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Papers by m belaid

Abstract- Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a high boiling point sol... more Abstract- Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a high boiling point solvent highly suitable for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) absorption. In order to use PDMS as an absorption solvent for a specific waste gas problem, it is important to determine the infinite dilution activity coefficients of the VOCs to be separated with PDMS. This work reports activity coefficients at infinite dilution of 13 VOCs in polydimethysiloxane determined by the dynamic gas liquid chromatographic technique. The measurements were carried out at various temperatures (i.e, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15., 333.15, 353.15, 373.15, 393.15 and 423.15K). Four PDMS polymers with average molecular weight ranging from 760 to 13 000 were used as solvents. A control column packed by Perkin Elmer to our specifications was used to validate the coating and packing methods. Flow rate dependence of the elution peaks was also investigated by varying it from 10 – 50 ml/min. Precision was improved by repr...

Abstract—A study was carried out to determine the influence of the temperature and the reaction i... more Abstract—A study was carried out to determine the influence of the temperature and the reaction involved on the leaching of coppermatte. Copper (Cu) bearing matte from Impala Refinery (Pty) Ltd was used in the investigation. The experiments were conducted in a leaching cell submerged in a water bath, with ammonia concentrations (leaching solution) of 3.0M, temperature of 50˚C, 60˚C and 70˚C, pH of 11 and for a time period of 130 minutes. Leaching tests indicated that Cu recovery increased in the temperature range 50˚C- 60˚C, however at a temperature of 70˚C Cu recovery decreases because of cementation process as nickel displace copper. The shrinking core model was used to determine if the leaching process was diffusion controlled, or chemical controlled, or even mixed controlled. It was found that the leaching process could not be determined using the shrinking core model due to the cementation process of Cu. It was concluded that an increase in temperature results in an increase in...

Abstract—This study investigated possible ways to improve the efficiency of the platinum precipit... more Abstract—This study investigated possible ways to improve the efficiency of the platinum precipitation process using ammonium chloride by reducing the platinum content reporting to the effluent. The ore treated consist of five platinum group metals namely, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, palladium and a precious metal gold. Gold, ruthenium, rhodium and iridium were extracted prior the platinum precipitation process. Temperature, reducing agent, flow rate and potential difference were the variables controlled to determine the operation conditions for optimum platinum precipitation efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide was added as the oxidizing agent at the temperature of 85-90 o C and potential difference of 700-850mV was the variable used to check the oxidizing state of platinum. The platinum was further purified at temperature between 60-65 o C, potential difference above 700 mV, ammonium chloride of 200 l, and at these conditions the platinum content reporting to the effluent was ...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Over the years, oil extracted from seeds has been employed as a skincare product, food, perfumes,... more Over the years, oil extracted from seeds has been employed as a skincare product, food, perfumes, biodiesel, soap and so much more. With the advent discovery of biodiesel, reliance on fossil fuels like petro-diesel has reduced drastically, as alternative diesel which burns in engines without the emission of greenhouse gases and less air pollution are being considered. Biodiesel production using seed oil is a means of converting waste to wealth because they are less expensive, biodegradable, and easily accessible. The use of seed oil for the production of alternative renewable energy can be achieved through extraction and the quality and quantity can be increased by the optimization of the process variables adopted for extraction. In this review paper, the different oil extraction method such as the conventional and the recent techniques will be evaluated as well as the downside and benefits of the extraction techniques, experimental designs employed for the optimization of seed oil ...

This article illustrates the serious consequences of a spinal cord injury Frankel A [1] and its c... more This article illustrates the serious consequences of a spinal cord injury Frankel A [1] and its corollaries namely bedsores decubitus whose management can be very difficult through a long hospitalization, complex coverage techniques and expensive equipment means, dressings vac etc [2].

A common problem faced during the recovery of valuable metals is the presence of impurities/unwan... more A common problem faced during the recovery of valuable metals is the presence of impurities/unwanted elements. In order to retain a high concentration of a desired metal, all impurities which affect the metal's recovery should be removed before the final stage of recovery. In this work, research is conducted on the removal of residual sulphur from refractory gold bearing bioleach residue through the application of bio-oxidation, where sulphur is oxidized at different temperatures and pH levels to form sulphuric acid. Refractory sulphide ores and concentrates often consume large quantities of cyanide during leaching of gold using cyanide solution. Sulphides, elemental sulphur and many base metals react readily with cyanide, reducing the amount of cyanide available for leaching of the desired metal. So sulphur causes problems by increasing cyanide consumption and decreasing the environmental quality of the residue. In this research bacterial oxidation of sulphur was simulated in volumetric and Erlenmeyer flasks where inoculums were added to sulphur suspension to catalyse the oxidation of sulphur. Some of the flasks were operated at different pH levels and were controlled using a NaOH solution to investigate the optimum conditions of bacterial oxidation of sulphur. The controlled pH of 2.6 and a temperature of 50 o C were found to be the best conditions for bacterial oxidation of sulphur. So this problem of sulphur consuming cyanide could possibly be overcome by controlling the pH at 2.6 and temperature at 50 o C in the final stage of bacterial leaching gold plant using NaOH or some other neutralizing agent depending on the cost, which happens to enhance the kinetics of bacterial oxidation of sulphur. The operational conditions of moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure make this method very attractive from economic and environmental point of view. Index Terms-bacterial sulphur oxidation, bioleach residues, mesophiles, moderate thermophiles I. INTRODUCTION EVERAL methods have been proposed and applied for the oxidation of refractory gold sulphide ores including roasting, pressure oxidation, chemical leaching and bacterial Manuscript

Handbook of Solid Waste Management

Environmental Earth Sciences

The assessment of the origin of groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer whose water is allo... more The assessment of the origin of groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer whose water is allocated both to people and to irrigation in the eastern part of Mitidja plain in Algeria was carried out using geochemical and isotopic techniques (18O, 2H and 3H). Both hydrochemical and isotopic information gathered for eastern Mitidja’s alluvial aquifer were used to investigate the main processes controlling groundwater chemistry. The water quality aspect was dealt with through the use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) which revealed that a major part of groundwater is suitable for drinking purposes. A Piper diagram indicates that groundwater is of a Cl–SO4–Ca water type. Its mineralization is mainly derived not only from precipitation (wetfall and dryfall), from water–rock interactions (dissolution of evaporites) but also from the precipitation of marine derived solutes in this coastal area (suffering a seawater intrusion phenomenon as well as a drawdown of piezometric levels). The concentrations in Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd were found for part of the samples higher than the prescribed limits recommended by the World Health Organization. Isotopes indicate that groundwater is young, since it originates from direct infiltration of precipitation that is mostly induced by Mediterranean atmospheric disturbances.

2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)

The future of digital transformation of industrial platform and electricity lies on the electrifi... more The future of digital transformation of industrial platform and electricity lies on the electrification, decentralization and digitalization. Technologies are becoming commercially available to systems and services that can enable efficient and sustainable management of energy production and use. In short, smart cities can be defined as a city that uses IC'I's solutions such as smart sensors, cognitive learning, and context awareness to make life more comfortable, more efficient and more sustainable. A smart city is a sustainable and efficient urban center providing its inhabitants with a high quality of life through optimal management resources. This study examines how intelligent technologies and services can integrate local energy production and use to provide a more sustainable and efficient system. Due to rapid urbanization, energy management in smart cities is an essential challenge to tackle. Due to the complexity of the energy systems and their vital role, energy management is one of the most demanding issues within urban centers. Therefore, this problem needs to be devoted to considerable attention and effort. Optimized operations using predictive analytics, data mining and modeling are the main tools commonly used to evaluate the technological and policy impacts of smart solutions, as well as to plan the best ways to move from current to smarter cities. The reviews show energy-related work on smart city planning and operating models by classifying their scope into main areas of intervention: energy generation, infrastructure, energy storage, mobile internet, cloud technology, internet of things (IoT), autonomous and near autonomous vehicles, facilities, and intelligent transport system.

RSC Advances

Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, have proven to be a source of energy to households, transpo... more Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, have proven to be a source of energy to households, transportation and power industries over the past decades.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Biodiesel which is a green fuel derived by the transesterification of vegetable oil is a renewabl... more Biodiesel which is a green fuel derived by the transesterification of vegetable oil is a renewable and environmentally friendly approach to energy generation. Unlike diesel fuel, that has greatly fostered greenhouse gas emissions, a major concern for the environment. On the other hand, the use of biodiesel is economically feasible and biodegradable with lower toxicity. Biodiesel is made from different materials but the availability of these materials as well as the cost-effectiveness are the contributing factors to the large-scale production of biodiesel. Thus, interest in a potentially clean and easily available sustainable energy from fairly cheap eco-friendly materials is a necessity. Biobase catalysts are derived from reusable, non-toxic, high catalytic activity materials that have high water tolerance properties and are capable of preventing the formation of by-products such as soaps produced when homogeneous catalysts are adopted which requires lots of water to be removed and ...

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Abstract In this study, it was observed that in experimental work under laboratory scale using co... more Abstract In this study, it was observed that in experimental work under laboratory scale using conventional biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay, the loading rate ratio 4:1 had optimum biodegradability rate than other ratios which were investigated, while the loading rate ratio of 1:1 had optimum biogas and methane yield after 15 days hydraulic retention time. It was concluded that chicken waste (CM) mono-digestion has higher biodegradability rate compare to organic fraction municipality solid waste (OFMSW) mono-digestion. Co-digestion of OFMSW and CM stabilizes conditions in digestion process such as carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio in the substrate mixtures as well as macro and micronutrients, pH, inhibitors or toxic compounds, dry matter and thus increasing biogas production. It was concluded that the organic waste generated in the municipal landfills could be co-digested with CM to produce methane which can be used as a source of environmentally friendly and clean energy for the transport sector, industries and residential homes.

2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157), 2001

ABSTRACT

Abstract- Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a high boiling point sol... more Abstract- Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a high boiling point solvent highly suitable for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) absorption. In order to use PDMS as an absorption solvent for a specific waste gas problem, it is important to determine the infinite dilution activity coefficients of the VOCs to be separated with PDMS. This work reports activity coefficients at infinite dilution of 13 VOCs in polydimethysiloxane determined by the dynamic gas liquid chromatographic technique. The measurements were carried out at various temperatures (i.e, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15., 333.15, 353.15, 373.15, 393.15 and 423.15K). Four PDMS polymers with average molecular weight ranging from 760 to 13 000 were used as solvents. A control column packed by Perkin Elmer to our specifications was used to validate the coating and packing methods. Flow rate dependence of the elution peaks was also investigated by varying it from 10 – 50 ml/min. Precision was improved by repr...

Abstract—A study was carried out to determine the influence of the temperature and the reaction i... more Abstract—A study was carried out to determine the influence of the temperature and the reaction involved on the leaching of coppermatte. Copper (Cu) bearing matte from Impala Refinery (Pty) Ltd was used in the investigation. The experiments were conducted in a leaching cell submerged in a water bath, with ammonia concentrations (leaching solution) of 3.0M, temperature of 50˚C, 60˚C and 70˚C, pH of 11 and for a time period of 130 minutes. Leaching tests indicated that Cu recovery increased in the temperature range 50˚C- 60˚C, however at a temperature of 70˚C Cu recovery decreases because of cementation process as nickel displace copper. The shrinking core model was used to determine if the leaching process was diffusion controlled, or chemical controlled, or even mixed controlled. It was found that the leaching process could not be determined using the shrinking core model due to the cementation process of Cu. It was concluded that an increase in temperature results in an increase in...

Abstract—This study investigated possible ways to improve the efficiency of the platinum precipit... more Abstract—This study investigated possible ways to improve the efficiency of the platinum precipitation process using ammonium chloride by reducing the platinum content reporting to the effluent. The ore treated consist of five platinum group metals namely, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, palladium and a precious metal gold. Gold, ruthenium, rhodium and iridium were extracted prior the platinum precipitation process. Temperature, reducing agent, flow rate and potential difference were the variables controlled to determine the operation conditions for optimum platinum precipitation efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide was added as the oxidizing agent at the temperature of 85-90 o C and potential difference of 700-850mV was the variable used to check the oxidizing state of platinum. The platinum was further purified at temperature between 60-65 o C, potential difference above 700 mV, ammonium chloride of 200 l, and at these conditions the platinum content reporting to the effluent was ...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

Over the years, oil extracted from seeds has been employed as a skincare product, food, perfumes,... more Over the years, oil extracted from seeds has been employed as a skincare product, food, perfumes, biodiesel, soap and so much more. With the advent discovery of biodiesel, reliance on fossil fuels like petro-diesel has reduced drastically, as alternative diesel which burns in engines without the emission of greenhouse gases and less air pollution are being considered. Biodiesel production using seed oil is a means of converting waste to wealth because they are less expensive, biodegradable, and easily accessible. The use of seed oil for the production of alternative renewable energy can be achieved through extraction and the quality and quantity can be increased by the optimization of the process variables adopted for extraction. In this review paper, the different oil extraction method such as the conventional and the recent techniques will be evaluated as well as the downside and benefits of the extraction techniques, experimental designs employed for the optimization of seed oil ...

This article illustrates the serious consequences of a spinal cord injury Frankel A [1] and its c... more This article illustrates the serious consequences of a spinal cord injury Frankel A [1] and its corollaries namely bedsores decubitus whose management can be very difficult through a long hospitalization, complex coverage techniques and expensive equipment means, dressings vac etc [2].

A common problem faced during the recovery of valuable metals is the presence of impurities/unwan... more A common problem faced during the recovery of valuable metals is the presence of impurities/unwanted elements. In order to retain a high concentration of a desired metal, all impurities which affect the metal's recovery should be removed before the final stage of recovery. In this work, research is conducted on the removal of residual sulphur from refractory gold bearing bioleach residue through the application of bio-oxidation, where sulphur is oxidized at different temperatures and pH levels to form sulphuric acid. Refractory sulphide ores and concentrates often consume large quantities of cyanide during leaching of gold using cyanide solution. Sulphides, elemental sulphur and many base metals react readily with cyanide, reducing the amount of cyanide available for leaching of the desired metal. So sulphur causes problems by increasing cyanide consumption and decreasing the environmental quality of the residue. In this research bacterial oxidation of sulphur was simulated in volumetric and Erlenmeyer flasks where inoculums were added to sulphur suspension to catalyse the oxidation of sulphur. Some of the flasks were operated at different pH levels and were controlled using a NaOH solution to investigate the optimum conditions of bacterial oxidation of sulphur. The controlled pH of 2.6 and a temperature of 50 o C were found to be the best conditions for bacterial oxidation of sulphur. So this problem of sulphur consuming cyanide could possibly be overcome by controlling the pH at 2.6 and temperature at 50 o C in the final stage of bacterial leaching gold plant using NaOH or some other neutralizing agent depending on the cost, which happens to enhance the kinetics of bacterial oxidation of sulphur. The operational conditions of moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure make this method very attractive from economic and environmental point of view. Index Terms-bacterial sulphur oxidation, bioleach residues, mesophiles, moderate thermophiles I. INTRODUCTION EVERAL methods have been proposed and applied for the oxidation of refractory gold sulphide ores including roasting, pressure oxidation, chemical leaching and bacterial Manuscript

Handbook of Solid Waste Management

Environmental Earth Sciences

The assessment of the origin of groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer whose water is allo... more The assessment of the origin of groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer whose water is allocated both to people and to irrigation in the eastern part of Mitidja plain in Algeria was carried out using geochemical and isotopic techniques (18O, 2H and 3H). Both hydrochemical and isotopic information gathered for eastern Mitidja’s alluvial aquifer were used to investigate the main processes controlling groundwater chemistry. The water quality aspect was dealt with through the use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) which revealed that a major part of groundwater is suitable for drinking purposes. A Piper diagram indicates that groundwater is of a Cl–SO4–Ca water type. Its mineralization is mainly derived not only from precipitation (wetfall and dryfall), from water–rock interactions (dissolution of evaporites) but also from the precipitation of marine derived solutes in this coastal area (suffering a seawater intrusion phenomenon as well as a drawdown of piezometric levels). The concentrations in Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd were found for part of the samples higher than the prescribed limits recommended by the World Health Organization. Isotopes indicate that groundwater is young, since it originates from direct infiltration of precipitation that is mostly induced by Mediterranean atmospheric disturbances.

2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM)

The future of digital transformation of industrial platform and electricity lies on the electrifi... more The future of digital transformation of industrial platform and electricity lies on the electrification, decentralization and digitalization. Technologies are becoming commercially available to systems and services that can enable efficient and sustainable management of energy production and use. In short, smart cities can be defined as a city that uses IC'I's solutions such as smart sensors, cognitive learning, and context awareness to make life more comfortable, more efficient and more sustainable. A smart city is a sustainable and efficient urban center providing its inhabitants with a high quality of life through optimal management resources. This study examines how intelligent technologies and services can integrate local energy production and use to provide a more sustainable and efficient system. Due to rapid urbanization, energy management in smart cities is an essential challenge to tackle. Due to the complexity of the energy systems and their vital role, energy management is one of the most demanding issues within urban centers. Therefore, this problem needs to be devoted to considerable attention and effort. Optimized operations using predictive analytics, data mining and modeling are the main tools commonly used to evaluate the technological and policy impacts of smart solutions, as well as to plan the best ways to move from current to smarter cities. The reviews show energy-related work on smart city planning and operating models by classifying their scope into main areas of intervention: energy generation, infrastructure, energy storage, mobile internet, cloud technology, internet of things (IoT), autonomous and near autonomous vehicles, facilities, and intelligent transport system.

RSC Advances

Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, have proven to be a source of energy to households, transpo... more Fossil fuels, particularly crude oil, have proven to be a source of energy to households, transportation and power industries over the past decades.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Biodiesel which is a green fuel derived by the transesterification of vegetable oil is a renewabl... more Biodiesel which is a green fuel derived by the transesterification of vegetable oil is a renewable and environmentally friendly approach to energy generation. Unlike diesel fuel, that has greatly fostered greenhouse gas emissions, a major concern for the environment. On the other hand, the use of biodiesel is economically feasible and biodegradable with lower toxicity. Biodiesel is made from different materials but the availability of these materials as well as the cost-effectiveness are the contributing factors to the large-scale production of biodiesel. Thus, interest in a potentially clean and easily available sustainable energy from fairly cheap eco-friendly materials is a necessity. Biobase catalysts are derived from reusable, non-toxic, high catalytic activity materials that have high water tolerance properties and are capable of preventing the formation of by-products such as soaps produced when homogeneous catalysts are adopted which requires lots of water to be removed and ...

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Abstract In this study, it was observed that in experimental work under laboratory scale using co... more Abstract In this study, it was observed that in experimental work under laboratory scale using conventional biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay, the loading rate ratio 4:1 had optimum biodegradability rate than other ratios which were investigated, while the loading rate ratio of 1:1 had optimum biogas and methane yield after 15 days hydraulic retention time. It was concluded that chicken waste (CM) mono-digestion has higher biodegradability rate compare to organic fraction municipality solid waste (OFMSW) mono-digestion. Co-digestion of OFMSW and CM stabilizes conditions in digestion process such as carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio in the substrate mixtures as well as macro and micronutrients, pH, inhibitors or toxic compounds, dry matter and thus increasing biogas production. It was concluded that the organic waste generated in the municipal landfills could be co-digested with CM to produce methane which can be used as a source of environmentally friendly and clean energy for the transport sector, industries and residential homes.

2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157), 2001

ABSTRACT