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Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Oxidative Aging of Asphalt Binder and it's Effects on Cracking Susceptibility of Asphalt Mix

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a Test Method to Measure RAP Percentage in Asphalt Mixes in the Field Using a Handheld FT-IR Spectrometer

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020

AbstractIn this study, a handheld Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FT-IRS) is used as the... more AbstractIn this study, a handheld Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FT-IRS) is used as the primary equipment to determine the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in a mix by quantifying...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the short-term aging of warm mix asphalt using rolling thin film oven

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2019

Standard Rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test at 163ºC for 85 minutes has been investigated and rev... more Standard Rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test at 163ºC for 85 minutes has been investigated and revised to represent the short-term aging of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) binder which is mixed and aged at lower temperature. Because of wide mixing temperature and variation in duration of storage and paving time, field short-term aging differs significantly. To simulate the reduced aging of WMA binders in the laboratory, series of RTFO tests were conducted on two binders at three different temperatures and for four aging periods. Short-term oven aging (STOA) of mix was performed for the same time duration at those three RTFO aging temperatures. A RTFO aging model was developed correlating the rheological properties of S TOA mix. Following the aging model developed in this study aging temperature and duration can be selected for RTFO testing to simulate aging effect that a binder experiences in STOA of mix. It is observed that the change in aging index of binder follows a linear relationship with aging time, and the rate of change of the aging index changes linearly with temperature. This study also affirms that STOA of mix exhibits more sensitivity to temperature than tha t of RTFO aging of binder. Investigation of plant and laboratory mix depicts that very small portion of mix aging occurs during mixing phase however, main portion of short-term aging occur during the storage of plant mix or oven aging of laboratory mix. Because of wide mixing temperature RTFO aging test pro tocol need to be adjusted.

Research paper thumbnail of A parametric study to understand the adhesion failure mechanism of asphalt sealant

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2019

Adhesive strength of sealant was investigated by utilizing a new test setup developed from modifi... more Adhesive strength of sealant was investigated by utilizing a new test setup developed from modification of Texas Overlay Test. Direct tension to sealant- asphalt concrete substrate was applied without any specialized sealant testing machine. Type I and Type IV (recommended for use in hot and cold climate respectively) sealants were tested at four temperatures on two different joint thicknesses. Type IV sealant fails in adhesion irrespective of temperature or thickness. Depending on the temperature, the failure pattern of Type I is cohesive or mix mode. A correlation between dynamic shear modulus of sealants and adhesive strength for both the sealants at each thickness were established with R2 values over 0.90. A general trend of the effect of thickness was observed and was explained by proposing a hypothesis that there exists a certain modulus for each sealant type at which the bond strength remains same irrespective of its thickness.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study of RTFO, PAV and UV Aging Using FT-IRS and DSR Tests

Springer eBooks, Sep 26, 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate RTRO (Rolling Thing Film Oven), PAV (Pressure Agin... more The objective of this study was to investigate RTRO (Rolling Thing Film Oven), PAV (Pressure Aging Vessel), UV (Ultraviolet), and forced draft oven aging behavior of original binder through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and FT-IRS (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer). Different aging equipment, namely RTFO, PAV, UV chamber, and forced draft oven, were used to age the binder until equal stiffness (same G*/sinδ) was obtained. A comparison has been performed among these four aging procedures based on their differences in chemical and rheological properties. FT-IRS was used to envisage the chemical alteration, whereas DSR was used to perceive the rheological changes. Samples were prepared in RTFO at 163 °C and were collected at different degrees of RTFO aging. PAV, UV, and oven aged samples were prepared considering conditions without RTFO aging. Results showed that carbonyl (C=O) and sulfoxide (S=O) content of different degrees of RTFO and PAV aged samples increased with duration. On the other hand, C=O and S=O content in UV and oven aged samples decreased after 36 h of aging. At similar stiffness of RTFO and PAV aged binders, C=O content was similar, but S=O content was higher in PAV aged binders. DSR results also showed a resemblance with the FT-IRS results, which indicated that these different aging procedures with different equipment could be correlated with each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Limitations of using sulfoxide index as a metric to quantify asphalt aging

CRC Press eBooks, Dec 8, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable lignin to enhance asphalt binder oxidative aging properties and mix properties

Journal of Cleaner Production, Apr 1, 2019

Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based as... more Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based asphalt binders would be better for our environment. Replacing a small portion (maximum of 6%) of asphalt binder with three different types of lignin was investigated to determine its effects on aged and unaged asphalt binder and mix. Commercially available Kraft lignin, lignin precipitated from black liquor in the laboratory, lignin produced from rice hulls in the laboratory using a deep eutectic solvent, and a standard asphalt binder (control) were evaluated. Lignin improved the high temperature performance grade. All lignin-modified binders showed higher strain tolerance than unmodified binders in strain sweep tests. Lignin precipitated from black liquor and lignin produced from rice hulls improved the long-term aging index. Rutting, cracking, and moisture damage susceptibility tests were performed on an asphalt mix prepared with 6% lignin precipitated from black liquor asphalt binder. Improved rutting resistance was observed from the lignin-modified asphalt mix, without sacrificing moisture-induced damage resistance. Better cracking resistance with respect to increased flexibility index was observed according to the semi-circular bend test. Replacing petroleum-based binder with up to 6% of lignin precipitated from black liquor is practicable for hot mix asphalt, and may be feasible in the lower temperature warm mix asphalt process.

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Sustainable Lignin to Enhance Asphalt Binder and Mix Properties

Transportation Research Board 98th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board, 2019

Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based as... more Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based asphalt binders would be better for our environment. Replacing a small portion (maximum of 6%) of asphalt binder with three different types of lignin was investigated to determine its effects on aged and unaged asphalt. Kraft lignin, lignin precipitated from black liquor, and lignin produced from rice hulls using a deep eutectic solvent partially replaced a standard asphalt binder (control) and the four binders were evaluated. All three lignins improved the high temperature grading for both aged and unaged samples compared to the control. Non-recoverable creep compliance values were acceptable for the replaced lignin binders and grade bumping was achieved. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery was improved when standard binder was replaced by the lignins. Adding lignin precipitated from black liquor and lignin produced from rice hulls enhanced binder strain tolerance at 64 °C and improved long-term aging index. Additional investigation of binder with lignin precipitated from black liquor showed improved rut resistance and better cracking resistance compared to the control. Replacing petroleum-based binder with up to 6% of lignin precipitated from black liquor is feasible in asphalt.

Research paper thumbnail of A Laboratory Study on Reduction of Permeability of Asphalt Mixtures as a Measure of Fog Seal Effectiveness

International Conference on Transportation and Development 2020, Aug 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of bio-based and petroleum-based rejuvenator based on cracking susceptibility of hot mix asphalt with high RAP content

Construction and Building Materials, Mar 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Identification and Evaluation of the Elastomeric, Plastomeric, and Chemical Modifiers in Asphalt Binders

Airfield and Highway Pavements 2019, Jul 18, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of In-Situ Measurements of Variations of RAP Contents in Hot Mix Asphalt by a Handheld FT-IR Spectrometer

Springer eBooks, Sep 26, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of a Softer Grade Binder and a Rejuvenating Agent in Hot Mix Asphalt with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Airfield and Highway Pavements 2019, Jul 18, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a RTFO-Aging Test Protocol for WMA Binders and Its PG Grading

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is one of the Every Day Counts (EDC) technology announced by the Federal H... more Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is one of the Every Day Counts (EDC) technology announced by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and it is becoming increasingly popular in every state. Despite several benefits, the use of WMA is still not indisputable because of its possible rutting susceptibility. Although several laboratory rutting tests are currently in use in different states, very few of the tests use full scale loading conditions. Therefore, current test methods are good to evaluate the effects of different mix parameters, but often do not correlate well with field rutting distresses. The objective of this study is to evaluate a full-scale laboratory wheel load tester by correlating the rut depths with rut depth obtained from testing in Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA). A full-scale wheel load testing will eliminate the need of rigorous field evaluation. Laboratory made Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) have been used in dry and submerged condition for evaluation of this tester. After 1200 wheel passes the rut depth for WMA was always greater than the rut depth of HMA either in dry or submerged testing. This trend also corroborates with the APA test results. Binder was extracted and recovered from WMA and HMA specimens, and it was hypothesized that increased rutting and moisture susceptibility of WMA specimen is the result of reduced short-term aging of the WMA than that of HMA. Asphalt mix consist of different aggregate sizes. A study was conducted to investigate how total binder content in the mix is distributed among different aggregate size. The effect of aggregate size on aging of the mix, and consequently on its rutting performance was also studied. It was found that asphalt content associated with fine aggregate group is the highest among the three groups: coarse, medium and fine. In a mix, binder associated with fine aggregate is aged more than the binder associated with other aggregate and aging of a mix is mostly contributed by the aging of the fine portion of mix. To simulate the reduced aging of WMA binders in the laboratory, series of RTFO tests were conducted on two binder types at three different temperatures for four aging periods. STOA was performed for same time duration on laboratory mix produced at the temperatures like those three RTFO aging temperatures. A RTFO aging model was developed correlating the rheological properties of STOA mix with RTFO aged binder to simulate the aging for WMA as well as for HMA. Investigation of rheological properties of RTFO and STOA binder depicts that change in aging index of binder follows a linear relationship with aging time and the rate of change of aging index also changes linearly with temperature. This study affirms that STOA exhibits more sensitivity to temperature than that of RTFO aging.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of a Full Scale Wheel Load Tester to Determine the Rutting and Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mix in Laboratory

Research paper thumbnail of Quantification of Reduction in Hydraulic Conductivity and Skid Resistance Caused by Fog Seal in Low-Volume Roads

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2017

Fog seal increases pavement life and postpones major rehabilitation. The reduction of permeabilit... more Fog seal increases pavement life and postpones major rehabilitation. The reduction of permeability caused by fog sealing will reduce moisture-induced damage, but this benefit comes with a temporary loss of surface friction. However, quantifying the effectiveness of fog sealing by measuring permeability is a difficult task. Although fog seal may be a good low-cost maintenance option for low-volume roads, the rate of recovery of friction may be very slow because of less rubbing action between the fog-sealed surface and tires. Four low-volume parish roads in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, were selected for this study. Two emulsions, CSS-1H and E-Fog, with three application rates, were used to evaluate the reduction in hydraulic conductivity and to assess the characteristics of friction over time. Results showed that fog seal can be expected to be fully cured within 2.5 to 3.5 hours for an application rate of 0.2 to 0.4 gallons per square yard (gal/yd2). The same field cores were tested befor...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Oxidative Aging of Asphalt Binder and it's Effects on Cracking Susceptibility of Asphalt Mix

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a Test Method to Measure RAP Percentage in Asphalt Mixes in the Field Using a Handheld FT-IR Spectrometer

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020

AbstractIn this study, a handheld Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FT-IRS) is used as the... more AbstractIn this study, a handheld Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FT-IRS) is used as the primary equipment to determine the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in a mix by quantifying...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the short-term aging of warm mix asphalt using rolling thin film oven

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2019

Standard Rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test at 163ºC for 85 minutes has been investigated and rev... more Standard Rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test at 163ºC for 85 minutes has been investigated and revised to represent the short-term aging of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) binder which is mixed and aged at lower temperature. Because of wide mixing temperature and variation in duration of storage and paving time, field short-term aging differs significantly. To simulate the reduced aging of WMA binders in the laboratory, series of RTFO tests were conducted on two binders at three different temperatures and for four aging periods. Short-term oven aging (STOA) of mix was performed for the same time duration at those three RTFO aging temperatures. A RTFO aging model was developed correlating the rheological properties of S TOA mix. Following the aging model developed in this study aging temperature and duration can be selected for RTFO testing to simulate aging effect that a binder experiences in STOA of mix. It is observed that the change in aging index of binder follows a linear relationship with aging time, and the rate of change of the aging index changes linearly with temperature. This study also affirms that STOA of mix exhibits more sensitivity to temperature than tha t of RTFO aging of binder. Investigation of plant and laboratory mix depicts that very small portion of mix aging occurs during mixing phase however, main portion of short-term aging occur during the storage of plant mix or oven aging of laboratory mix. Because of wide mixing temperature RTFO aging test pro tocol need to be adjusted.

Research paper thumbnail of A parametric study to understand the adhesion failure mechanism of asphalt sealant

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2019

Adhesive strength of sealant was investigated by utilizing a new test setup developed from modifi... more Adhesive strength of sealant was investigated by utilizing a new test setup developed from modification of Texas Overlay Test. Direct tension to sealant- asphalt concrete substrate was applied without any specialized sealant testing machine. Type I and Type IV (recommended for use in hot and cold climate respectively) sealants were tested at four temperatures on two different joint thicknesses. Type IV sealant fails in adhesion irrespective of temperature or thickness. Depending on the temperature, the failure pattern of Type I is cohesive or mix mode. A correlation between dynamic shear modulus of sealants and adhesive strength for both the sealants at each thickness were established with R2 values over 0.90. A general trend of the effect of thickness was observed and was explained by proposing a hypothesis that there exists a certain modulus for each sealant type at which the bond strength remains same irrespective of its thickness.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study of RTFO, PAV and UV Aging Using FT-IRS and DSR Tests

Springer eBooks, Sep 26, 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate RTRO (Rolling Thing Film Oven), PAV (Pressure Agin... more The objective of this study was to investigate RTRO (Rolling Thing Film Oven), PAV (Pressure Aging Vessel), UV (Ultraviolet), and forced draft oven aging behavior of original binder through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and FT-IRS (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer). Different aging equipment, namely RTFO, PAV, UV chamber, and forced draft oven, were used to age the binder until equal stiffness (same G*/sinδ) was obtained. A comparison has been performed among these four aging procedures based on their differences in chemical and rheological properties. FT-IRS was used to envisage the chemical alteration, whereas DSR was used to perceive the rheological changes. Samples were prepared in RTFO at 163 °C and were collected at different degrees of RTFO aging. PAV, UV, and oven aged samples were prepared considering conditions without RTFO aging. Results showed that carbonyl (C=O) and sulfoxide (S=O) content of different degrees of RTFO and PAV aged samples increased with duration. On the other hand, C=O and S=O content in UV and oven aged samples decreased after 36 h of aging. At similar stiffness of RTFO and PAV aged binders, C=O content was similar, but S=O content was higher in PAV aged binders. DSR results also showed a resemblance with the FT-IRS results, which indicated that these different aging procedures with different equipment could be correlated with each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Limitations of using sulfoxide index as a metric to quantify asphalt aging

CRC Press eBooks, Dec 8, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable lignin to enhance asphalt binder oxidative aging properties and mix properties

Journal of Cleaner Production, Apr 1, 2019

Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based as... more Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based asphalt binders would be better for our environment. Replacing a small portion (maximum of 6%) of asphalt binder with three different types of lignin was investigated to determine its effects on aged and unaged asphalt binder and mix. Commercially available Kraft lignin, lignin precipitated from black liquor in the laboratory, lignin produced from rice hulls in the laboratory using a deep eutectic solvent, and a standard asphalt binder (control) were evaluated. Lignin improved the high temperature performance grade. All lignin-modified binders showed higher strain tolerance than unmodified binders in strain sweep tests. Lignin precipitated from black liquor and lignin produced from rice hulls improved the long-term aging index. Rutting, cracking, and moisture damage susceptibility tests were performed on an asphalt mix prepared with 6% lignin precipitated from black liquor asphalt binder. Improved rutting resistance was observed from the lignin-modified asphalt mix, without sacrificing moisture-induced damage resistance. Better cracking resistance with respect to increased flexibility index was observed according to the semi-circular bend test. Replacing petroleum-based binder with up to 6% of lignin precipitated from black liquor is practicable for hot mix asphalt, and may be feasible in the lower temperature warm mix asphalt process.

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Sustainable Lignin to Enhance Asphalt Binder and Mix Properties

Transportation Research Board 98th Annual MeetingTransportation Research Board, 2019

Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based as... more Using sustainable, renewable substances that can be locally-sourced instead of petroleum-based asphalt binders would be better for our environment. Replacing a small portion (maximum of 6%) of asphalt binder with three different types of lignin was investigated to determine its effects on aged and unaged asphalt. Kraft lignin, lignin precipitated from black liquor, and lignin produced from rice hulls using a deep eutectic solvent partially replaced a standard asphalt binder (control) and the four binders were evaluated. All three lignins improved the high temperature grading for both aged and unaged samples compared to the control. Non-recoverable creep compliance values were acceptable for the replaced lignin binders and grade bumping was achieved. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery was improved when standard binder was replaced by the lignins. Adding lignin precipitated from black liquor and lignin produced from rice hulls enhanced binder strain tolerance at 64 °C and improved long-term aging index. Additional investigation of binder with lignin precipitated from black liquor showed improved rut resistance and better cracking resistance compared to the control. Replacing petroleum-based binder with up to 6% of lignin precipitated from black liquor is feasible in asphalt.

Research paper thumbnail of A Laboratory Study on Reduction of Permeability of Asphalt Mixtures as a Measure of Fog Seal Effectiveness

International Conference on Transportation and Development 2020, Aug 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of bio-based and petroleum-based rejuvenator based on cracking susceptibility of hot mix asphalt with high RAP content

Construction and Building Materials, Mar 1, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Identification and Evaluation of the Elastomeric, Plastomeric, and Chemical Modifiers in Asphalt Binders

Airfield and Highway Pavements 2019, Jul 18, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of In-Situ Measurements of Variations of RAP Contents in Hot Mix Asphalt by a Handheld FT-IR Spectrometer

Springer eBooks, Sep 26, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of a Softer Grade Binder and a Rejuvenating Agent in Hot Mix Asphalt with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Airfield and Highway Pavements 2019, Jul 18, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a RTFO-Aging Test Protocol for WMA Binders and Its PG Grading

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is one of the Every Day Counts (EDC) technology announced by the Federal H... more Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is one of the Every Day Counts (EDC) technology announced by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and it is becoming increasingly popular in every state. Despite several benefits, the use of WMA is still not indisputable because of its possible rutting susceptibility. Although several laboratory rutting tests are currently in use in different states, very few of the tests use full scale loading conditions. Therefore, current test methods are good to evaluate the effects of different mix parameters, but often do not correlate well with field rutting distresses. The objective of this study is to evaluate a full-scale laboratory wheel load tester by correlating the rut depths with rut depth obtained from testing in Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA). A full-scale wheel load testing will eliminate the need of rigorous field evaluation. Laboratory made Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) have been used in dry and submerged condition for evaluation of this tester. After 1200 wheel passes the rut depth for WMA was always greater than the rut depth of HMA either in dry or submerged testing. This trend also corroborates with the APA test results. Binder was extracted and recovered from WMA and HMA specimens, and it was hypothesized that increased rutting and moisture susceptibility of WMA specimen is the result of reduced short-term aging of the WMA than that of HMA. Asphalt mix consist of different aggregate sizes. A study was conducted to investigate how total binder content in the mix is distributed among different aggregate size. The effect of aggregate size on aging of the mix, and consequently on its rutting performance was also studied. It was found that asphalt content associated with fine aggregate group is the highest among the three groups: coarse, medium and fine. In a mix, binder associated with fine aggregate is aged more than the binder associated with other aggregate and aging of a mix is mostly contributed by the aging of the fine portion of mix. To simulate the reduced aging of WMA binders in the laboratory, series of RTFO tests were conducted on two binder types at three different temperatures for four aging periods. STOA was performed for same time duration on laboratory mix produced at the temperatures like those three RTFO aging temperatures. A RTFO aging model was developed correlating the rheological properties of STOA mix with RTFO aged binder to simulate the aging for WMA as well as for HMA. Investigation of rheological properties of RTFO and STOA binder depicts that change in aging index of binder follows a linear relationship with aging time and the rate of change of aging index also changes linearly with temperature. This study affirms that STOA exhibits more sensitivity to temperature than that of RTFO aging.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of a Full Scale Wheel Load Tester to Determine the Rutting and Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mix in Laboratory

Research paper thumbnail of Quantification of Reduction in Hydraulic Conductivity and Skid Resistance Caused by Fog Seal in Low-Volume Roads

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2017

Fog seal increases pavement life and postpones major rehabilitation. The reduction of permeabilit... more Fog seal increases pavement life and postpones major rehabilitation. The reduction of permeability caused by fog sealing will reduce moisture-induced damage, but this benefit comes with a temporary loss of surface friction. However, quantifying the effectiveness of fog sealing by measuring permeability is a difficult task. Although fog seal may be a good low-cost maintenance option for low-volume roads, the rate of recovery of friction may be very slow because of less rubbing action between the fog-sealed surface and tires. Four low-volume parish roads in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, were selected for this study. Two emulsions, CSS-1H and E-Fog, with three application rates, were used to evaluate the reduction in hydraulic conductivity and to assess the characteristics of friction over time. Results showed that fog seal can be expected to be fully cured within 2.5 to 3.5 hours for an application rate of 0.2 to 0.4 gallons per square yard (gal/yd2). The same field cores were tested befor...