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Papers by micheal mikhail

Research paper thumbnail of Development and evaluation of clove and cinnamon oil-based nanoemulsions against adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program: Parasitological Studies and Feasible Elimination Plan in Menshiat Al Qanater District, Giza Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, May 1, 2022

Elephantiasis due to Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the major causes of deformity and disabi... more Elephantiasis due to Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the major causes of deformity and disability, known in Egypt since ancient times. In 2016, a new lf focus was discovered in Atris village, Menshiat Al Qanater District, Giza Governorate which was not included in NLFEP. This work studied parasitological status in three villages in Menshiat Al Qanater; Atris, Kafr Abu Elhadid and Bani-Salama to plan a feasible elimination program. Cross-sectional parasitological surveys were conducted from October 2017 to the end 2018 by visiting 10% of randomly selected houses. Finger prick blood samples were taken around midnight for thick blood films to detect the microfilarae. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of microfilaraemia was (0.6 %) in Menshiat Al Qanater district where 31 positive cases for MF out of 5568 examined persons. All cases were from two villages; Atris (21 cases), Kafr Abu Elhadid villages (10 cases), and none found in Bani-Salama village. The planning an appropriate integrated vector management (IVM) LF program for Atris & Kafr Abu Elhadid were in altering the drug used in MDA to the triple drug regimen, vector management, and health promotion.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Selected Essential Oils Against Zoonoses and their Epidemiological Survey Among Domestic Rodents in Egypt

Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University

The Original Article is brought to you for free and open access by Bulletin of the Faculty of Pha... more The Original Article is brought to you for free and open access by Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University by an authorized editor of Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University.

Research paper thumbnail of Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Among Commensal Rodents from Giza Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic parasite that infects a large spectrum of... more Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic parasite that infects a large spectrum of warm-blood animals, including humans. Congenital toxoplasmosis is a worldwide problem. Rodents are intermediate hosts and serve as food for felids, the definitive hosts. A serological survey for antibodies to T. gondii was carried out among two species of commensal rodent species Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, trapped from different localities within Abu-El-Nomros center, Giza Governorate. Of 125 rats, 5 (4.0%) had anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Of 79 R. nor-vegicus 3 (3.8%), and 46 R. rattus 2 (4.3%). The results showed that mature and immature of males and females of both species had anti-toxoplasmal. This result was not statistically significant between two species of R. norvegicus and R. rattus and also between the two sexes of each species.

Research paper thumbnail of Larvicidal Effect of Alkaloids Extracted from Bitter Lupin Seeds Against Mosquitoes (Culex Pipiens), Flies (Musca Domestica) and Fleas (Xenopsylla Cheopis) Under Laboratory Conditions in Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2019

The present work investigated the larvicidal efficacy of alkaloids extracted from Lupin seeds by ... more The present work investigated the larvicidal efficacy of alkaloids extracted from Lupin seeds by water (aqueous extract) and methanol (methanol extract) against mosquitoes larvae (Culex pipiens), flies larvae (Musca domestica) and fleas larvae (Xenopsylla cheopis) under laboratory condition in Egypt. Alkaloids were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis revealed the presence of lupanine (100%), 13-OH-Lupanine (16.48%) and13α-Angeloyloxylupanine (1.3%) in methanol extract of Lupinus luteus and αisolupanine (100%) only in aqueous extract of lupinus luteus. The lethal concentration LC 50 and LC 90 were obtained from the established regression log concentrate-response lines after 24 hours. Data indicated that the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Culex pipiens larvae was more effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The values of lethal concentration of methanol extract of alkaloids were 0.79 and 1.17 mg/ml for LC 50 and LC 90 respectively, while the values of lethal concentration of aqueous extract of alkaloids were 5.43 and 8.50 mg/ml for LC 50 & LC 90 respectively. Data also indicated that the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Musca domestica larvae was effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The values of lethal concentration of methanol extract of alkaloids were 6.40 and 19.18 mg/ml for LC 50 &LC 90 respectively, while the same values of aqueous extract of alkaloids were 11.20 and 34.00 mg/ml for LC 50 and LC 90 respectively. In addition, the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Xenopsylla cheopis larvae was more effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The lethal values concentration of alkaloids methanol extract were 10.56, 19.20 and mg/ml for LC 50 &LC 90 respectively, but alkaloids values of aqueous extract were 23.21 and 41.69 mg/ml for LC 50 & LC 90 respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Entomological Surveillance of Aedes Aegypti and Arboviruses Outbreak of Dengue Fever in the Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2019

Red sea Governorate coordinates: N 25o 32' 1'', E 33o 26' 18'' and one of... more Red sea Governorate coordinates: N 25o 32' 1'', E 33o 26' 18'' and one of the borders Governorates. The Red Sea Coast length of 1080 km, from the Gulf of Suez, latitude 29 north, to the border of Sudan on latitude 22 north with about 306,000 living in area of about 203,685km2(January 2018), and it is divided into seven cities include Hurghada (capital), Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb, Marsa Alam, Shalatin, Halaib. Four Cities Hurghada, Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb were selected for entomological surveys where dengue fever was anticipated to be occurred at November 2017. A total number of 469 houses were participates survived, positive adult houses were 20.47% (96/469), while positive larvae houses were 10.23 % (48/469). The stogmoyia indices for the parameters of house index (HI), container index (CI) and Breteau index (BI) were (10.2, 7.0 &16) respectively. The survey yielded a total number of immature stages of Aedes aegypti of 92.22% (960/1041), or 92.5 % ...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Dipterous Flies Associated with Human and Animal Diseases in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2018

The present study focused on dipterous flies, distribution and their densities in nine centers of... more The present study focused on dipterous flies, distribution and their densities in nine centers of Menoufia Governorate, Egypt (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berkat El-Sabe, El-Bagour, AlShohada, Tala, Menof, Al-Sadat and Ashmon). The result indicated that 30 species belonging to 22 genera and 11 families were trapped from Menoufyia Governorate in spring 2015. Musca domestica, Coproica vegans, Cop. Ferruginata, Sepsis thoracica, S. lateralis and S. fissa were the most abundant species in the Governorate. The results showed that there was no statistically significant according to the total number of flies species between centers (F=0.794 & P=0.686). Data also indicated that there was statistically significant between species according to the total number of flies in Quesna center (F=2.576; P=0.040), but there was no statistically significant between species according to the total number of flies to other centers, Shebeen El-Kom (F=1.368; P=0.282), Berkat El-Sab (F=2.00; P=0.95), El-Bagour (...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Rodenticide Activity of Three Agro Waste Materials in Combat of Rattus norvegicus Under Laboratory Conditions

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Surveillance of Trypanosoma Spp of Rodents and Studies in Their Transmission Probability by Fleas in Some Rural Egyptian Areas

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

A new public health problem arises from animal trypanosomes that afflict human by a disease calle... more A new public health problem arises from animal trypanosomes that afflict human by a disease called atypical human trypanosomiasis. Although humans have an innate protection against most Trypanosoma species, nineteen cases of atypical human trypanosomiasis caused by the animal trypanosome as T. b. brucei , T. vivax, T. congolense , T. evansi and T. lewisi have been recorded. Some of theserecorded cases were transient, six required trypanocidal treatments however two patients died. Rodent trypanosome, T.lewisi is transmitted via ingestion of fleas or their feces containing the infective stage, the metacyclic trypomastigote. Because of the high densities of various species of rodents and their distribution all over the country especially in rural areas, the present work aimed to evaluate the trypanosomiasis among rodents collected from November to March 2016 and study transmission probability by their fleas in some rural areas in Abu Alnomros Center, Giza. The overall trypanosomiasis prevalence among the different rodent species was (21 rats) 24.7%. All the infected rats belonged to Rattus r. spp where the prevalence of infection with Trypanosoma lewisi among that species was very high 51.2% while none of rats belonged to Rattus norvegicus were infected. That may be attributed to the solid immunity gained by the R. norvegicus where most of the collected norvegicus were aged and weighed more than 200 grams. There was an inverse significant correlation between the densities of parasites and the weights of the hosts. The rat which recorded the highest parasite density (60,000 parasites/ microliter) was a female Rattus r. captured indoor (inside house). As to sex of Rattus rattus spp no significant difference was found between males and females in trypanosomiasis. Also there was no significant correlation between the densities of parasites and the number of white blood cells among Rattus rattus spp. All positive rats were collected indoors (from houses) and all the rats which were captured from outdoors (farms) were negative for T. lewisi. The difference between infections with trypanosomiasis among rats inhabited the houses and that found in farms was highly significant. Only two species of fleas were found on rats, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis. The oriental fleas, X. cheopis, were found mainly on R. norvegicus where 57.5% of R. norvegicus were positive for X. cheopis while only one rat was positive for L. segnis. On other hand the rat fleas, L.segnis, were found mainly on Rattus rattus spp where 39% of these rats were positive for L. segnis. The present work revealed a significant correlation between the infection with T. lewisi and the presence of L. segnis on the rats however that correlation regarding X. cheopis was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of Response of Dominant Rodents to Coumatetralyl and Bromadiolone in Greater Cairo, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

Since the 1950s, anticoagulant rodenticides are used to control rodents in public health and agri... more Since the 1950s, anticoagulant rodenticides are used to control rodents in public health and agriculture sectors. The extensive use of these compounds has acted as selective force to rodents, leading to resistance. Resistance mechanisms have been identified in rats and mice, including the modification of the enzyme that activates vitamin K, vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to coumatetralyl (first generation anticoagulant) and broamdiolone (second generation anticoagulant) by bioassay detection method under laboratory conditions were studied. Animals were trapped from Greater Cairo, Egypt in which the anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was recorded for both species and sexes within the standard feeding periods (under no-choice feeding test for 6-days to coumatetralyl and 4-days to bromadiolone). Rat species under studied still susceptible to coumatetralyl and bromadiolone. The present work revealed a significant correlation between species in comparison with consumed dose and death time. R. rattus showed more active ingredient intake (mg/kg) than R. norvegicus. Death time (days), R. rattus recorded higher mean values than R. norvegicus, also females showed higher mean values compared to males.

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Three Insecticides on Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ) Infesting Rodents in Giza Governorate , Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the main reason for... more The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the main reason for development of resistance in fleas associated in domestic rodents. The present work was planned to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of Lambda-cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion against rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infesting rodent species in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The lethal concentration Lc 50 and Lc 90 of population percent were obtained from the established regression log concentrate-response lines. Data indicated that the values of lethal concentration (Lc 50) were 0.293, 1.725 & 2.328 % for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively. The values of lethal concentration (Lc 90) were 0.467, 2.839 & 5.197% for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Certain Insecticides against Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ) among Rodent Species in Cairo Governorate , Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide in two rodent species and its haematologic effect

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to bro... more Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay and biochemical methods were studied. Animals were trapped from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates in which the anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species and sexes within standard no-choice feeding test period (4 days) indicating bromadiolone susceptibility. Treatment of rats with LD50 showed high prothrombin times which also indicate the susceptibility of the tested animals. In treated rats, bromadiolone caused significant decrease in the total erythrocytic counts and increase in the total leucocytic counts. In survivors, RBCs, WBCs approximately reached the control levels at day 43 post treatment. Also, treatment decreased neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes but increased the lymphocytes in dead and survived animals more than in controls.

Research paper thumbnail of Rodents as reservoir host of intestinal helminthes in different Egyptian agroecosystems

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2009

Hymenolepis diminuta were detected in rodents in all zones surveyed Governorates under studied (S... more Hymenolepis diminuta were detected in rodents in all zones surveyed Governorates under studied (Suez, Menoufia, Giza, Damietta and Beni-Sewaf). The highest infestation recorded at Suez and Demiatta Governorates. On the other hand, rodents at Menoufia and Beni-Sewaf showed there is no convincing evidence that they infested with H. diminuta. The existence of one species of nematode namely, Streptopharagus kuntzi were recorded at Suez, Giza and Demiatta Governorates only. While Menoufia and Beni-Sewaf Governorates showed no convincing evidence that, they infested with nematode. Worms were recovered from Norway rats. Data indicated that Rattus norvegicus were the most vulnerable species at infection with H. diminuta and Streptopharagus kuntzi. Summer is highly infested with nematode in comparison with other seasonal study.

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of Culex pipiens complex to some insecticides in Qatar

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

Insecticides susceptibility tests were conducted on Culex pipiens larvae from both Doha and Al-Ra... more Insecticides susceptibility tests were conducted on Culex pipiens larvae from both Doha and Al-Rayan. The insecticides used were chloropyrifos, propetamphos (Organophosphorous), cyphenothrin, cyfluthrin (Synthetic) and etofenprox. Larvae in Al-Rayan district were more susceptible to all insecticides than in Doha. The chlorophyrifos and cyfluthrin were the most effective larvicides, cyphenothrin was moderate and propetamphos and etofanprox were the least ones.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of warfarin anticoagulant rodenticide on the blood cell counts of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

The effect of the warfarin LD50 on the counts of the blood cells of Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus... more The effect of the warfarin LD50 on the counts of the blood cells of Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and roof rat, Rattus rattus from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates was investigated in the laboratory. Warfarin toxication caused significantly different blood cell counts in treated rats compared to control ones. Warfarin significantly decreased the total erythrocytic count and increased the total leucocytic count of treated rats. But, it caused significant de-crease in neutrophrils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes, but significant increase in lymphocytes. The data also showed that in survived rats, WBC count equaled the normal level or slightly exceeded it at 33/43 days post treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

The ecto-parasites infesting commensally rodents were collected from the different localities in ... more The ecto-parasites infesting commensally rodents were collected from the different localities in Talkha Center (Dakahlia Governorate) from April 2006 to March 2007. The seasonal abundance of rodent number and rat index was 52 (0.58) in spring, 27 (0.3) in summer, 39 (0.22) in autumn and 17 (0.05) in winter. From 135 rodent species and rat index was Rattus norvegicus N=33 (0.24), R. r. frugivorous N=39 (0.29); R. r. alexandrinus N=48 (0.36) and Mus musculus N=15 (0.11). From 388 ecto-parasite infested rodent collected number and ecto index was fleas N= 114 (0.84 flea/rat), Lice N=93 (0.69 lice/rat), Mites N = 165 (1.2 mite/rat) and larva of ticks N=16 (0.12 tick/rat). No doubt, rodents and their ectoparasites played a serious role in spreading and transmission of zoonotic diseases to human and animal.

Research paper thumbnail of Rodent borne diseases and their fleas in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent borne diseases and their fleas was carried out in ten cen... more A preliminary survey of domestic rodent borne diseases and their fleas was carried out in ten centers of Menofiya (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate, Egypt. Rodent index (number of rodent / trap) and percentage frequency of different rodent species were recorded in spring (2009). The main species was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, R. rattus alexandrinus, the white- bellied rat, R. rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. Searth El-Lian center showed the highest existing rodent- index, while Quesna center showed the lowest existing rodent-index. The Norway rat, R. norvegicus showed higher frequency at Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Baguur, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat. R. rattus alexandrinus showed higher frequency at Tala center, while Rattus rattusfrugivorus showed higher frequency at El-Shohada, Menoff and Ashmon. M. masculus showed the lower frequency a...

Research paper thumbnail of Infestation rate of tick, mite and lice among rodent species in Menoufia governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent species and their ectoparasites tick, mite and lice was c... more A preliminary survey of domestic rodent species and their ectoparasites tick, mite and lice was carried out in ten centers of Menoufia (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate. Frequency of rodent species and ectoparasites indices (tick, mite and lice) were recorded in spring (2009). The main species of rodent was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, Rattus rattus alexandrinus, the white-bellied rat, Rattus rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The common tick species attacking rodents were: Rhipicephalus sp. and Hyalomma sp. The common mite species attacking rodents were: Dermanyssus sangineus, Orithonysus bacoti, Haemolaelaps glas-gowi, Laelaps nutalli, Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. The only common lice species was Polyplax spinulosa. The fur mites Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. were recorded at Quesna, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat centers on R. norvegicus for the first...

Research paper thumbnail of Response of predominant rodent borne diseases to difethialone anticoagulant rodenticide under laboratory conditions

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

Susceptibility level to difethialone 0.0025% anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay method were st... more Susceptibility level to difethialone 0.0025% anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay method were studied (during 2009 & 2010) to the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat Rattus rattus trapped from Giza and Menoufia Governorates (G) where anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species at two Governorates within 3 days no-choice feeding test period, indicated to be susceptible to difethialone. The bait consumption and corresponding active ingredient intake was more in R. rattus than R. norvegicus. The mean intake values for R. rattus were 3.1 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza G and 2.63 & 2.65 mg/kg at Menoufia G for males and females and for R. norvegicus 1.93 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza and 2.14 & 2.09 mg/kg at Menoufia for males and females, respectively. Within 2 days no-choice feeding test period, difethialone caused mortality ranged between 70-80% for both species. The higher intake values of active ingredient for di...

Research paper thumbnail of Development and evaluation of clove and cinnamon oil-based nanoemulsions against adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program: Parasitological Studies and Feasible Elimination Plan in Menshiat Al Qanater District, Giza Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, May 1, 2022

Elephantiasis due to Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the major causes of deformity and disabi... more Elephantiasis due to Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the major causes of deformity and disability, known in Egypt since ancient times. In 2016, a new lf focus was discovered in Atris village, Menshiat Al Qanater District, Giza Governorate which was not included in NLFEP. This work studied parasitological status in three villages in Menshiat Al Qanater; Atris, Kafr Abu Elhadid and Bani-Salama to plan a feasible elimination program. Cross-sectional parasitological surveys were conducted from October 2017 to the end 2018 by visiting 10% of randomly selected houses. Finger prick blood samples were taken around midnight for thick blood films to detect the microfilarae. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of microfilaraemia was (0.6 %) in Menshiat Al Qanater district where 31 positive cases for MF out of 5568 examined persons. All cases were from two villages; Atris (21 cases), Kafr Abu Elhadid villages (10 cases), and none found in Bani-Salama village. The planning an appropriate integrated vector management (IVM) LF program for Atris & Kafr Abu Elhadid were in altering the drug used in MDA to the triple drug regimen, vector management, and health promotion.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Selected Essential Oils Against Zoonoses and their Epidemiological Survey Among Domestic Rodents in Egypt

Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University

The Original Article is brought to you for free and open access by Bulletin of the Faculty of Pha... more The Original Article is brought to you for free and open access by Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University by an authorized editor of Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University.

Research paper thumbnail of Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Among Commensal Rodents from Giza Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic parasite that infects a large spectrum of... more Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic parasite that infects a large spectrum of warm-blood animals, including humans. Congenital toxoplasmosis is a worldwide problem. Rodents are intermediate hosts and serve as food for felids, the definitive hosts. A serological survey for antibodies to T. gondii was carried out among two species of commensal rodent species Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, trapped from different localities within Abu-El-Nomros center, Giza Governorate. Of 125 rats, 5 (4.0%) had anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Of 79 R. nor-vegicus 3 (3.8%), and 46 R. rattus 2 (4.3%). The results showed that mature and immature of males and females of both species had anti-toxoplasmal. This result was not statistically significant between two species of R. norvegicus and R. rattus and also between the two sexes of each species.

Research paper thumbnail of Larvicidal Effect of Alkaloids Extracted from Bitter Lupin Seeds Against Mosquitoes (Culex Pipiens), Flies (Musca Domestica) and Fleas (Xenopsylla Cheopis) Under Laboratory Conditions in Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2019

The present work investigated the larvicidal efficacy of alkaloids extracted from Lupin seeds by ... more The present work investigated the larvicidal efficacy of alkaloids extracted from Lupin seeds by water (aqueous extract) and methanol (methanol extract) against mosquitoes larvae (Culex pipiens), flies larvae (Musca domestica) and fleas larvae (Xenopsylla cheopis) under laboratory condition in Egypt. Alkaloids were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis revealed the presence of lupanine (100%), 13-OH-Lupanine (16.48%) and13α-Angeloyloxylupanine (1.3%) in methanol extract of Lupinus luteus and αisolupanine (100%) only in aqueous extract of lupinus luteus. The lethal concentration LC 50 and LC 90 were obtained from the established regression log concentrate-response lines after 24 hours. Data indicated that the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Culex pipiens larvae was more effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The values of lethal concentration of methanol extract of alkaloids were 0.79 and 1.17 mg/ml for LC 50 and LC 90 respectively, while the values of lethal concentration of aqueous extract of alkaloids were 5.43 and 8.50 mg/ml for LC 50 & LC 90 respectively. Data also indicated that the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Musca domestica larvae was effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The values of lethal concentration of methanol extract of alkaloids were 6.40 and 19.18 mg/ml for LC 50 &LC 90 respectively, while the same values of aqueous extract of alkaloids were 11.20 and 34.00 mg/ml for LC 50 and LC 90 respectively. In addition, the efficacy of methanol extract of alkaloids against Xenopsylla cheopis larvae was more effective than the effect of aqueous extract of alkaloids. The lethal values concentration of alkaloids methanol extract were 10.56, 19.20 and mg/ml for LC 50 &LC 90 respectively, but alkaloids values of aqueous extract were 23.21 and 41.69 mg/ml for LC 50 & LC 90 respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Entomological Surveillance of Aedes Aegypti and Arboviruses Outbreak of Dengue Fever in the Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2019

Red sea Governorate coordinates: N 25o 32' 1'', E 33o 26' 18'' and one of... more Red sea Governorate coordinates: N 25o 32' 1'', E 33o 26' 18'' and one of the borders Governorates. The Red Sea Coast length of 1080 km, from the Gulf of Suez, latitude 29 north, to the border of Sudan on latitude 22 north with about 306,000 living in area of about 203,685km2(January 2018), and it is divided into seven cities include Hurghada (capital), Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb, Marsa Alam, Shalatin, Halaib. Four Cities Hurghada, Safaga, Al-Kuseer, Ras Ghareb were selected for entomological surveys where dengue fever was anticipated to be occurred at November 2017. A total number of 469 houses were participates survived, positive adult houses were 20.47% (96/469), while positive larvae houses were 10.23 % (48/469). The stogmoyia indices for the parameters of house index (HI), container index (CI) and Breteau index (BI) were (10.2, 7.0 &16) respectively. The survey yielded a total number of immature stages of Aedes aegypti of 92.22% (960/1041), or 92.5 % ...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Dipterous Flies Associated with Human and Animal Diseases in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2018

The present study focused on dipterous flies, distribution and their densities in nine centers of... more The present study focused on dipterous flies, distribution and their densities in nine centers of Menoufia Governorate, Egypt (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berkat El-Sabe, El-Bagour, AlShohada, Tala, Menof, Al-Sadat and Ashmon). The result indicated that 30 species belonging to 22 genera and 11 families were trapped from Menoufyia Governorate in spring 2015. Musca domestica, Coproica vegans, Cop. Ferruginata, Sepsis thoracica, S. lateralis and S. fissa were the most abundant species in the Governorate. The results showed that there was no statistically significant according to the total number of flies species between centers (F=0.794 & P=0.686). Data also indicated that there was statistically significant between species according to the total number of flies in Quesna center (F=2.576; P=0.040), but there was no statistically significant between species according to the total number of flies to other centers, Shebeen El-Kom (F=1.368; P=0.282), Berkat El-Sab (F=2.00; P=0.95), El-Bagour (...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Rodenticide Activity of Three Agro Waste Materials in Combat of Rattus norvegicus Under Laboratory Conditions

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Surveillance of Trypanosoma Spp of Rodents and Studies in Their Transmission Probability by Fleas in Some Rural Egyptian Areas

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

A new public health problem arises from animal trypanosomes that afflict human by a disease calle... more A new public health problem arises from animal trypanosomes that afflict human by a disease called atypical human trypanosomiasis. Although humans have an innate protection against most Trypanosoma species, nineteen cases of atypical human trypanosomiasis caused by the animal trypanosome as T. b. brucei , T. vivax, T. congolense , T. evansi and T. lewisi have been recorded. Some of theserecorded cases were transient, six required trypanocidal treatments however two patients died. Rodent trypanosome, T.lewisi is transmitted via ingestion of fleas or their feces containing the infective stage, the metacyclic trypomastigote. Because of the high densities of various species of rodents and their distribution all over the country especially in rural areas, the present work aimed to evaluate the trypanosomiasis among rodents collected from November to March 2016 and study transmission probability by their fleas in some rural areas in Abu Alnomros Center, Giza. The overall trypanosomiasis prevalence among the different rodent species was (21 rats) 24.7%. All the infected rats belonged to Rattus r. spp where the prevalence of infection with Trypanosoma lewisi among that species was very high 51.2% while none of rats belonged to Rattus norvegicus were infected. That may be attributed to the solid immunity gained by the R. norvegicus where most of the collected norvegicus were aged and weighed more than 200 grams. There was an inverse significant correlation between the densities of parasites and the weights of the hosts. The rat which recorded the highest parasite density (60,000 parasites/ microliter) was a female Rattus r. captured indoor (inside house). As to sex of Rattus rattus spp no significant difference was found between males and females in trypanosomiasis. Also there was no significant correlation between the densities of parasites and the number of white blood cells among Rattus rattus spp. All positive rats were collected indoors (from houses) and all the rats which were captured from outdoors (farms) were negative for T. lewisi. The difference between infections with trypanosomiasis among rats inhabited the houses and that found in farms was highly significant. Only two species of fleas were found on rats, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis. The oriental fleas, X. cheopis, were found mainly on R. norvegicus where 57.5% of R. norvegicus were positive for X. cheopis while only one rat was positive for L. segnis. On other hand the rat fleas, L.segnis, were found mainly on Rattus rattus spp where 39% of these rats were positive for L. segnis. The present work revealed a significant correlation between the infection with T. lewisi and the presence of L. segnis on the rats however that correlation regarding X. cheopis was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of Response of Dominant Rodents to Coumatetralyl and Bromadiolone in Greater Cairo, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

Since the 1950s, anticoagulant rodenticides are used to control rodents in public health and agri... more Since the 1950s, anticoagulant rodenticides are used to control rodents in public health and agriculture sectors. The extensive use of these compounds has acted as selective force to rodents, leading to resistance. Resistance mechanisms have been identified in rats and mice, including the modification of the enzyme that activates vitamin K, vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to coumatetralyl (first generation anticoagulant) and broamdiolone (second generation anticoagulant) by bioassay detection method under laboratory conditions were studied. Animals were trapped from Greater Cairo, Egypt in which the anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was recorded for both species and sexes within the standard feeding periods (under no-choice feeding test for 6-days to coumatetralyl and 4-days to bromadiolone). Rat species under studied still susceptible to coumatetralyl and bromadiolone. The present work revealed a significant correlation between species in comparison with consumed dose and death time. R. rattus showed more active ingredient intake (mg/kg) than R. norvegicus. Death time (days), R. rattus recorded higher mean values than R. norvegicus, also females showed higher mean values compared to males.

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Three Insecticides on Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ) Infesting Rodents in Giza Governorate , Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2016

The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the main reason for... more The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the main reason for development of resistance in fleas associated in domestic rodents. The present work was planned to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of Lambda-cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion against rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infesting rodent species in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The lethal concentration Lc 50 and Lc 90 of population percent were obtained from the established regression log concentrate-response lines. Data indicated that the values of lethal concentration (Lc 50) were 0.293, 1.725 & 2.328 % for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively. The values of lethal concentration (Lc 90) were 0.467, 2.839 & 5.197% for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Certain Insecticides against Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ) among Rodent Species in Cairo Governorate , Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide in two rodent species and its haematologic effect

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to bro... more Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay and biochemical methods were studied. Animals were trapped from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates in which the anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species and sexes within standard no-choice feeding test period (4 days) indicating bromadiolone susceptibility. Treatment of rats with LD50 showed high prothrombin times which also indicate the susceptibility of the tested animals. In treated rats, bromadiolone caused significant decrease in the total erythrocytic counts and increase in the total leucocytic counts. In survivors, RBCs, WBCs approximately reached the control levels at day 43 post treatment. Also, treatment decreased neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes but increased the lymphocytes in dead and survived animals more than in controls.

Research paper thumbnail of Rodents as reservoir host of intestinal helminthes in different Egyptian agroecosystems

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2009

Hymenolepis diminuta were detected in rodents in all zones surveyed Governorates under studied (S... more Hymenolepis diminuta were detected in rodents in all zones surveyed Governorates under studied (Suez, Menoufia, Giza, Damietta and Beni-Sewaf). The highest infestation recorded at Suez and Demiatta Governorates. On the other hand, rodents at Menoufia and Beni-Sewaf showed there is no convincing evidence that they infested with H. diminuta. The existence of one species of nematode namely, Streptopharagus kuntzi were recorded at Suez, Giza and Demiatta Governorates only. While Menoufia and Beni-Sewaf Governorates showed no convincing evidence that, they infested with nematode. Worms were recovered from Norway rats. Data indicated that Rattus norvegicus were the most vulnerable species at infection with H. diminuta and Streptopharagus kuntzi. Summer is highly infested with nematode in comparison with other seasonal study.

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of Culex pipiens complex to some insecticides in Qatar

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

Insecticides susceptibility tests were conducted on Culex pipiens larvae from both Doha and Al-Ra... more Insecticides susceptibility tests were conducted on Culex pipiens larvae from both Doha and Al-Rayan. The insecticides used were chloropyrifos, propetamphos (Organophosphorous), cyphenothrin, cyfluthrin (Synthetic) and etofenprox. Larvae in Al-Rayan district were more susceptible to all insecticides than in Doha. The chlorophyrifos and cyfluthrin were the most effective larvicides, cyphenothrin was moderate and propetamphos and etofanprox were the least ones.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of warfarin anticoagulant rodenticide on the blood cell counts of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

The effect of the warfarin LD50 on the counts of the blood cells of Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus... more The effect of the warfarin LD50 on the counts of the blood cells of Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and roof rat, Rattus rattus from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates was investigated in the laboratory. Warfarin toxication caused significantly different blood cell counts in treated rats compared to control ones. Warfarin significantly decreased the total erythrocytic count and increased the total leucocytic count of treated rats. But, it caused significant de-crease in neutrophrils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes, but significant increase in lymphocytes. The data also showed that in survived rats, WBC count equaled the normal level or slightly exceeded it at 33/43 days post treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2007

The ecto-parasites infesting commensally rodents were collected from the different localities in ... more The ecto-parasites infesting commensally rodents were collected from the different localities in Talkha Center (Dakahlia Governorate) from April 2006 to March 2007. The seasonal abundance of rodent number and rat index was 52 (0.58) in spring, 27 (0.3) in summer, 39 (0.22) in autumn and 17 (0.05) in winter. From 135 rodent species and rat index was Rattus norvegicus N=33 (0.24), R. r. frugivorous N=39 (0.29); R. r. alexandrinus N=48 (0.36) and Mus musculus N=15 (0.11). From 388 ecto-parasite infested rodent collected number and ecto index was fleas N= 114 (0.84 flea/rat), Lice N=93 (0.69 lice/rat), Mites N = 165 (1.2 mite/rat) and larva of ticks N=16 (0.12 tick/rat). No doubt, rodents and their ectoparasites played a serious role in spreading and transmission of zoonotic diseases to human and animal.

Research paper thumbnail of Rodent borne diseases and their fleas in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent borne diseases and their fleas was carried out in ten cen... more A preliminary survey of domestic rodent borne diseases and their fleas was carried out in ten centers of Menofiya (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate, Egypt. Rodent index (number of rodent / trap) and percentage frequency of different rodent species were recorded in spring (2009). The main species was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, R. rattus alexandrinus, the white- bellied rat, R. rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. Searth El-Lian center showed the highest existing rodent- index, while Quesna center showed the lowest existing rodent-index. The Norway rat, R. norvegicus showed higher frequency at Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Baguur, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat. R. rattus alexandrinus showed higher frequency at Tala center, while Rattus rattusfrugivorus showed higher frequency at El-Shohada, Menoff and Ashmon. M. masculus showed the lower frequency a...

Research paper thumbnail of Infestation rate of tick, mite and lice among rodent species in Menoufia governorate, Egypt

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent species and their ectoparasites tick, mite and lice was c... more A preliminary survey of domestic rodent species and their ectoparasites tick, mite and lice was carried out in ten centers of Menoufia (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate. Frequency of rodent species and ectoparasites indices (tick, mite and lice) were recorded in spring (2009). The main species of rodent was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, Rattus rattus alexandrinus, the white-bellied rat, Rattus rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The common tick species attacking rodents were: Rhipicephalus sp. and Hyalomma sp. The common mite species attacking rodents were: Dermanyssus sangineus, Orithonysus bacoti, Haemolaelaps glas-gowi, Laelaps nutalli, Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. The only common lice species was Polyplax spinulosa. The fur mites Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. were recorded at Quesna, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat centers on R. norvegicus for the first...

Research paper thumbnail of Response of predominant rodent borne diseases to difethialone anticoagulant rodenticide under laboratory conditions

Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2010

Susceptibility level to difethialone 0.0025% anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay method were st... more Susceptibility level to difethialone 0.0025% anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay method were studied (during 2009 & 2010) to the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat Rattus rattus trapped from Giza and Menoufia Governorates (G) where anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species at two Governorates within 3 days no-choice feeding test period, indicated to be susceptible to difethialone. The bait consumption and corresponding active ingredient intake was more in R. rattus than R. norvegicus. The mean intake values for R. rattus were 3.1 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza G and 2.63 & 2.65 mg/kg at Menoufia G for males and females and for R. norvegicus 1.93 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza and 2.14 & 2.09 mg/kg at Menoufia for males and females, respectively. Within 2 days no-choice feeding test period, difethialone caused mortality ranged between 70-80% for both species. The higher intake values of active ingredient for di...