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Papers by Maryam Ranjbar

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2020

Over the recent years, solid-state hybrid solar cells based on perovskite organ metal halides, i.... more Over the recent years, solid-state hybrid solar cells based on perovskite organ metal halides, i.e., CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, or Cl), have attracted considerable attention because of very rapid development and high conventional efficiency. At present, the most challenging part in perovskite solar cells is the high stability, which must be solved before putting them into the practical application. In this study, polythiocyanogen (SCN)n was used as an additive to improve the stability of the perovskite layer at the environmental condition. Polythiocyanogen have been used to replace iodide in CH3NH3PbI3, and the resulting perovskite films CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n are used as the active material in hole-transport material (HTM) free perovskite solar cells. Polythiocyanogen in the presence of iodine in the MAPbI3 exhibits semiconductor properties which can improve the performance of the perovskite solar cell. In this work, the CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n absorber layers with the various polythiocyanogen amount (0, 8, 16 and 24 mg/mL) and perovskite solar cells with the FTO/C-TiO2/Meso-TiO2/[CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n]/Au structure was fabricated. A one-step solution process was used for deposition of the CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n absorber layers. UV–vis spectra and XRD results reveal that polythiocyanogen could protect perovskite layer from degradation. Moreover, polythiocyanogen has photovoltaic properties and CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n perovskite solar cell shown better short-circuit current density (Jsc) and subsequently the higher power-conversion efficiency (PCE) as well. By adding a small amount of polythiocyanogen to the conventional layer of perovskite solar cell, the short-circuit current density JSC has increased from 5.26 to 11.75 mAcm-2, and the power-conversion efficiency PCE has increased from 2.95% to 6.27%.

Solid State Sciences, 2020

Nanocrystalline Ba2(In1.8Cr0.2)O5·(H2O)δ powders were synthesized via a polymerizable-complex met... more Nanocrystalline Ba2(In1.8Cr0.2)O5·(H2O)δ powders were synthesized via a polymerizable-complex method in two different ways, one based on citric acid and the other additionally on 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-diaminopyridine, and polyethylene glycol. Crystal structure, surface area, thermochemical and optical properties were analyzed. The photocatalytic activity was measured by the reduction of CO2 under H2 gas flow. CO2 adsorption at the catalyst surface is found to be a critical factor strongly affecting the reactivity. With this study, we demonstrate the importance of the surface states as a crucial parameter when developing better CO2 photo-reduction catalysts.

Organic Electronics, 2020

Developing dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology by exploiting different alternative semico... more Developing dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology by exploiting different alternative semiconductors has attracted research attentions. Among all types of semiconductors, ZnO nanostructures due to their unique electrical properties and the facile preparation of various morphologies, have considered as the promising materials for application in DSSCs. In the present study, DC magnetron sputtering method was utilized to prepare a ZnO thin film as an efficient alternative for TiCl4 pre-treatment to suppress the charge recombination process occurring at a conventional TiO2-based DSSC. Different thicknesses of ZnO seed layers on fluorine tin oxide conductive glass substrates (FTO) were prepared via various sputtering deposition times. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were utilized to study the surface uniformity and crystallinity of the ZnO nanostructures. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to investigate the photoanode interface properties via determination of the electron lifetime and density of electron in conduction band. The results demonstrated that the thickness of ZnO compact layer which either acts as electron trapping states or blocking layer has the important role in cell performance. Finally, by the optimum thickness of ZnO thin film, the highest efficiency was achieved at 5.1%.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2020

Cd (compound II), with excellent conductivity as additives in perovskite solution. The presence o... more Cd (compound II), with excellent conductivity as additives in perovskite solution. The presence of cadmium in the structure of TMU-60-Cd can significantly enhance the conductivity of the framework. These frameworks can transfer the electron between the structures. Therefore, the use of these frameworks in perovskite solar cells could have a positive effect on electron transfer. However due to the creation of a lot of voids during the formation of perovskite layer, the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of resulting PCSs were weaker than the pristine PCS. The results revealed that using even small amounts of TMU-60, and TMU-60-Cd caused a significant reduction in PCE, and the short current densities (J sc), while improving the stability of the perovskite film, and the device. The absorption, and morphology of the new perovskite layer was also studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and XRD.

Solar Energy, 2021

The study aimed to investigate the role of the metal–organic frameworks in the perovskite solutio... more The study aimed to investigate the role of the metal–organic frameworks in the perovskite solution, and their effects on perovskite crystal, absorption, film formation, and device performance. Three supramolecular compounds of Zirconium(IV), Indium(III) and Zinc(II) with proton transfer compound, obtained from 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 2,6-pyridinediamine, were synthesized, and characterized and used as additives in perovskite solar cells. The additives with different amounts were added to the CH3NH3PbI3 solutions to control the morphology of the perovskite layer during the film formation process. More importantly, the metal–organic frameworks serving as additives can help to form a better perovskite layer with fewer voids between CH3NH3PbI3 domains during phase transformation. The findings showed that using a 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework in the perovskite layer achieved yields results in the performance of perovskite solar cells. As a result, the current density (Jsc) of the new device increased from 7.02 to 9.36 mA/cm2, and the Fill-Factor (FF) of the device improved from 0.42 to 0.62 for 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework. Also, the PCE (Efficiency) of perovskite solar cells achieved more than 90% of improvement after adding 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework as an additive in HTM-free conditions. FE-SEM and XRD studied the morphology of this new perovskite layer.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2021

Optimal delay time Antisolvent Hole transport materials (HTM) Perovskite solar cell. ntisolvent-a... more Optimal delay time Antisolvent Hole transport materials (HTM) Perovskite solar cell. ntisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach has been investigated as an effective method for the preparation of perovskite solar cells (PSC) under ambient conditions. The influence of antisolvent dropping delay time on the final morphology was investigated. The photovoltaic device with FTO/TiO 2 block/TiO 2-mp/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Au structure was fabricated, and the impact of different delay times on the morphology of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layers were examined. The hole transport materials (HTM) free PSC with optimal antisolvent dropping delay time exhibited open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.76 V with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.54 %, which were much higher than those of the PSC fabricated without antisolvent treatment (V oc of 0.64 V and PCE of 1.51 %). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the morphology and structure of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films. Photocurrent-voltage curves were plotted to investigate the photoelectric properties, carrier transfer, and recombination process in the fabricated perovskite solar cells. Our findings indicated that the proposed antisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach can provide a high-performance atmospheric method for fabrication of low-cost HTM-free perovskite solar cells.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2021

inc oxide nanostructures exhibit unique properties which make them suitable for dye-sensitized so... more inc oxide nanostructures exhibit unique properties which make them suitable for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. Their specific properties such as appropriate optical properties, proper energy band gap and high electron transfer characteristics have motivated researchers to use them in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cell photo-anodes. In the present study, the effect of thickness on the performance of a new ZnO photo-anode has been studied. All the photovoltaic parameters of the cells fabricated using N719 ruthenium dye were measured. SEM technique was utilized to determine the thickness and the UV-Visible method was used to study the transparent properties of the photo-anodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to determine the appropriate equivalent circuit for studying the electron transfer mechanisms in all the fabricated cells. The results demonstrated that the ZnO thickness is a critical parameter for providing either sufficient resistance to suppress the charge recombination process or appropriate electron transferring properties. The optimized ZnO photo-anode was obtained at a thickness of 19 µm, which resulted in an efficiency of 3.22%.

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics , 2021

Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework (MOF-235) was used as an additive in preparation and m... more Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework (MOF-235) was used as an additive in preparation and modification of perovskite layer of solar cells (PSCs). MOF-235 with the chemical formula [Fe3O(1,4-BDC)3(DMF)3][FeCl4](DMF)3] was used by the one-step solution method with the solvent engineering technique in perovskite precursor solution to synthesize the perovskite layer by solvothermal method. The perovskite layer film was characterized by XRD and FE-SEM analyzing methods to consider the effect of additive on stability and morphology of synthesized crystal layer after annealing processes. The results showed the incorporation of 5 wt% of MOF-235 increased the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of PCS from 0.99 ± 0.03 to 1.03 ± 0.02 V. Therefore, the power efficiency improved from 8.34 ± 0.37% to 9.56 ± 0.12%. As a result, the addition of MOF-235 improves the coverage of perovskite film on TiO2 layer that contributes to the stability of perovskite solar cells, due to the effects of rigidity and π–π bond of benzene ring in terephthalic acid.

Nanochemistry Research, 2021

Nickel oxide/gadolinium dopped ceria nano powders, NiO/GDC, (NGC) with controlled morphology were... more Nickel oxide/gadolinium dopped ceria nano powders, NiO/GDC, (NGC) with controlled morphology were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The nickel(II) coordination compounds have been used as new precursors for the preparation of ceramic materials, NiO/GDC, as anodic powders for application in solid oxide fuel cells. The formation of diverse morphologies with different porosity was observed by varying the Nickel(II) coordination compounds, [NiL 2 (µ-acetylenedicarboxylate)] n , [NiL 2 (µ-terephthalate)] n and [NiL 2 (µ-2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate)] n. Then three different kinds of nickel oxide / gadolinium dopped ceria, namely NGC (a), NGC (b), and NGC (c) samples, each of a different shape, were developed by new precursors. These powders have been used as electrocatalysts for solid oxide fuel cells. The catalytic performance of NGC anodes for the hydrogen oxidation reaction was analyzed via impedance spectra test using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-supported symmetry half-cell. The modified NGC (c) anode powder fabricated with the new precursor of [NiL 2 (µ-2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate)] n (N'-(pyridine-3-yl)methylene)isonicotinohydrazide (L)) manifested the least polarization resistivity of 0.106 Ω. cm 2 measured at 800 under humidified H 2. The NGC (c) anode powder with a better pore distribution and excellent microstructure demonstrated the most desirable electro-catalytic activity.

Journal of Solar Energy Research, 2022

In this study, pure phase nanostructured strontium-doped lanthanum manganite, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (L... more In this study, pure phase nanostructured strontium-doped lanthanum manganite, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM), with a hexagonal structure was synthesized by sonochemical method. Then, XRD and SEM estimated the size of the LSM nanopowders. The results are exhibited that products synthesized in this method are compatible with particle size and morphology. Magnetic measurement was done by vibrating sample measurement (VSM) on LSM nanoparticles at room temperature. According to the results obtained from VSM displayed the saturation magnetization of LSM nanoparticles exhibited a maximum of 24.25 emu/g at room temperature. Then, the influence of LSM nanoparticle as an additive on the film morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 and the performance of perovskite solar cells was examined. We explore by using 5wt % of additive can increase the short current density (Jsc) from 14.45±0.55 to 18.29±0.38 mA/cm 2 (~ 26.5 % enhancement) and power-conversion efficiency (PCE) from 8.33±0.40 to 12.41±0.35 (~ 49 % enhancement). Moreover, the morphology, and band gap of the new perovskite layer was improved.

Scientific Reports, 2022

A novel Zn (II) organic framework comprising 2-phenyl benzimidazole (ZPBIF-1) was synthesized by ... more A novel Zn (II) organic framework comprising 2-phenyl benzimidazole (ZPBIF-1) was synthesized by using a solvothermal method. The characterization of the synthesized MOF was performed utilizing XRD, SEM, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, MS, XPS, TG/DTA, and N 2 sorption analysis. ZPBIF-1 was successfully utilized to remove Acid red 88, Basic Violet 14, Basic Blue 54, and Congo red dyes in aqueous solutions. In this study, some parameters, including adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH, were examined. To evaluate the experimental data, Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were used. In this case, Langmuir is the most suitable model. Several kinetic models, including First-order, pseudo-firstorder, second-order, and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models, Elovich's, and Weber's intraparticle diffusion models, were utilized to comprehend the detailed adsorption process. According to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, dye sorption kinetics is best described. In addition, thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy (ΔH°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), and entropy (ΔS°) were also achieved and analyzed. The experimental studies thus suggest that Zn (II) metal-organic framework based on 2-phenyl benzimidazole could be a promising candidate for eliminating dyes from aqueous solution. Hence, the experimental studies suggest that a Zn (II) metal-organic framework based on 2-phenylbenzimidazole could be a promising candidate for eliminating dyes from aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZPBIF-1 was 1666.66, 1250, 1000, and 1250 mg/g for Acid red 88, Basic violet 14, Basic blue 54, and Congo red dyes, respectively. Furthermore, this method was used to remove contaminant dyes from textile wastewater, and an acceptable result was obtained. Colored chemicals are symbolized by dyes in several industries, such as leather, textiles, paper, and plastic. Due to dye consumption and production, as well as difficulty removing dyes during coagulation procedures, colored wastewater is produced directly. In general, most dyes are synthetic and contain aromatic rings 1 , making them carcinogenic and mutagenic, not biodegradable, and inert if discharged into waste streams. Potentially, they can have acute or chronic effects on organisms exposed to them. Sunlight is also absorbed or reflected by watersoluble dyes inhibiting the bacteria growth. Furthermore, they are visible and lead to esthetic pollution even at low concentrations 2. Thus it is significantly essential to remove the color from aquatic systems 3,4. Many methods for removing dyes from wastewater have been developed, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, oxidation, and photocatalytic degradation 5-10. Among them, the adsorption technique is simple to apply and offers considerable advantages in this regard. Adsorption is a method for removing a wide range of compounds from industrial wastewater. In most cases, adsorption is employed for removing low levels of non-degradable organic compounds from groundwater, drinking water preparation, processing water, or as a tertiary cleanse after biological water treatment. During adsorption, molecules in a liquid bond with those on a solid surface, and since adsorbents have a large surface area, they are suitable for adsorption 11. In fact, it can be

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 2023

A Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by the solvothermal method of zinc nit... more A Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by the solvothermal method of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in DMF to remove Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized ZIF-8 was distinguished by XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, EDX, TEM methods. Several significant variables were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the highest removal of metal ions. According to the achieved results, the aqueous solution pH values of 6.5, 6.5, and 6.0, ZIF-8 dosages of 0.05, 0.06, and 0.05 g⸳L-1 , and metal ions initial concentrations of 50, 60, and 60 mg⸳L-1 were chosen as the optimum amount of these variables for Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) ions adsorption from solution, respectively. The equilibrium time for metal ions adsorption was found at 50 min. Three-dimensional plots demonstrate relationships between the metal ion uptakes with the paired factors, which illustrate the behavior of the sorption system in a batch process. Based on the experimental results and model parameters, maximum adsorption efficiencies were achieved 89.76, 72 and 68.43% for Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II), respectively. It can be suggested that the synthetized ZIF-8 has excellent potential as an effective adsorbent and used for heavy metal sorption from water environment.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024

New hydrazinium hydro-closo-borates with [B n H n ] 2anions (n = 10 and 12) were obtained by dire... more New hydrazinium hydro-closo-borates with [B n H n ] 2anions (n = 10 and 12) were obtained by direct reaction of the free acids (H 3 O) 2 [B n H n ] with hydrazinium hydrate (N 2 H 4 ⋅ x H 2 O) in aqueous solution. The three new compounds (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 10 H 10 ], (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 10 H 10 ] ⋅ 2 N 2 H 4 and (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 12 H 12 ] ⋅ 2 N 2 H 4 crystallize in the space groups P2 1 /c, C2/c and P 1, respectively. They contain up to 11 wt-% hydrogen. Two main kinds of bonding were observed in all crystal structures, classical hydrogen bonds (N δ-H δ+ ⋯N δ-) and dihydrogen bonding between the negatively polarized hydrogen of the boron clusters and positively polarized hydrogen in hydrazinium cations (B δ+-H δ-⋯H δ+-N δ-). Thermal decomposition analyses of these compounds show that they absorb energy first, and then release a huge amount of energy upon decomposition and collapse of the structure. Due to the differently polarized hydrogen atoms in these compounds, hydrogen molecules (H 2) are generated during the decomposition, which can be used as hydrogen fuel.

International Journal of New Chemistry, 2022

An efficient and rapid fabrication procedure for ZIF-8 crystals through ultrasonic assisted strat... more An efficient and rapid fabrication procedure for ZIF-8 crystals through ultrasonic assisted strategy (30min) was reported. Additionally, the crystallinity, morphology, chemical bonding, and porosity of ZIF-8 were fully characterized by XRD, and FT-IR. The Response surface methodology approach was established to optimize a series of adsorption conditions: initial concentration (10-400 mg/L), dose (0.02-1 g/L), and time (20-60 min) for Red 141 and Violet-5r removals. Particularly, plausible adsorption mechanisms (electrostatic interactions and π-π stacking) were elucidated, and isotherm models were rigorously studied by three-parameter equations (Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin). The adsorption isotherm data showed the adsorption of reactive dyes by ZIF-8, was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics parameters were in accord with the pseudo-second-order equation, which implied that the adsorption rate was mainly controlled by the chemisorption mechanism. Through advantageous effectiveness involving good reusability (4 recycles), and maximum adsorption capacities (250-200 mg/g), it is recommendable to utilize ZIF-8 as a good adsorbent for the dyes remediation.

Hydrogen, Fuel Cell & Energy Storage, 2022

In this study, nickel oxide-gadolinium doped ceria, NiO-GDC, composite powder was synthesized by ... more In this study, nickel oxide-gadolinium doped ceria, NiO-GDC, composite powder was synthesized by the sol-gel method with a new Ni(II) complex. A new Ni(II) complex, chemical formula [Ni(μ-L)] n (NO 3) 2 , L = N'-(pyridine-2-yl)methylene) isonicotinohydrazide), was used as a new precursor. The new Ni(II) complex was prepared by a reaction between ligand, L, and Ni(NO 3).6H 2 O using the hydrothermal method. Then the NiO-GDC powders were synthesized using Ce(NO 3) 3 .6H 2 O, and Gd(NO 3) 3 .6H 2 O, and the as-synthesized new Ni(II) complex [Ni(μ-L)] n (NO 3) 2 with the sol-gel method. The NiO-GDC powder was modified to increase the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures (600-800 ℃) by increasing the three-phase boundary region in the anode. Finally, the NiO-GDC anode powders prepared with the new precursor were compared with the NiO-GDC anode powders synthesized from metal nitrates as a precursor. The results showed that the modified NiO-GDC anode had more three-phase boundaries, TPB, a more uniform microstructure, a higher specific surface area, and a porous structure that effectively improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode. SOFC half-cell resistance with this high-performance anode decreased by 85 % at 800 ℃ compared to conventional half-cells.

Journal of Particle Science and Technology, 2022

New supramolecules of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II) with ligand LH 2 , [pyda.H 2 ] 2+ [pydc] 2-, (py... more New supramolecules of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II) with ligand LH 2 , [pyda.H 2 ] 2+ [pydc] 2-, (pyda = 2,6-pyridinediamine and pydc.H 2 = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) were prepared.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2023

Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2) O 5 •(H 2 O)y Solvent engineering technique. n this... more Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2) O 5 •(H 2 O)y Solvent engineering technique. n this study, two inorganic additives with perovskite structure have been used as additives in fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x and Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2)O 5 •(H 2 O) y was applied in perovskite precursor solution for synthesis of photo absorption layer in PCSs by a one-step solution method with solvent engineering technique. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x were prepared by solid-state and soft chemistry methods like the procedures in previous work, and utilized to improve the crystal structure and morphology of perovskite layer of PSCs. The morphology of the new perovskite layers was studied by FE-SEM, and XRD analysis. The results showed using 2 wt % of additives in precursor solution of fabricated PCS s increased the open-circuit voltage (V oc) of cells, also the power-conversion efficiency of the cells improved from 7.8 % to 9.7, and 9.3 % by using both additives respectively. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x could modify the coverage of perovskite film on the TiO 2 layer and consequently improve the photovoltaic stability and performance of perovskite solar cells. Prog. Color Colorants Coat. 16 (2023), 21-29© Institute for Color Science and Technology.

Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Dec 1, 2015

In DSSCs, ZnO nanostructures can act as carrier trap centers to suppress the recombination reacti... more In DSSCs, ZnO nanostructures can act as carrier trap centers to suppress the recombination reactions of the injected photoelectrons produced by the space charge on the small individual TiO 2 nanoparticles. In the present study, the effect of electrodeposited ZnO nanostructure on TiO 2 nanoparticles was investigated. To achieve the optimum deposition procedure, chronoamperometric (CA) technique was carried out at various precursor concentrations and deposition times. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was utilized to obtain chemical capacitance and density of state values to indicate the ZnO function. DSSCs were fabricated using N719 ruthenium dye and all photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current density (J SC), open circuit voltage (V OC), fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency (η) were measured as well. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was performed to study the structure and morphology of nanostructured TiO 2 /ZnO layers. Furthermore, in order to measure the properties of photoelectrode interfaces, such as charge recombination behavior and electron life time, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as an informative technique was employed. The results demonstrated the significant enhancement of the electron lifetime (63%) and short circuit current density (22%), due to ZnO charge trapping effect.

• A new synthetic method for the nanostructures of Zn-methionine complex by ultrasonic irradiatio... more • A new synthetic method for the nanostructures of Zn-methionine complex by ultrasonic irradiations in two different solvents has reported. • ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in 700 ºC for 2 hours under ambient atmospheric condition by using the nano Znmethionine complex as precursor. • Zn-methionine nano-complex were used as zinc source to measure the absorption of it in everted sac method.

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2020

Over the recent years, solid-state hybrid solar cells based on perovskite organ metal halides, i.... more Over the recent years, solid-state hybrid solar cells based on perovskite organ metal halides, i.e., CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, or Cl), have attracted considerable attention because of very rapid development and high conventional efficiency. At present, the most challenging part in perovskite solar cells is the high stability, which must be solved before putting them into the practical application. In this study, polythiocyanogen (SCN)n was used as an additive to improve the stability of the perovskite layer at the environmental condition. Polythiocyanogen have been used to replace iodide in CH3NH3PbI3, and the resulting perovskite films CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n are used as the active material in hole-transport material (HTM) free perovskite solar cells. Polythiocyanogen in the presence of iodine in the MAPbI3 exhibits semiconductor properties which can improve the performance of the perovskite solar cell. In this work, the CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n absorber layers with the various polythiocyanogen amount (0, 8, 16 and 24 mg/mL) and perovskite solar cells with the FTO/C-TiO2/Meso-TiO2/[CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n]/Au structure was fabricated. A one-step solution process was used for deposition of the CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n absorber layers. UV–vis spectra and XRD results reveal that polythiocyanogen could protect perovskite layer from degradation. Moreover, polythiocyanogen has photovoltaic properties and CH3NH3PbI3.(SCN)n perovskite solar cell shown better short-circuit current density (Jsc) and subsequently the higher power-conversion efficiency (PCE) as well. By adding a small amount of polythiocyanogen to the conventional layer of perovskite solar cell, the short-circuit current density JSC has increased from 5.26 to 11.75 mAcm-2, and the power-conversion efficiency PCE has increased from 2.95% to 6.27%.

Solid State Sciences, 2020

Nanocrystalline Ba2(In1.8Cr0.2)O5·(H2O)δ powders were synthesized via a polymerizable-complex met... more Nanocrystalline Ba2(In1.8Cr0.2)O5·(H2O)δ powders were synthesized via a polymerizable-complex method in two different ways, one based on citric acid and the other additionally on 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-diaminopyridine, and polyethylene glycol. Crystal structure, surface area, thermochemical and optical properties were analyzed. The photocatalytic activity was measured by the reduction of CO2 under H2 gas flow. CO2 adsorption at the catalyst surface is found to be a critical factor strongly affecting the reactivity. With this study, we demonstrate the importance of the surface states as a crucial parameter when developing better CO2 photo-reduction catalysts.

Organic Electronics, 2020

Developing dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology by exploiting different alternative semico... more Developing dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology by exploiting different alternative semiconductors has attracted research attentions. Among all types of semiconductors, ZnO nanostructures due to their unique electrical properties and the facile preparation of various morphologies, have considered as the promising materials for application in DSSCs. In the present study, DC magnetron sputtering method was utilized to prepare a ZnO thin film as an efficient alternative for TiCl4 pre-treatment to suppress the charge recombination process occurring at a conventional TiO2-based DSSC. Different thicknesses of ZnO seed layers on fluorine tin oxide conductive glass substrates (FTO) were prepared via various sputtering deposition times. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were utilized to study the surface uniformity and crystallinity of the ZnO nanostructures. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to investigate the photoanode interface properties via determination of the electron lifetime and density of electron in conduction band. The results demonstrated that the thickness of ZnO compact layer which either acts as electron trapping states or blocking layer has the important role in cell performance. Finally, by the optimum thickness of ZnO thin film, the highest efficiency was achieved at 5.1%.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2020

Cd (compound II), with excellent conductivity as additives in perovskite solution. The presence o... more Cd (compound II), with excellent conductivity as additives in perovskite solution. The presence of cadmium in the structure of TMU-60-Cd can significantly enhance the conductivity of the framework. These frameworks can transfer the electron between the structures. Therefore, the use of these frameworks in perovskite solar cells could have a positive effect on electron transfer. However due to the creation of a lot of voids during the formation of perovskite layer, the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of resulting PCSs were weaker than the pristine PCS. The results revealed that using even small amounts of TMU-60, and TMU-60-Cd caused a significant reduction in PCE, and the short current densities (J sc), while improving the stability of the perovskite film, and the device. The absorption, and morphology of the new perovskite layer was also studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and XRD.

Solar Energy, 2021

The study aimed to investigate the role of the metal–organic frameworks in the perovskite solutio... more The study aimed to investigate the role of the metal–organic frameworks in the perovskite solution, and their effects on perovskite crystal, absorption, film formation, and device performance. Three supramolecular compounds of Zirconium(IV), Indium(III) and Zinc(II) with proton transfer compound, obtained from 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 2,6-pyridinediamine, were synthesized, and characterized and used as additives in perovskite solar cells. The additives with different amounts were added to the CH3NH3PbI3 solutions to control the morphology of the perovskite layer during the film formation process. More importantly, the metal–organic frameworks serving as additives can help to form a better perovskite layer with fewer voids between CH3NH3PbI3 domains during phase transformation. The findings showed that using a 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework in the perovskite layer achieved yields results in the performance of perovskite solar cells. As a result, the current density (Jsc) of the new device increased from 7.02 to 9.36 mA/cm2, and the Fill-Factor (FF) of the device improved from 0.42 to 0.62 for 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework. Also, the PCE (Efficiency) of perovskite solar cells achieved more than 90% of improvement after adding 2 wt% of zinc metal–organic framework as an additive in HTM-free conditions. FE-SEM and XRD studied the morphology of this new perovskite layer.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2021

Optimal delay time Antisolvent Hole transport materials (HTM) Perovskite solar cell. ntisolvent-a... more Optimal delay time Antisolvent Hole transport materials (HTM) Perovskite solar cell. ntisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach has been investigated as an effective method for the preparation of perovskite solar cells (PSC) under ambient conditions. The influence of antisolvent dropping delay time on the final morphology was investigated. The photovoltaic device with FTO/TiO 2 block/TiO 2-mp/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Au structure was fabricated, and the impact of different delay times on the morphology of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layers were examined. The hole transport materials (HTM) free PSC with optimal antisolvent dropping delay time exhibited open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.76 V with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.54 %, which were much higher than those of the PSC fabricated without antisolvent treatment (V oc of 0.64 V and PCE of 1.51 %). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the morphology and structure of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films. Photocurrent-voltage curves were plotted to investigate the photoelectric properties, carrier transfer, and recombination process in the fabricated perovskite solar cells. Our findings indicated that the proposed antisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach can provide a high-performance atmospheric method for fabrication of low-cost HTM-free perovskite solar cells.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2021

inc oxide nanostructures exhibit unique properties which make them suitable for dye-sensitized so... more inc oxide nanostructures exhibit unique properties which make them suitable for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. Their specific properties such as appropriate optical properties, proper energy band gap and high electron transfer characteristics have motivated researchers to use them in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cell photo-anodes. In the present study, the effect of thickness on the performance of a new ZnO photo-anode has been studied. All the photovoltaic parameters of the cells fabricated using N719 ruthenium dye were measured. SEM technique was utilized to determine the thickness and the UV-Visible method was used to study the transparent properties of the photo-anodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to determine the appropriate equivalent circuit for studying the electron transfer mechanisms in all the fabricated cells. The results demonstrated that the ZnO thickness is a critical parameter for providing either sufficient resistance to suppress the charge recombination process or appropriate electron transferring properties. The optimized ZnO photo-anode was obtained at a thickness of 19 µm, which resulted in an efficiency of 3.22%.

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics , 2021

Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework (MOF-235) was used as an additive in preparation and m... more Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework (MOF-235) was used as an additive in preparation and modification of perovskite layer of solar cells (PSCs). MOF-235 with the chemical formula [Fe3O(1,4-BDC)3(DMF)3][FeCl4](DMF)3] was used by the one-step solution method with the solvent engineering technique in perovskite precursor solution to synthesize the perovskite layer by solvothermal method. The perovskite layer film was characterized by XRD and FE-SEM analyzing methods to consider the effect of additive on stability and morphology of synthesized crystal layer after annealing processes. The results showed the incorporation of 5 wt% of MOF-235 increased the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of PCS from 0.99 ± 0.03 to 1.03 ± 0.02 V. Therefore, the power efficiency improved from 8.34 ± 0.37% to 9.56 ± 0.12%. As a result, the addition of MOF-235 improves the coverage of perovskite film on TiO2 layer that contributes to the stability of perovskite solar cells, due to the effects of rigidity and π–π bond of benzene ring in terephthalic acid.

Nanochemistry Research, 2021

Nickel oxide/gadolinium dopped ceria nano powders, NiO/GDC, (NGC) with controlled morphology were... more Nickel oxide/gadolinium dopped ceria nano powders, NiO/GDC, (NGC) with controlled morphology were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The nickel(II) coordination compounds have been used as new precursors for the preparation of ceramic materials, NiO/GDC, as anodic powders for application in solid oxide fuel cells. The formation of diverse morphologies with different porosity was observed by varying the Nickel(II) coordination compounds, [NiL 2 (µ-acetylenedicarboxylate)] n , [NiL 2 (µ-terephthalate)] n and [NiL 2 (µ-2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate)] n. Then three different kinds of nickel oxide / gadolinium dopped ceria, namely NGC (a), NGC (b), and NGC (c) samples, each of a different shape, were developed by new precursors. These powders have been used as electrocatalysts for solid oxide fuel cells. The catalytic performance of NGC anodes for the hydrogen oxidation reaction was analyzed via impedance spectra test using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-supported symmetry half-cell. The modified NGC (c) anode powder fabricated with the new precursor of [NiL 2 (µ-2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate)] n (N'-(pyridine-3-yl)methylene)isonicotinohydrazide (L)) manifested the least polarization resistivity of 0.106 Ω. cm 2 measured at 800 under humidified H 2. The NGC (c) anode powder with a better pore distribution and excellent microstructure demonstrated the most desirable electro-catalytic activity.

Journal of Solar Energy Research, 2022

In this study, pure phase nanostructured strontium-doped lanthanum manganite, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (L... more In this study, pure phase nanostructured strontium-doped lanthanum manganite, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM), with a hexagonal structure was synthesized by sonochemical method. Then, XRD and SEM estimated the size of the LSM nanopowders. The results are exhibited that products synthesized in this method are compatible with particle size and morphology. Magnetic measurement was done by vibrating sample measurement (VSM) on LSM nanoparticles at room temperature. According to the results obtained from VSM displayed the saturation magnetization of LSM nanoparticles exhibited a maximum of 24.25 emu/g at room temperature. Then, the influence of LSM nanoparticle as an additive on the film morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 and the performance of perovskite solar cells was examined. We explore by using 5wt % of additive can increase the short current density (Jsc) from 14.45±0.55 to 18.29±0.38 mA/cm 2 (~ 26.5 % enhancement) and power-conversion efficiency (PCE) from 8.33±0.40 to 12.41±0.35 (~ 49 % enhancement). Moreover, the morphology, and band gap of the new perovskite layer was improved.

Scientific Reports, 2022

A novel Zn (II) organic framework comprising 2-phenyl benzimidazole (ZPBIF-1) was synthesized by ... more A novel Zn (II) organic framework comprising 2-phenyl benzimidazole (ZPBIF-1) was synthesized by using a solvothermal method. The characterization of the synthesized MOF was performed utilizing XRD, SEM, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, MS, XPS, TG/DTA, and N 2 sorption analysis. ZPBIF-1 was successfully utilized to remove Acid red 88, Basic Violet 14, Basic Blue 54, and Congo red dyes in aqueous solutions. In this study, some parameters, including adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH, were examined. To evaluate the experimental data, Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were used. In this case, Langmuir is the most suitable model. Several kinetic models, including First-order, pseudo-firstorder, second-order, and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models, Elovich's, and Weber's intraparticle diffusion models, were utilized to comprehend the detailed adsorption process. According to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, dye sorption kinetics is best described. In addition, thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy (ΔH°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), and entropy (ΔS°) were also achieved and analyzed. The experimental studies thus suggest that Zn (II) metal-organic framework based on 2-phenyl benzimidazole could be a promising candidate for eliminating dyes from aqueous solution. Hence, the experimental studies suggest that a Zn (II) metal-organic framework based on 2-phenylbenzimidazole could be a promising candidate for eliminating dyes from aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZPBIF-1 was 1666.66, 1250, 1000, and 1250 mg/g for Acid red 88, Basic violet 14, Basic blue 54, and Congo red dyes, respectively. Furthermore, this method was used to remove contaminant dyes from textile wastewater, and an acceptable result was obtained. Colored chemicals are symbolized by dyes in several industries, such as leather, textiles, paper, and plastic. Due to dye consumption and production, as well as difficulty removing dyes during coagulation procedures, colored wastewater is produced directly. In general, most dyes are synthetic and contain aromatic rings 1 , making them carcinogenic and mutagenic, not biodegradable, and inert if discharged into waste streams. Potentially, they can have acute or chronic effects on organisms exposed to them. Sunlight is also absorbed or reflected by watersoluble dyes inhibiting the bacteria growth. Furthermore, they are visible and lead to esthetic pollution even at low concentrations 2. Thus it is significantly essential to remove the color from aquatic systems 3,4. Many methods for removing dyes from wastewater have been developed, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, oxidation, and photocatalytic degradation 5-10. Among them, the adsorption technique is simple to apply and offers considerable advantages in this regard. Adsorption is a method for removing a wide range of compounds from industrial wastewater. In most cases, adsorption is employed for removing low levels of non-degradable organic compounds from groundwater, drinking water preparation, processing water, or as a tertiary cleanse after biological water treatment. During adsorption, molecules in a liquid bond with those on a solid surface, and since adsorbents have a large surface area, they are suitable for adsorption 11. In fact, it can be

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 2023

A Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by the solvothermal method of zinc nit... more A Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by the solvothermal method of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole in DMF to remove Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized ZIF-8 was distinguished by XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, EDX, TEM methods. Several significant variables were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the highest removal of metal ions. According to the achieved results, the aqueous solution pH values of 6.5, 6.5, and 6.0, ZIF-8 dosages of 0.05, 0.06, and 0.05 g⸳L-1 , and metal ions initial concentrations of 50, 60, and 60 mg⸳L-1 were chosen as the optimum amount of these variables for Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) ions adsorption from solution, respectively. The equilibrium time for metal ions adsorption was found at 50 min. Three-dimensional plots demonstrate relationships between the metal ion uptakes with the paired factors, which illustrate the behavior of the sorption system in a batch process. Based on the experimental results and model parameters, maximum adsorption efficiencies were achieved 89.76, 72 and 68.43% for Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II), respectively. It can be suggested that the synthetized ZIF-8 has excellent potential as an effective adsorbent and used for heavy metal sorption from water environment.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024

New hydrazinium hydro-closo-borates with [B n H n ] 2anions (n = 10 and 12) were obtained by dire... more New hydrazinium hydro-closo-borates with [B n H n ] 2anions (n = 10 and 12) were obtained by direct reaction of the free acids (H 3 O) 2 [B n H n ] with hydrazinium hydrate (N 2 H 4 ⋅ x H 2 O) in aqueous solution. The three new compounds (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 10 H 10 ], (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 10 H 10 ] ⋅ 2 N 2 H 4 and (N 2 H 5) 2 [B 12 H 12 ] ⋅ 2 N 2 H 4 crystallize in the space groups P2 1 /c, C2/c and P 1, respectively. They contain up to 11 wt-% hydrogen. Two main kinds of bonding were observed in all crystal structures, classical hydrogen bonds (N δ-H δ+ ⋯N δ-) and dihydrogen bonding between the negatively polarized hydrogen of the boron clusters and positively polarized hydrogen in hydrazinium cations (B δ+-H δ-⋯H δ+-N δ-). Thermal decomposition analyses of these compounds show that they absorb energy first, and then release a huge amount of energy upon decomposition and collapse of the structure. Due to the differently polarized hydrogen atoms in these compounds, hydrogen molecules (H 2) are generated during the decomposition, which can be used as hydrogen fuel.

International Journal of New Chemistry, 2022

An efficient and rapid fabrication procedure for ZIF-8 crystals through ultrasonic assisted strat... more An efficient and rapid fabrication procedure for ZIF-8 crystals through ultrasonic assisted strategy (30min) was reported. Additionally, the crystallinity, morphology, chemical bonding, and porosity of ZIF-8 were fully characterized by XRD, and FT-IR. The Response surface methodology approach was established to optimize a series of adsorption conditions: initial concentration (10-400 mg/L), dose (0.02-1 g/L), and time (20-60 min) for Red 141 and Violet-5r removals. Particularly, plausible adsorption mechanisms (electrostatic interactions and π-π stacking) were elucidated, and isotherm models were rigorously studied by three-parameter equations (Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin). The adsorption isotherm data showed the adsorption of reactive dyes by ZIF-8, was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics parameters were in accord with the pseudo-second-order equation, which implied that the adsorption rate was mainly controlled by the chemisorption mechanism. Through advantageous effectiveness involving good reusability (4 recycles), and maximum adsorption capacities (250-200 mg/g), it is recommendable to utilize ZIF-8 as a good adsorbent for the dyes remediation.

Hydrogen, Fuel Cell & Energy Storage, 2022

In this study, nickel oxide-gadolinium doped ceria, NiO-GDC, composite powder was synthesized by ... more In this study, nickel oxide-gadolinium doped ceria, NiO-GDC, composite powder was synthesized by the sol-gel method with a new Ni(II) complex. A new Ni(II) complex, chemical formula [Ni(μ-L)] n (NO 3) 2 , L = N'-(pyridine-2-yl)methylene) isonicotinohydrazide), was used as a new precursor. The new Ni(II) complex was prepared by a reaction between ligand, L, and Ni(NO 3).6H 2 O using the hydrothermal method. Then the NiO-GDC powders were synthesized using Ce(NO 3) 3 .6H 2 O, and Gd(NO 3) 3 .6H 2 O, and the as-synthesized new Ni(II) complex [Ni(μ-L)] n (NO 3) 2 with the sol-gel method. The NiO-GDC powder was modified to increase the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures (600-800 ℃) by increasing the three-phase boundary region in the anode. Finally, the NiO-GDC anode powders prepared with the new precursor were compared with the NiO-GDC anode powders synthesized from metal nitrates as a precursor. The results showed that the modified NiO-GDC anode had more three-phase boundaries, TPB, a more uniform microstructure, a higher specific surface area, and a porous structure that effectively improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode. SOFC half-cell resistance with this high-performance anode decreased by 85 % at 800 ℃ compared to conventional half-cells.

Journal of Particle Science and Technology, 2022

New supramolecules of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II) with ligand LH 2 , [pyda.H 2 ] 2+ [pydc] 2-, (py... more New supramolecules of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II) with ligand LH 2 , [pyda.H 2 ] 2+ [pydc] 2-, (pyda = 2,6-pyridinediamine and pydc.H 2 = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) were prepared.

Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 2023

Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2) O 5 •(H 2 O)y Solvent engineering technique. n this... more Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2) O 5 •(H 2 O)y Solvent engineering technique. n this study, two inorganic additives with perovskite structure have been used as additives in fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x and Ba 2 (In 1.8 Cr 0.2)O 5 •(H 2 O) y was applied in perovskite precursor solution for synthesis of photo absorption layer in PCSs by a one-step solution method with solvent engineering technique. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x were prepared by solid-state and soft chemistry methods like the procedures in previous work, and utilized to improve the crystal structure and morphology of perovskite layer of PSCs. The morphology of the new perovskite layers was studied by FE-SEM, and XRD analysis. The results showed using 2 wt % of additives in precursor solution of fabricated PCS s increased the open-circuit voltage (V oc) of cells, also the power-conversion efficiency of the cells improved from 7.8 % to 9.7, and 9.3 % by using both additives respectively. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba 2 In 2 O 5 •(H 2 O) x could modify the coverage of perovskite film on the TiO 2 layer and consequently improve the photovoltaic stability and performance of perovskite solar cells. Prog. Color Colorants Coat. 16 (2023), 21-29© Institute for Color Science and Technology.

Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Dec 1, 2015

In DSSCs, ZnO nanostructures can act as carrier trap centers to suppress the recombination reacti... more In DSSCs, ZnO nanostructures can act as carrier trap centers to suppress the recombination reactions of the injected photoelectrons produced by the space charge on the small individual TiO 2 nanoparticles. In the present study, the effect of electrodeposited ZnO nanostructure on TiO 2 nanoparticles was investigated. To achieve the optimum deposition procedure, chronoamperometric (CA) technique was carried out at various precursor concentrations and deposition times. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was utilized to obtain chemical capacitance and density of state values to indicate the ZnO function. DSSCs were fabricated using N719 ruthenium dye and all photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current density (J SC), open circuit voltage (V OC), fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency (η) were measured as well. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was performed to study the structure and morphology of nanostructured TiO 2 /ZnO layers. Furthermore, in order to measure the properties of photoelectrode interfaces, such as charge recombination behavior and electron life time, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as an informative technique was employed. The results demonstrated the significant enhancement of the electron lifetime (63%) and short circuit current density (22%), due to ZnO charge trapping effect.

• A new synthetic method for the nanostructures of Zn-methionine complex by ultrasonic irradiatio... more • A new synthetic method for the nanostructures of Zn-methionine complex by ultrasonic irradiations in two different solvents has reported. • ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in 700 ºC for 2 hours under ambient atmospheric condition by using the nano Znmethionine complex as precursor. • Zn-methionine nano-complex were used as zinc source to measure the absorption of it in everted sac method.