presence of a threatened or endangered species (TES) at a CERCLA site requires that applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) to protect the species and its habitat be included in the remedial investigation/feasibility study process. In such cases there is a propensity to use the species as an endpoint in the ecological assessment of the site. This approach ensures the inclusion of the TES-related ARAR and provides for cost efficiency, but may not result in a thorough assessment of risks associated with remedial alternatives, especially if the TES is a state-listed rather than a federal species. This paper explores the importance of identifying ARARs related to TES, and the values and limitations of using TES as endpoints. In doing so it explores the technical vs emotional basis for TES-based risk assessments.
Illustrations are presented for radial jets and for turbulent flows in the wake of circular cylin... more Illustrations are presented for radial jets and for turbulent flows in the wake of circular cylinders. The paper illustrates the use and importance of low-cost computational tools in engineering applications. This is accomplished through two examples describing turbulent jet and wake flows.
Estuaries and Coasts, Aug 31, 1999
The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maint... more The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maintain depths necessary for navigation. About six million cubic yards of material must be dredged annually to maintain navigation channels and berthing areas. Opportunities for disposal of dredged materials in the metropolitan region are limited. The existing ocean disposal site that has, until recently, received
Dredging '02, 2003
... 4 Wetlands 2 1 3 Polymers 6 Lime Kiln Dust 5 Artificial Reefs 5 Surgical Dredging Hot Spot/ T... more ... 4 Wetlands 2 1 3 Polymers 6 Lime Kiln Dust 5 Artificial Reefs 5 Surgical Dredging Hot Spot/ Thin Layer Dredging Geotextile Bags Reprofiling 2 1 3 5 ... If the material is stabilized inside geo-tubes for example, Federal or state Departments of Transportation can ... apply. Page 8. 5 ...
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Estuaries, 1999
The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maint... more The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maintain depths necessary for navigation. About six million cubic yards of material must be dredged annually to maintain navigation channels and berthing areas. Opportunities for disposal of dredged materials in the metropolitan region are limited. The existing ocean disposal site that has, until recently, received the majority of dredged materials is nearing capacity. Under the new, more stringent, guidance for ocean disposal, a large percentage of the dredged material is not considered acceptable for ocean disposal because of contamination. This paper explores nondredging alternatives to reduce the volume of materials to be dredged, thus reducing the disposal volume. These alternatives include short-term options (e.g., reprofiling operations, in which sediments from high spots in berths are dragged to depressions in lower spots) and long-term sedimentation minimization options (e.g., subsurface berms or air bubblers deployed around berths and interpier areas). These methods require an understanding of sedimentation/circulation patterns of the harbor as a whole and the local area in which the specific methodology may be employed.
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974
This paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of partially stratified water bodies, as ty... more This paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of partially stratified water bodies, as typified by the Hudson River, and presents a number of methods of establishing a quantitative relationship of density-induced velocity and circulation to salinity levels, freshwater runoff, and tidal characteristics. These methods utilize known or measurable physical and hydraulic parameters to determine the density-induced circulation (DIC) and mixing characteristics of estuaries. The DIC concept plays an important role in estuarine discharges, and has been used to obtain an estimate of the flow available for dilution in estuaries. Dilution flows associated with this DIC pattern may be many times that of the upland runoff. They have been observed to be higher by factors of from 10 to 40 in several estuaries. A brief description of estuarine circulation patterns is given in the second section b of this paper. The third section c addresses itself to circulation patterns in partially stratified estuaries. These patterns are related to the net velocity distribution, which by and large is a result of dynamic interactions between the 'FIGURE 1 represents a revision of a similar relationship that appears in earlier Quirk, Lawler & Matusky reports.' ' 9 ' This revision includes measurements made in recent years and a refined estimate of the Lower Hudson flow yield factor.
The presence of a threatened or endangered species (TES) at a CERCLA site requires that applicabl... more The presence of a threatened or endangered species (TES) at a CERCLA site requires that applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) to protect the species and its habitat be included in the remedial investigation/feasibility study process. In such cases there is a propensity to use the species as an endpoint in the ecological assessment of the site. This approach ensures the inclusion of the TES-related ARAR and provides for cost efficiency, but may not result in a thorough assessment of risks associated with remedial alternatives, especially if the TES is a state-listed rather than a federal species. This paper explores the importance of identifying ARARs related to TES, and the values and limitations of using TES as endpoints. In doing so it explores the technical vs emotional basis for TES-based risk assessments.
Illustrations are presented for radial jets and for turbulent flows in the wake of circular cylin... more Illustrations are presented for radial jets and for turbulent flows in the wake of circular cylinders. The paper illustrates the use and importance of low-cost computational tools in engineering applications. This is accomplished through two examples describing turbulent jet and wake flows.
Estuaries and Coasts, Aug 31, 1999
The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maint... more The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maintain depths necessary for navigation. About six million cubic yards of material must be dredged annually to maintain navigation channels and berthing areas. Opportunities for disposal of dredged materials in the metropolitan region are limited. The existing ocean disposal site that has, until recently, received
Dredging '02, 2003
... 4 Wetlands 2 1 3 Polymers 6 Lime Kiln Dust 5 Artificial Reefs 5 Surgical Dredging Hot Spot/ T... more ... 4 Wetlands 2 1 3 Polymers 6 Lime Kiln Dust 5 Artificial Reefs 5 Surgical Dredging Hot Spot/ Thin Layer Dredging Geotextile Bags Reprofiling 2 1 3 5 ... If the material is stabilized inside geo-tubes for example, Federal or state Departments of Transportation can ... apply. Page 8. 5 ...
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Estuaries, 1999
The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maint... more The Port of New York/New Jersey is naturally shallow, and therefore dredging is required to maintain depths necessary for navigation. About six million cubic yards of material must be dredged annually to maintain navigation channels and berthing areas. Opportunities for disposal of dredged materials in the metropolitan region are limited. The existing ocean disposal site that has, until recently, received the majority of dredged materials is nearing capacity. Under the new, more stringent, guidance for ocean disposal, a large percentage of the dredged material is not considered acceptable for ocean disposal because of contamination. This paper explores nondredging alternatives to reduce the volume of materials to be dredged, thus reducing the disposal volume. These alternatives include short-term options (e.g., reprofiling operations, in which sediments from high spots in berths are dragged to depressions in lower spots) and long-term sedimentation minimization options (e.g., subsurface berms or air bubblers deployed around berths and interpier areas). These methods require an understanding of sedimentation/circulation patterns of the harbor as a whole and the local area in which the specific methodology may be employed.
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Estuaries, 1996
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting b... more Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974
This paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of partially stratified water bodies, as ty... more This paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of partially stratified water bodies, as typified by the Hudson River, and presents a number of methods of establishing a quantitative relationship of density-induced velocity and circulation to salinity levels, freshwater runoff, and tidal characteristics. These methods utilize known or measurable physical and hydraulic parameters to determine the density-induced circulation (DIC) and mixing characteristics of estuaries. The DIC concept plays an important role in estuarine discharges, and has been used to obtain an estimate of the flow available for dilution in estuaries. Dilution flows associated with this DIC pattern may be many times that of the upland runoff. They have been observed to be higher by factors of from 10 to 40 in several estuaries. A brief description of estuarine circulation patterns is given in the second section b of this paper. The third section c addresses itself to circulation patterns in partially stratified estuaries. These patterns are related to the net velocity distribution, which by and large is a result of dynamic interactions between the 'FIGURE 1 represents a revision of a similar relationship that appears in earlier Quirk, Lawler & Matusky reports.' ' 9 ' This revision includes measurements made in recent years and a refined estimate of the Lower Hudson flow yield factor.