kazem malmir - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by kazem malmir
Iranian rehabilitation journal, Mar 1, 2021
Lower extremity muscles are critical for maintaining dynamic balance and athletic performance. Fa... more Lower extremity muscles are critical for maintaining dynamic balance and athletic performance. Fatigue of these muscles may affect dynamic balance. It is unclear whether fatigue in a particular muscle group can affect dynamic balance more than that in other groups. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of fatigue in 5 muscle groups on dynamic balance in volleyball players. Methods: Fifteen healthy male volleyball players separately performed the Star Excursion Balance Test before and immediately after the occurrence of fatigue of ankle Plantar Flexor (PF), knee extensor, knee flexor, hip abductor, and hip adductor muscles. Composite reach distance and distance in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were recorded, accordingly. Results: Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) data indicated that fatigue of all muscle groups significantly decreased the mean score of composite (P<0.001). Anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral distance scores decreased following muscle fatigue of knee extensors and ankle PFs (P<0.05). Discussion: This study suggested that regarding composite reach score, fatigue of ankle, knee, and hip muscles similarly decreased dynamic balance. However, evaluating three main directions revealed that knee extensors and ankle PFs muscles fatigue presented more prominent effects on the explored volleyball players' balance, compared to the other muscles.
European Geriatric Medicine
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Mar 1, 2023
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
Annals of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have some problems with functional perf... more Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have some problems with functional performance. There are some controversies regarding functionality of isokinetic measures of strength. This manuscript presents a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the objective of reviewing the relationship between isokinetic indicators of strength and functional performance in patients with chronic ankle instability.
Isokinetic dynamometry of the knee extensors and flexors in Iranian healthy males and females
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies, 2020
Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of applied Kinesio tape on the af... more Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of applied Kinesio tape on the affected ankle on the amount of exerting force by the non-affected foot in patients with chronic stroke during the stand to sit task. Methods: The current quasi-experimental clinical trial was conducted on 26 patients with chronic stroke. The stand-to-sit task was performed in three positions (symmetric foot placement, and placing the unaffected foot ahead of the affected foot and the unaffected foot behind the affected one), and the vertical axis of the ground reaction force was recorded instantly by a force plate at three time points of 2, 5, and 8 seconds of the stand-to-sit task. Then, Appropriate taping was applied on subjects' affected ankles and all measurements were repeated. Results: At the time points of 2 and 5 seconds, the main effect of foot positions was significant (P = 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively); when the tested foot was placed behind, the main effect was significantly different from those of other positions (P = 0.018). However, the main and interactive effect of the tape was not significant (P > 0.05). At the second eight, no significant change was observed (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The current study findings showed that placing the unaffected foot behind the affected one led to more force and there was no significant difference between the forces with and without using the tape.
Applied Neuropsychology, 1997
ABSTRACT
Sport Sciences for Health
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of kinesio taping (KT) over ab... more Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of kinesio taping (KT) over abdominal muscles with different tensions on the components of the lumbopelvic complex. Materials and Methods: This is a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants were 44 healthy male athletes aged 18-30 years with increased anterior pelvic tilt (PT). Three intervention groups underwent 15 minutes of KT over rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles with tensions of 100, 115, and 140%, respectively, and one group was considered as the control group with no KT. The PT and lumbar lordosis angles and iliopsoas and hamstring muscle lengths were measured before and after the KT. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the means in the study groups before and after the intervention. Results: The mean of right and left PT and lumbar lordosis angles in groups with 115 and 140% tensions before and after the intervention were statistically different (P<0.05). Moreove...
Auditory and Vestibular Research, 2021
Background and Aim: Vestibular system has several anatomical connections with cognitive regions o... more Background and Aim: Vestibular system has several anatomical connections with cognitive regions of the brain. Vestibular disorders have negative effects on cognitive performance. Hearing-impaired patients, particularly cochlear implant users, have concomitant vestibular disorders. Previous studies have shown that attention assigned to postural control decreases while performing a cognitive task (dual task) in hearing-impaired children. Since the vestibular system and postural control performance develop around 15−16 years of age, the aim of this study was to compare postural control performance during dual task in adolescent boys with normal hearing and cochlear implant (CI) users with congenital hearing-impairment. Methods: Postural control was assessed in twenty 16−19 year old cochlear implant boys and 40 normal hearing peers with force plate. The main outcomes were displacement in posterior- anterior and medial-lateral planes, and mean speed with and without cognitive task and ...
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2020
The article's abstract is no available.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that follows the novel ec... more Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that follows the novel eccentric exercise. Although this condition is self-limiting, it can temporarily affect the function and interrupt training. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of Kinesio tape on pain intensity, range of motion, and function during delayed onset muscle soreness in the amateur hamstring muscles. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial conducted on 32 untrained individuals with a Mean±SD age of 24.16±3.049 years. At first, the participants were assessed with an active knee extension range of motion, distance in triple hop test, pressure-induced pain, and overall pain before Kinesio tape intervention, and then Kinesio tape intervention was applied to the hamstrings from origin to insertion (proximal to distal) in a Y shape with a tension of approximately 30%. The study variables were evaluated again 24, 48, and 72 hours after the intervention (4 times totally) Results: Kinesio tape could significantly reduce pain intensity 24 hours and 48 hours after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<0.05). Also, Kinesio tape intervention increases the range of motion of active knee extension in the first 24 hours compared to before the intervention (P=0.0.4). Besides, the effect of using Kinesio tape intervention on the variable of the triple hop test was significant 24 and 48 hours after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<0.05). Kinesio tape increase in the threshold of compressive pain after the intervention was not significantly different from before the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the present study results, the Kinesio tape possibly reduced DOMS-induced parameters like pain, range of motion limitations, and function, but it had no significant advantage in other DOMS-induced parameters like pressure pain threshold. Kinesio tape application before exercise or competition should be considered by exercise trainers and athletes. Future studies may evaluate different strategies or therapeutic applications to prevent and manage DOMS.
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2017
Introduction: Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) may be associated with impaired proprioception which c... more Introduction: Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) may be associated with impaired proprioception which can result in joint instability and balance deficit. However, wearing a lumbosacral belt may be helpful in this situation. This study aimed to identify postural control impairments in patients with CLBP and determine the effect of lumbosacral support on postural control strategies in these patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients with CLBP and 16 healthy subjects participated in this study. Center of Pressure (COP) data were recorded for 30 seconds while wearing or not wearing a belt in four standing positions; double leg with open eyes, double leg with closed eyes, single leg with open eyes, single leg with closed eyes. Postural control was assessed using range, area and total mean velocity for each experimental condition. Results: Patients with CLBP showed significantly larger mean COP range and mean area compared to the healthy controls in single leg stance with closed e...
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2018
IntroductionAnkle sprain occurs often late in sport competitions consisting of many lateral ankle... more IntroductionAnkle sprain occurs often late in sport competitions consisting of many lateral ankle movements, jumping or landing, where peroneal muscles are fatigued. Changes in Ground Reaction Force (GRF) parameters may also be related to this injury. The present study aimed to assess the effects of peroneal muscles fatigue on GRF profile during lateral hop landing.Materials and MethodsTwenty-five recreationally active healthy males performed a lateral hop on a force plate before and after a fatigue intervention by a Biodex dynamometer using an isometric eversion at 40% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction until eversion torque decreased to 50% of its initial value. A force plate and an EMG system were used to collect data during lateral hop landing.ResultsFatigue was confirmed by a significant fall in median frequency (P<0.05). Mean of the normalized peak GRF in the vertical direction, mean of the normalized impulse of the GRF in the vertical direction, and means of the ti...
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2017
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of 4-week postural corrective exercise progr... more Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of 4-week postural corrective exercise program on forward head posture in college-aged females. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized controlled study. Twenty-one female students with craniovertebral angle measured less than or equal to 50 degrees were selected and randomly assigned to intervention (n=12) or control (n=9) group. Intervention group performed forward head posture corrective exercises in the form of stretching and strengthening exercises. The craniovertebral angle, active neck flexion range of motion and strength of lower and middle trapezius were measured before and after 4 weeks exercise program. Results: After four weeks, significant increases were observed in the intervention group regarding the means of craniovertebral angle (P=0.0001), active neck flexion range of motion (P=0.04) and lower trapezius strength (P=0.03), while the mean strength of middle trapezius had not changed significantly (P>0.05). C...
Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications, 2018
Background: Sports injuries of the knee joint are very common. There are both contact injuries an... more Background: Sports injuries of the knee joint are very common. There are both contact injuries and non-contact injuries. Contractile injuries may be due to an impairment of the knee joint position sense or a decrease of the quadriceps muscle strength. Using a Kinesio taping method may decrease this impairment. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of direction and tension of Kinesio taping of the quadriceps muscle on repositioning sense of the knee joint and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors. Methods: Twenty-one recreationally active healthy males, determined by convenient nonprobability sampling method, participated in this quazi-experimental study. The tests were performed in biomechanics laboratory of School of Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, between July to November 2017. They visited biomechanics laboratory 5 sessions. The first session was for familiarization with the main tests and signing an informed consent form. For 2 through 5 sessions, one of each Kinesio tape tension approaches of 100, 115 and 140 percent (origin to insertion direction) and 100 percent (insertion to origin direction) was randomly applied on the quadriceps muscle. Active and passive repositioning sense of the knee joint at 60-degree flexion and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors of the dominant extremity before and after Kinesio taping were measured using a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA). Order of measuring active and passive repositioning sense and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors were randomly selected. Results: Origin to insertion Kinesio taping method with tension of 100, 115 and 140 percent significantly decreased means of active and passive repositioning sense errors (P< 0.05) and changed means of maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the quadriceps muscle (P< 0.05). But, insertion to origin Kinesio taping did not change significantly any parameter (P> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, Kinesio taping could influence on repositioning sense of the knee joint at 60-degree knee flexion. Maximum concentric and eccentric extensor torques was also increased.
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2016
Introduction: Assessing quality of life for patients with shoulder instability may be essential b... more Introduction: Assessing quality of life for patients with shoulder instability may be essential because of the negative impacts of the disease on patient’s life. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to assess the internal validity and consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the Persian version of the Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OSIS). Material and Methods: A total of 150 patients with shoulder instability completed the Persian OSIS, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and visual analog scale (VAS) to test convergent validity. 50 randomly selected patients completed the OSIS, 48 hours later, for the second time. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the Persian OSIS was 0.90. The Persian OSIS showed excellent test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94 (P < 0.01). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the Persian OSIS and DASH and VAS was 0.84 and 0.79, respectively (P < 0.01...
Iranian rehabilitation journal, Mar 1, 2021
Lower extremity muscles are critical for maintaining dynamic balance and athletic performance. Fa... more Lower extremity muscles are critical for maintaining dynamic balance and athletic performance. Fatigue of these muscles may affect dynamic balance. It is unclear whether fatigue in a particular muscle group can affect dynamic balance more than that in other groups. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of fatigue in 5 muscle groups on dynamic balance in volleyball players. Methods: Fifteen healthy male volleyball players separately performed the Star Excursion Balance Test before and immediately after the occurrence of fatigue of ankle Plantar Flexor (PF), knee extensor, knee flexor, hip abductor, and hip adductor muscles. Composite reach distance and distance in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were recorded, accordingly. Results: Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) data indicated that fatigue of all muscle groups significantly decreased the mean score of composite (P<0.001). Anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral distance scores decreased following muscle fatigue of knee extensors and ankle PFs (P<0.05). Discussion: This study suggested that regarding composite reach score, fatigue of ankle, knee, and hip muscles similarly decreased dynamic balance. However, evaluating three main directions revealed that knee extensors and ankle PFs muscles fatigue presented more prominent effects on the explored volleyball players' balance, compared to the other muscles.
European Geriatric Medicine
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Mar 1, 2023
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
Annals of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have some problems with functional perf... more Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have some problems with functional performance. There are some controversies regarding functionality of isokinetic measures of strength. This manuscript presents a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the objective of reviewing the relationship between isokinetic indicators of strength and functional performance in patients with chronic ankle instability.
Isokinetic dynamometry of the knee extensors and flexors in Iranian healthy males and females
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies, 2020
Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of applied Kinesio tape on the af... more Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of applied Kinesio tape on the affected ankle on the amount of exerting force by the non-affected foot in patients with chronic stroke during the stand to sit task. Methods: The current quasi-experimental clinical trial was conducted on 26 patients with chronic stroke. The stand-to-sit task was performed in three positions (symmetric foot placement, and placing the unaffected foot ahead of the affected foot and the unaffected foot behind the affected one), and the vertical axis of the ground reaction force was recorded instantly by a force plate at three time points of 2, 5, and 8 seconds of the stand-to-sit task. Then, Appropriate taping was applied on subjects' affected ankles and all measurements were repeated. Results: At the time points of 2 and 5 seconds, the main effect of foot positions was significant (P = 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively); when the tested foot was placed behind, the main effect was significantly different from those of other positions (P = 0.018). However, the main and interactive effect of the tape was not significant (P > 0.05). At the second eight, no significant change was observed (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The current study findings showed that placing the unaffected foot behind the affected one led to more force and there was no significant difference between the forces with and without using the tape.
Applied Neuropsychology, 1997
ABSTRACT
Sport Sciences for Health
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of kinesio taping (KT) over ab... more Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of kinesio taping (KT) over abdominal muscles with different tensions on the components of the lumbopelvic complex. Materials and Methods: This is a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants were 44 healthy male athletes aged 18-30 years with increased anterior pelvic tilt (PT). Three intervention groups underwent 15 minutes of KT over rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles with tensions of 100, 115, and 140%, respectively, and one group was considered as the control group with no KT. The PT and lumbar lordosis angles and iliopsoas and hamstring muscle lengths were measured before and after the KT. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the means in the study groups before and after the intervention. Results: The mean of right and left PT and lumbar lordosis angles in groups with 115 and 140% tensions before and after the intervention were statistically different (P<0.05). Moreove...
Auditory and Vestibular Research, 2021
Background and Aim: Vestibular system has several anatomical connections with cognitive regions o... more Background and Aim: Vestibular system has several anatomical connections with cognitive regions of the brain. Vestibular disorders have negative effects on cognitive performance. Hearing-impaired patients, particularly cochlear implant users, have concomitant vestibular disorders. Previous studies have shown that attention assigned to postural control decreases while performing a cognitive task (dual task) in hearing-impaired children. Since the vestibular system and postural control performance develop around 15−16 years of age, the aim of this study was to compare postural control performance during dual task in adolescent boys with normal hearing and cochlear implant (CI) users with congenital hearing-impairment. Methods: Postural control was assessed in twenty 16−19 year old cochlear implant boys and 40 normal hearing peers with force plate. The main outcomes were displacement in posterior- anterior and medial-lateral planes, and mean speed with and without cognitive task and ...
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2020
The article's abstract is no available.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that follows the novel ec... more Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that follows the novel eccentric exercise. Although this condition is self-limiting, it can temporarily affect the function and interrupt training. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of Kinesio tape on pain intensity, range of motion, and function during delayed onset muscle soreness in the amateur hamstring muscles. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial conducted on 32 untrained individuals with a Mean±SD age of 24.16±3.049 years. At first, the participants were assessed with an active knee extension range of motion, distance in triple hop test, pressure-induced pain, and overall pain before Kinesio tape intervention, and then Kinesio tape intervention was applied to the hamstrings from origin to insertion (proximal to distal) in a Y shape with a tension of approximately 30%. The study variables were evaluated again 24, 48, and 72 hours after the intervention (4 times totally) Results: Kinesio tape could significantly reduce pain intensity 24 hours and 48 hours after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<0.05). Also, Kinesio tape intervention increases the range of motion of active knee extension in the first 24 hours compared to before the intervention (P=0.0.4). Besides, the effect of using Kinesio tape intervention on the variable of the triple hop test was significant 24 and 48 hours after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<0.05). Kinesio tape increase in the threshold of compressive pain after the intervention was not significantly different from before the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the present study results, the Kinesio tape possibly reduced DOMS-induced parameters like pain, range of motion limitations, and function, but it had no significant advantage in other DOMS-induced parameters like pressure pain threshold. Kinesio tape application before exercise or competition should be considered by exercise trainers and athletes. Future studies may evaluate different strategies or therapeutic applications to prevent and manage DOMS.
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2017
Introduction: Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) may be associated with impaired proprioception which c... more Introduction: Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) may be associated with impaired proprioception which can result in joint instability and balance deficit. However, wearing a lumbosacral belt may be helpful in this situation. This study aimed to identify postural control impairments in patients with CLBP and determine the effect of lumbosacral support on postural control strategies in these patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients with CLBP and 16 healthy subjects participated in this study. Center of Pressure (COP) data were recorded for 30 seconds while wearing or not wearing a belt in four standing positions; double leg with open eyes, double leg with closed eyes, single leg with open eyes, single leg with closed eyes. Postural control was assessed using range, area and total mean velocity for each experimental condition. Results: Patients with CLBP showed significantly larger mean COP range and mean area compared to the healthy controls in single leg stance with closed e...
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2018
IntroductionAnkle sprain occurs often late in sport competitions consisting of many lateral ankle... more IntroductionAnkle sprain occurs often late in sport competitions consisting of many lateral ankle movements, jumping or landing, where peroneal muscles are fatigued. Changes in Ground Reaction Force (GRF) parameters may also be related to this injury. The present study aimed to assess the effects of peroneal muscles fatigue on GRF profile during lateral hop landing.Materials and MethodsTwenty-five recreationally active healthy males performed a lateral hop on a force plate before and after a fatigue intervention by a Biodex dynamometer using an isometric eversion at 40% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction until eversion torque decreased to 50% of its initial value. A force plate and an EMG system were used to collect data during lateral hop landing.ResultsFatigue was confirmed by a significant fall in median frequency (P<0.05). Mean of the normalized peak GRF in the vertical direction, mean of the normalized impulse of the GRF in the vertical direction, and means of the ti...
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2017
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of 4-week postural corrective exercise progr... more Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of 4-week postural corrective exercise program on forward head posture in college-aged females. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized controlled study. Twenty-one female students with craniovertebral angle measured less than or equal to 50 degrees were selected and randomly assigned to intervention (n=12) or control (n=9) group. Intervention group performed forward head posture corrective exercises in the form of stretching and strengthening exercises. The craniovertebral angle, active neck flexion range of motion and strength of lower and middle trapezius were measured before and after 4 weeks exercise program. Results: After four weeks, significant increases were observed in the intervention group regarding the means of craniovertebral angle (P=0.0001), active neck flexion range of motion (P=0.04) and lower trapezius strength (P=0.03), while the mean strength of middle trapezius had not changed significantly (P>0.05). C...
Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications, 2018
Background: Sports injuries of the knee joint are very common. There are both contact injuries an... more Background: Sports injuries of the knee joint are very common. There are both contact injuries and non-contact injuries. Contractile injuries may be due to an impairment of the knee joint position sense or a decrease of the quadriceps muscle strength. Using a Kinesio taping method may decrease this impairment. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of direction and tension of Kinesio taping of the quadriceps muscle on repositioning sense of the knee joint and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors. Methods: Twenty-one recreationally active healthy males, determined by convenient nonprobability sampling method, participated in this quazi-experimental study. The tests were performed in biomechanics laboratory of School of Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, between July to November 2017. They visited biomechanics laboratory 5 sessions. The first session was for familiarization with the main tests and signing an informed consent form. For 2 through 5 sessions, one of each Kinesio tape tension approaches of 100, 115 and 140 percent (origin to insertion direction) and 100 percent (insertion to origin direction) was randomly applied on the quadriceps muscle. Active and passive repositioning sense of the knee joint at 60-degree flexion and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors of the dominant extremity before and after Kinesio taping were measured using a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA). Order of measuring active and passive repositioning sense and maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the knee extensors were randomly selected. Results: Origin to insertion Kinesio taping method with tension of 100, 115 and 140 percent significantly decreased means of active and passive repositioning sense errors (P< 0.05) and changed means of maximum concentric and eccentric torque of the quadriceps muscle (P< 0.05). But, insertion to origin Kinesio taping did not change significantly any parameter (P> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, Kinesio taping could influence on repositioning sense of the knee joint at 60-degree knee flexion. Maximum concentric and eccentric extensor torques was also increased.
Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 2016
Introduction: Assessing quality of life for patients with shoulder instability may be essential b... more Introduction: Assessing quality of life for patients with shoulder instability may be essential because of the negative impacts of the disease on patient’s life. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to assess the internal validity and consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the Persian version of the Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OSIS). Material and Methods: A total of 150 patients with shoulder instability completed the Persian OSIS, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and visual analog scale (VAS) to test convergent validity. 50 randomly selected patients completed the OSIS, 48 hours later, for the second time. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the Persian OSIS was 0.90. The Persian OSIS showed excellent test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94 (P < 0.01). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the Persian OSIS and DASH and VAS was 0.84 and 0.79, respectively (P < 0.01...