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Papers by kesava rao

In the world today, urban mobility is one of the unprecedented challenges to be tackled in a big ... more In the world today, urban mobility is one of the unprecedented challenges to be tackled in a big city's administration. This paper analyzes the everurban population around the world and discusses the traffic systems in densely populated towns. In addition, it proposes an advanced traffic management system, implemented using the Internet of Things (IoT).The system is supported by a circuit built into the vehicle, which operates with clustered systems using RFID. The system's functionalities include efficient control of traffic light, identification of stolen vehicle and anti-theft security mechanism. Presentation of the proposed architecture and work with Hadoop involving Big Data Analytics. Moreover, supervised learning techniques are proposed that would help determine road standard, estimate overall traffic flow, calculate average speed on a road of distinct types of vehicles, and analyze travel path of a vehicle. Indexed TermsInternet of Things (IoT), IR (infrared) sensor,...

Small Ruminant Research, 1998

Sixteen crossbred rams were allotted to four groups with four animals in each. Rams in the contro... more Sixteen crossbred rams were allotted to four groups with four animals in each. Rams in the control group were supplied requisite quantity of standard ration consisting of maize 32%, groundnut cake 32%, wheat bran 33%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%. All animals were offered green fodder at the rate of 200 g and ad lib. wheat straw. Ten

2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2013

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the identification of oil spill using Hybrid polarity SA... more The main aim of this paper is to discuss the identification of oil spill using Hybrid polarity SAR architecture of India's first Radar imaging Satellite RISAT-1 SAR images. The RISAT-1's Hybrid polarity SAR architecture and imaging modes are discussed. The characterization of EM waves with polarization ellipse and polarization state are discussed. The Stokes parameters S1,S2,S3,S4 and its importance for deriving ellipticity and relative phase angle is described. The new m-chi and m-delta decomposition methods are used in India's Chandrayaan-1 mission for water-ice identification are illustrated. These methods are applied to Norway oil spill image of RISAT-1 to identify the oil spill region and discriminate look alikes. The preliminary results are encouraging to highlight the potential of unsupervised classification for identification of oil spill with SAR images.

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2014

Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environme... more Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environmental risk assessment and mitigation. Recent use of Polarimetric SAR imagery in near real time oil spill detection systems is associated with attempts towards automatic and unambiguous oil spill detection based on decomposition methods. Such systems integrate remote sensing technology, geo information, communication system, hardware and software systems to provide key information for analysis and decision making. Geographic information systems (GIS) like BHUVAN can significantly contribute to oil spill management based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. India has long coast line from Gujarat to Bengal and hundreds of ports. The increase in shipping also increases the risk of oil spills in our maritime zone. The availability of RISAT-1 SAR images enhances the scope to monitor oil spills and develop GIS on Bhuvan which can be accessed by all the users, such as ships, coast guard, environmentalists etc., The GIS enables realization of oil spill maps based on integration of the geographical, remote sensing, oil & gas production/infrastructure data and slick signatures detected by SAR. SAR and GIS technologies can significantly improve the realization of oil spill footprint distribution maps. Preliminary assessment shows that the Bhuvan promises to be an ideal solution to understand spatial, temporal occurrence of oil spills in the marine atlas of India. The oil spill maps on Bhuvan based GIS facility will help the ONGC and Coast Guard organization.

Small Ruminant Research, 2003

Three groups of five indigenous male goats 5-6 months of age, were offered control concentrate mi... more Three groups of five indigenous male goats 5-6 months of age, were offered control concentrate mixture (Group I) and those of Groups II and III were fed experimental concentrates containing 15 and 25% of water washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake (NKC). After 180 days of feeding the goats were slaughtered. Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from lumbar region was analysed for certain physico-chemical characteristics, organoleptic quality, detailed lipid profile and fatty acid composition; phosopholipids were fractionated into phosphatidyl inositide (PI), phosphatidyl serine (PS), lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE), sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidyl choline (PC) phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidic acid (PA). Fatty acids; capric, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acid were also identified. Feeding of NKC did not affect slaughter weight and dressing out yield. The dressing percentage ranged between 42.2 and 43.8%. The pH, colour, moisture, total crude protein, different protein fractions; water extractable, salt extractable and content of NPN did not differ among the groups. There was a significant decrease in the total lipid content of LD of experimental groups. PC and PE were the major fractions accounting for 60% of total phospholipids. There was a significant increase in PC and LPC fractions while LPE + SPH, PE and PA fractions decreased in goats fed NKC. A significant increase was noticed in unsaturated fatty acid content and decrease in total saturates. It is concluded that NKC feeding has the ability of reducing lipid content and increasing the unsaturated fatty acids, which are considered to be beneficial in reducing the cholesterol level. It may be used beneficially as an alternative for costly conventional oil cakes for economic lean chevon production without affecting the quality of goat meat.

Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2011

A study was planned to develop restructured chicken product by incorporating optimum level of giz... more A study was planned to develop restructured chicken product by incorporating optimum level of gizzard and fat and evaluate their quality attributes under refrigerated storage condition (4±10 C). Incorporation of gizzard did not show any change in pH, but cooking yield reduced significantly (P<0.05) at 40% level. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in fat content and increase in protein and ash content with increase in the level of gizzard in the formulation. Significant (P<0.05) improvement in the sensory attributes of chicken blocks was noticed by addition of gizzard. Incorporation of fat resulted in no change in pH, significant (P<0.05) reduction in cooking yield, moisture and protein content and increase in fat and total ash content. Products incorporated with fat rated better than control for various sensory attributes. Significant (P<0.05) increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), tyrosine value, stand plate count and psychrophilic count was observed during refrigerated storage (4± 10 C) in both control (no gizzard and fat) and test chicken blocks incorporated with gizzard and fat. The restructured chicken products were found acceptable up to 10 days under refrigerated storage condition (4±10 C).

This paper proposes the uses of nonlinear static analysis of masonry building for seismic assessm... more This paper proposes the uses of nonlinear static analysis of masonry building for seismic assessment behavior. In this methodology consist push over analysis on the modal building. The push over analysis is a more realistic assessment of seismic vulnerability. Since it can give a higher number of possible failure mechanism then in the pushover analysis restricted to the two principle directions of the structure. according to this method the peak story drift, displacement and shear obtained from response spectrum analysis can resolve in to their translation and rotational components and related lateral forces and moments can be calculated. The development of result of pushover analysis using constructed load pattern is consider the seismic demand of the structure. The target displacements of the nonlinear static analysis can be calculated using the available codes IS 1893-2016, IS 4562000, ASCE 41-13, FEMA-356,213 and ATC-40.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2012

ABSTRACT Determination and enhancement of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) are important issue... more ABSTRACT Determination and enhancement of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) are important issues in deregulated operation of power systems. This paper investigates the use of FACTs devices, like SVC and TCSC, to maximize power transfer transactions during normal and contingency situations. ATC is computed using Continuation Power Flow (CPF) method considering both thermal limits and voltage profile. Real-code Genetic Algorithm (RGA) is used as an optimization tool to determine the location and controlling parameters of SVC and TCSC. The suggested methodology is tested on IEEE 14-bus system and also on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system for normal and different contingency cases.

2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2011

Abstract Since a couple of decades ago voltage stability assessment has received an increasing at... more Abstract Since a couple of decades ago voltage stability assessment has received an increasing attention due to complexity of the power system. With the increase in power demand and limited power sources has caused the system to operate at its maximum ...

2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2011

Abstract Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed to ... more Abstract Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed to be effective for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltage in electrical power systems, resulting in an increased transfer capability, low system losses and ...

International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2014

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to envir... more ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to environmental concerns and fuel deficiency. This paper proposes a novel approach to battery charge indication and propulsion system of electric/HEV. The vehicle dynamics are studied to find an optimal torque-speed profile for the electric propulsion system. The results reveal that the vehicle operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and grade, can be met with minimum power rating if the HEV is operated in the constant power region. The proposed system is analysed using MATLAB software and the results are used in designing a physical model of a vehicle.

Precambrian Research, 2007

The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) constitutes a large part of the South Indian Precambrian shi... more The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) constitutes a large part of the South Indian Precambrian shield. A study of the crustal reflectivity and tectonic framework of the Madurai Block of the SGT has been carried out using multifold seismic reflection survey along the Vattalkundu– ...

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011

2-D velocity structure up to the basement is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arriva... more 2-D velocity structure up to the basement is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arrival seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data along the SW–NE trending Jhagadia–Rajpipla profile, located on the western part of Deccan syneclise in the Narmada–Tapti region. The study region is mostly covered by alluvium. Inversion of refraction and wide-angle reflection data reveals four layered velocity structure above the basement. The first two layers with P-wave velocities of 1.95–2.3kms−1 and 2.7–3.05kms−1 represent the Recent and Quaternary sediments respectively. The thickness of these sediments varies from 0.15 km to 3.4km. The third layer with a P-wave velocity of 4.8–5.1kms−1 corresponds to the Deccan volcanics, whose thickness varies from 0.5km to 1.0km. Presence of a low velocity zone (LVZ) below the high velocity volcanic rocks in the study area is inferred from the travel-time ‘skip’ and amplitude decay of the first arrival refraction data and the wide-angle reflection from top of the LVZ present immediately after the first arrival refraction from Deccan Trap layer. The thickness of the low velocity Mesozoic sediments varies from 0.3km to 1.7km. The basement with a P-wave velocity of 5.9–6.15kms−1 lies at a depth of 4.9km near Jhagadia and shallows to 1.2km towards northeast near Rajpipla. The results indicate presence of low velocity Mesozoic sediments hidden below the Deccan Trap layer in the western part of the Deccan syneclise.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1993

The discovery of paclitaxel, an anticancer agent was a milestone in the path of anticancer drug d... more The discovery of paclitaxel, an anticancer agent was a milestone in the path of anticancer drug discovery. After approval from FDA taxol was widely used for cancer treatment. The taxol was isolated from the bark of fully grown taxus plants with is a fatal source, to overcome this problem almost all the species were investigated for the taxol and taxol like molecules. Brevifoliol is one of the many taxoid isolated from the taxus plants. The significance of brevifoliol was its source which was dried needles of plants including the Himalayan yew tree Taxus wallichiana. Brevifoliol belongs to the large group of diterpenoid cyclodecanes, the same group with which taxol belongs. In-vitro studies indicate that brevifoliol has significant activity against colon cancer cell line which is slightly better than taxol. In the present article, all the updated information and its superiority over taxol will be discussed.

This paper endeavours to explain the choice of seismic recording system even when faced with dive... more This paper endeavours to explain the choice of seismic recording system even when faced with divergent aims and objectives. A field technique for extending the range of remote firing by using relay station(s) in DSS/Lithospheric studies has been discussed in detail. All the other modifications implemented for adopting the system (DFS-V) have also been mentioned. The use of twin effective, rugged and better alternative is clearly demonstrated. The optimum utilisation of important support equipment like Encoder, VHF sets, Delay Recording and Header Interface units in emphasised

In the world today, urban mobility is one of the unprecedented challenges to be tackled in a big ... more In the world today, urban mobility is one of the unprecedented challenges to be tackled in a big city's administration. This paper analyzes the everurban population around the world and discusses the traffic systems in densely populated towns. In addition, it proposes an advanced traffic management system, implemented using the Internet of Things (IoT).The system is supported by a circuit built into the vehicle, which operates with clustered systems using RFID. The system's functionalities include efficient control of traffic light, identification of stolen vehicle and anti-theft security mechanism. Presentation of the proposed architecture and work with Hadoop involving Big Data Analytics. Moreover, supervised learning techniques are proposed that would help determine road standard, estimate overall traffic flow, calculate average speed on a road of distinct types of vehicles, and analyze travel path of a vehicle. Indexed TermsInternet of Things (IoT), IR (infrared) sensor,...

Small Ruminant Research, 1998

Sixteen crossbred rams were allotted to four groups with four animals in each. Rams in the contro... more Sixteen crossbred rams were allotted to four groups with four animals in each. Rams in the control group were supplied requisite quantity of standard ration consisting of maize 32%, groundnut cake 32%, wheat bran 33%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%. All animals were offered green fodder at the rate of 200 g and ad lib. wheat straw. Ten

2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2013

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the identification of oil spill using Hybrid polarity SA... more The main aim of this paper is to discuss the identification of oil spill using Hybrid polarity SAR architecture of India's first Radar imaging Satellite RISAT-1 SAR images. The RISAT-1's Hybrid polarity SAR architecture and imaging modes are discussed. The characterization of EM waves with polarization ellipse and polarization state are discussed. The Stokes parameters S1,S2,S3,S4 and its importance for deriving ellipticity and relative phase angle is described. The new m-chi and m-delta decomposition methods are used in India's Chandrayaan-1 mission for water-ice identification are illustrated. These methods are applied to Norway oil spill image of RISAT-1 to identify the oil spill region and discriminate look alikes. The preliminary results are encouraging to highlight the potential of unsupervised classification for identification of oil spill with SAR images.

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2014

Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environme... more Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environmental risk assessment and mitigation. Recent use of Polarimetric SAR imagery in near real time oil spill detection systems is associated with attempts towards automatic and unambiguous oil spill detection based on decomposition methods. Such systems integrate remote sensing technology, geo information, communication system, hardware and software systems to provide key information for analysis and decision making. Geographic information systems (GIS) like BHUVAN can significantly contribute to oil spill management based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. India has long coast line from Gujarat to Bengal and hundreds of ports. The increase in shipping also increases the risk of oil spills in our maritime zone. The availability of RISAT-1 SAR images enhances the scope to monitor oil spills and develop GIS on Bhuvan which can be accessed by all the users, such as ships, coast guard, environmentalists etc., The GIS enables realization of oil spill maps based on integration of the geographical, remote sensing, oil & gas production/infrastructure data and slick signatures detected by SAR. SAR and GIS technologies can significantly improve the realization of oil spill footprint distribution maps. Preliminary assessment shows that the Bhuvan promises to be an ideal solution to understand spatial, temporal occurrence of oil spills in the marine atlas of India. The oil spill maps on Bhuvan based GIS facility will help the ONGC and Coast Guard organization.

Small Ruminant Research, 2003

Three groups of five indigenous male goats 5-6 months of age, were offered control concentrate mi... more Three groups of five indigenous male goats 5-6 months of age, were offered control concentrate mixture (Group I) and those of Groups II and III were fed experimental concentrates containing 15 and 25% of water washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake (NKC). After 180 days of feeding the goats were slaughtered. Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from lumbar region was analysed for certain physico-chemical characteristics, organoleptic quality, detailed lipid profile and fatty acid composition; phosopholipids were fractionated into phosphatidyl inositide (PI), phosphatidyl serine (PS), lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE), sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidyl choline (PC) phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidic acid (PA). Fatty acids; capric, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acid were also identified. Feeding of NKC did not affect slaughter weight and dressing out yield. The dressing percentage ranged between 42.2 and 43.8%. The pH, colour, moisture, total crude protein, different protein fractions; water extractable, salt extractable and content of NPN did not differ among the groups. There was a significant decrease in the total lipid content of LD of experimental groups. PC and PE were the major fractions accounting for 60% of total phospholipids. There was a significant increase in PC and LPC fractions while LPE + SPH, PE and PA fractions decreased in goats fed NKC. A significant increase was noticed in unsaturated fatty acid content and decrease in total saturates. It is concluded that NKC feeding has the ability of reducing lipid content and increasing the unsaturated fatty acids, which are considered to be beneficial in reducing the cholesterol level. It may be used beneficially as an alternative for costly conventional oil cakes for economic lean chevon production without affecting the quality of goat meat.

Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2011

A study was planned to develop restructured chicken product by incorporating optimum level of giz... more A study was planned to develop restructured chicken product by incorporating optimum level of gizzard and fat and evaluate their quality attributes under refrigerated storage condition (4±10 C). Incorporation of gizzard did not show any change in pH, but cooking yield reduced significantly (P<0.05) at 40% level. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in fat content and increase in protein and ash content with increase in the level of gizzard in the formulation. Significant (P<0.05) improvement in the sensory attributes of chicken blocks was noticed by addition of gizzard. Incorporation of fat resulted in no change in pH, significant (P<0.05) reduction in cooking yield, moisture and protein content and increase in fat and total ash content. Products incorporated with fat rated better than control for various sensory attributes. Significant (P<0.05) increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), tyrosine value, stand plate count and psychrophilic count was observed during refrigerated storage (4± 10 C) in both control (no gizzard and fat) and test chicken blocks incorporated with gizzard and fat. The restructured chicken products were found acceptable up to 10 days under refrigerated storage condition (4±10 C).

This paper proposes the uses of nonlinear static analysis of masonry building for seismic assessm... more This paper proposes the uses of nonlinear static analysis of masonry building for seismic assessment behavior. In this methodology consist push over analysis on the modal building. The push over analysis is a more realistic assessment of seismic vulnerability. Since it can give a higher number of possible failure mechanism then in the pushover analysis restricted to the two principle directions of the structure. according to this method the peak story drift, displacement and shear obtained from response spectrum analysis can resolve in to their translation and rotational components and related lateral forces and moments can be calculated. The development of result of pushover analysis using constructed load pattern is consider the seismic demand of the structure. The target displacements of the nonlinear static analysis can be calculated using the available codes IS 1893-2016, IS 4562000, ASCE 41-13, FEMA-356,213 and ATC-40.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2012

ABSTRACT Determination and enhancement of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) are important issue... more ABSTRACT Determination and enhancement of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) are important issues in deregulated operation of power systems. This paper investigates the use of FACTs devices, like SVC and TCSC, to maximize power transfer transactions during normal and contingency situations. ATC is computed using Continuation Power Flow (CPF) method considering both thermal limits and voltage profile. Real-code Genetic Algorithm (RGA) is used as an optimization tool to determine the location and controlling parameters of SVC and TCSC. The suggested methodology is tested on IEEE 14-bus system and also on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system for normal and different contingency cases.

2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2011

Abstract Since a couple of decades ago voltage stability assessment has received an increasing at... more Abstract Since a couple of decades ago voltage stability assessment has received an increasing attention due to complexity of the power system. With the increase in power demand and limited power sources has caused the system to operate at its maximum ...

2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2011

Abstract Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed to ... more Abstract Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed to be effective for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltage in electrical power systems, resulting in an increased transfer capability, low system losses and ...

International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2014

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to envir... more ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to environmental concerns and fuel deficiency. This paper proposes a novel approach to battery charge indication and propulsion system of electric/HEV. The vehicle dynamics are studied to find an optimal torque-speed profile for the electric propulsion system. The results reveal that the vehicle operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and grade, can be met with minimum power rating if the HEV is operated in the constant power region. The proposed system is analysed using MATLAB software and the results are used in designing a physical model of a vehicle.

Precambrian Research, 2007

The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) constitutes a large part of the South Indian Precambrian shi... more The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) constitutes a large part of the South Indian Precambrian shield. A study of the crustal reflectivity and tectonic framework of the Madurai Block of the SGT has been carried out using multifold seismic reflection survey along the Vattalkundu– ...

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011

2-D velocity structure up to the basement is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arriva... more 2-D velocity structure up to the basement is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arrival seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data along the SW–NE trending Jhagadia–Rajpipla profile, located on the western part of Deccan syneclise in the Narmada–Tapti region. The study region is mostly covered by alluvium. Inversion of refraction and wide-angle reflection data reveals four layered velocity structure above the basement. The first two layers with P-wave velocities of 1.95–2.3kms−1 and 2.7–3.05kms−1 represent the Recent and Quaternary sediments respectively. The thickness of these sediments varies from 0.15 km to 3.4km. The third layer with a P-wave velocity of 4.8–5.1kms−1 corresponds to the Deccan volcanics, whose thickness varies from 0.5km to 1.0km. Presence of a low velocity zone (LVZ) below the high velocity volcanic rocks in the study area is inferred from the travel-time ‘skip’ and amplitude decay of the first arrival refraction data and the wide-angle reflection from top of the LVZ present immediately after the first arrival refraction from Deccan Trap layer. The thickness of the low velocity Mesozoic sediments varies from 0.3km to 1.7km. The basement with a P-wave velocity of 5.9–6.15kms−1 lies at a depth of 4.9km near Jhagadia and shallows to 1.2km towards northeast near Rajpipla. The results indicate presence of low velocity Mesozoic sediments hidden below the Deccan Trap layer in the western part of the Deccan syneclise.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1993

The discovery of paclitaxel, an anticancer agent was a milestone in the path of anticancer drug d... more The discovery of paclitaxel, an anticancer agent was a milestone in the path of anticancer drug discovery. After approval from FDA taxol was widely used for cancer treatment. The taxol was isolated from the bark of fully grown taxus plants with is a fatal source, to overcome this problem almost all the species were investigated for the taxol and taxol like molecules. Brevifoliol is one of the many taxoid isolated from the taxus plants. The significance of brevifoliol was its source which was dried needles of plants including the Himalayan yew tree Taxus wallichiana. Brevifoliol belongs to the large group of diterpenoid cyclodecanes, the same group with which taxol belongs. In-vitro studies indicate that brevifoliol has significant activity against colon cancer cell line which is slightly better than taxol. In the present article, all the updated information and its superiority over taxol will be discussed.

This paper endeavours to explain the choice of seismic recording system even when faced with dive... more This paper endeavours to explain the choice of seismic recording system even when faced with divergent aims and objectives. A field technique for extending the range of remote firing by using relay station(s) in DSS/Lithospheric studies has been discussed in detail. All the other modifications implemented for adopting the system (DFS-V) have also been mentioned. The use of twin effective, rugged and better alternative is clearly demonstrated. The optimum utilisation of important support equipment like Encoder, VHF sets, Delay Recording and Header Interface units in emphasised