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Papers by michela limardi

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Recall Bias: Evaluating the Impact of Environmental Campaigns

Social Science Research Network, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Anti-Environmental Behavior: Disregard or Lack of Information?

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Feb 28, 2023

Environmental campaigns are designed to induce a change in human behavior through more environmen... more Environmental campaigns are designed to induce a change in human behavior through more environmental friendly actions. However, the main motivations behind an individual environmental behavior are still under debate. We want to investigate if an anti-environmental behavior might depend on some social values (preferences) or a lack of information. We use an original survey conducted by a French Non-profit Organization to assess the effectiveness of its drug recycle policies. We conduct first a probit analysis of the probability that an individual recycle drugs. Then, we exploit a question in the survey where the interviewer provides the information to non recycling respondents on how it works the drugs recycle process. We estimate the difference among non recycling respondents with respect to their intent to change their recycling behavior, once this information is received. We find that the information does not provide an incentive to change the behavior to non recycling respondents with a low degree of environmental awareness, while it has a positive impact for non-recycling respondents with a higher degree of environmental awareness. A better understanding of the motivations behind anti-environmental behavior might help to design more effective environmental campaigns (informative versus persuasive).

Research paper thumbnail of Recall Bias of Environmental Campaigns

Research paper thumbnail of N ° 2008-58 International labour standards and product differentiation

In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed ... more In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed new importance. We use an incentive based-approach to assess the e¢ ciency of trade policy instruments and private schemes for the promotion of international labour standards in Southern Firms. We show that trade policy instruments may implement minimum standards. On the other hand, we …nd that private schemes may overcome minimum standards if and only if there is an exclusive contract between the MNE and the Southern …rm, due to free-riding e¤ect.

Research paper thumbnail of The Generalized System of Preferences and Ngo Activism

SSRN Electronic Journal

Can preferential market access help to enforce Labor Laws in beneficiary countries? The US Genera... more Can preferential market access help to enforce Labor Laws in beneficiary countries? The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is accorded conditional on compliance with labor rights and leaves room for petitioning and revising the scheme upon request by interest groups. Using data from Indonesian Manufacturing firms, we show that GSP renegotiation combined with the activism of workers' rights groups helped increase firm-level average wages up to the minimum-wage level, not only inside but also outside the export sector. GSP leverage allowed labor NGOs to act more effectively by putting the violation of national Labor Laws under the international spotlight.

Research paper thumbnail of International labour standards and

In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed ... more In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed new importance. We use an incentive based-approach to assess the e¢ ciency of trade policy instruments and private schemes for the promotion of international labour standards in Southern Firms. We show that trade policy instruments may implement minimum standards. On the other hand, we …nd that private schemes may overcome minimum standards if and only if there is an exclusive contract between the MNE and the Southern …rm, due to free-riding e¤ect.

Research paper thumbnail of International Labour Standards and Product Differentiation

Research paper thumbnail of Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO Monitoring, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Industry Equilibrium

Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organization... more Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on multinational firms to act in socially-responsible manner. We analyze how NGO pressure interacts with industry structure, using a simple model of NGO-firm interaction embedded in an industry environment with endogenous markups and entry. We characterize the effect of NGO pressure on the industry equilibrium (intensity of competition, market structure, and the share of socially responsible firms), and the impact of industry-level changes (market size, consumer tastes) on NGO activism. In the long run, multiple equilibria might exist: one with fewer firms and a large share of them being socially-responsible, and the other with more firms but fewer of them acting socially responsibly.

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring International Labour Standards: NGO Activity and Firms' Organizational Strategies

Research paper thumbnail of The Ambiguous Outcome of NGOs’ Activism in Developing Countries

... Countries Lionel Fontagné∗, Michela Limardi† February 23, 2011 Abstract ... Keywords: labour ... more ... Countries Lionel Fontagné∗, Michela Limardi† February 23, 2011 Abstract ... Keywords: labour standards, NGOs, wage determination ∗Paris School of Economics (University Paris 1) and CEPII †PSE-Paris School of Economics and University of Bologna 1 Page 2. 1 Introduction ...

Research paper thumbnail of Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards

Research paper thumbnail of Non Governmental Regulation and the Threat of Market-Based Sanctions

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques commerciales, gouvernement et régulation non-étatique des normes internationales du travail et de l'environnement

Research paper thumbnail of International Labor Standards and Product Differentiation

Revue Economique, May 17, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of The Ambiguous Outcome of NGOs’ Activism in Developing Countries

Many Developing Countries ratified ILO Fundamental Conventions and authorized local labour unions... more Many Developing Countries ratified ILO Fundamental Conventions and authorized local labour unions. Multinational companies producing in these countries pay more when NGOs campaigns take place and reputation counts. However, whether this external pressure from NGOs benefit local workers outside MNEs affiliates in host countries remains an open issue. Segmented and weak local labour unions often rely on external funding from the North and technical assistance by labour NGOs. They need to increase their visibility in the labour intensive sectors targeted by Northern donations and activism. To address these issues we develop a bargaining model adapted to peculiarities of labour market institutions in developing countries, i.e. external funding and the complementarity with labour NGOs. This model is estimated on data on Indonesian manufacturing firms, before and after the authorisation of labour unions, in sensitive and non sensitive sectors. We find that, in sector with visibility for l...

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO Monitoring, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Industry Equilibrium

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO monitoring and industry equilibrium

Journal of Development Economics, 2015

ABSTRACT Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental org... more ABSTRACT Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on multinational firms to act in socially-responsible manner. We analyze how NGO pressure interacts with industry structure, using a simple model of NGO-firm interaction embedded in an industry environment with endogenous markups and entry. We explain three key empirical patterns in developing-country industries under activist pressure: the degree of exit under more intense activist pressure, the differential response of industries to NGO activism, and the general rise of NGO activism following globalization.

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Recall Bias: Evaluating the Impact of Environmental Campaigns

Social Science Research Network, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Anti-Environmental Behavior: Disregard or Lack of Information?

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Feb 28, 2023

Environmental campaigns are designed to induce a change in human behavior through more environmen... more Environmental campaigns are designed to induce a change in human behavior through more environmental friendly actions. However, the main motivations behind an individual environmental behavior are still under debate. We want to investigate if an anti-environmental behavior might depend on some social values (preferences) or a lack of information. We use an original survey conducted by a French Non-profit Organization to assess the effectiveness of its drug recycle policies. We conduct first a probit analysis of the probability that an individual recycle drugs. Then, we exploit a question in the survey where the interviewer provides the information to non recycling respondents on how it works the drugs recycle process. We estimate the difference among non recycling respondents with respect to their intent to change their recycling behavior, once this information is received. We find that the information does not provide an incentive to change the behavior to non recycling respondents with a low degree of environmental awareness, while it has a positive impact for non-recycling respondents with a higher degree of environmental awareness. A better understanding of the motivations behind anti-environmental behavior might help to design more effective environmental campaigns (informative versus persuasive).

Research paper thumbnail of Recall Bias of Environmental Campaigns

Research paper thumbnail of N ° 2008-58 International labour standards and product differentiation

In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed ... more In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed new importance. We use an incentive based-approach to assess the e¢ ciency of trade policy instruments and private schemes for the promotion of international labour standards in Southern Firms. We show that trade policy instruments may implement minimum standards. On the other hand, we …nd that private schemes may overcome minimum standards if and only if there is an exclusive contract between the MNE and the Southern …rm, due to free-riding e¤ect.

Research paper thumbnail of The Generalized System of Preferences and Ngo Activism

SSRN Electronic Journal

Can preferential market access help to enforce Labor Laws in beneficiary countries? The US Genera... more Can preferential market access help to enforce Labor Laws in beneficiary countries? The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is accorded conditional on compliance with labor rights and leaves room for petitioning and revising the scheme upon request by interest groups. Using data from Indonesian Manufacturing firms, we show that GSP renegotiation combined with the activism of workers' rights groups helped increase firm-level average wages up to the minimum-wage level, not only inside but also outside the export sector. GSP leverage allowed labor NGOs to act more effectively by putting the violation of national Labor Laws under the international spotlight.

Research paper thumbnail of International labour standards and

In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed ... more In the last decades the interaction between Labour Standards and International Trade has assumed new importance. We use an incentive based-approach to assess the e¢ ciency of trade policy instruments and private schemes for the promotion of international labour standards in Southern Firms. We show that trade policy instruments may implement minimum standards. On the other hand, we …nd that private schemes may overcome minimum standards if and only if there is an exclusive contract between the MNE and the Southern …rm, due to free-riding e¤ect.

Research paper thumbnail of International Labour Standards and Product Differentiation

Research paper thumbnail of Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO Monitoring, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Industry Equilibrium

Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organization... more Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on multinational firms to act in socially-responsible manner. We analyze how NGO pressure interacts with industry structure, using a simple model of NGO-firm interaction embedded in an industry environment with endogenous markups and entry. We characterize the effect of NGO pressure on the industry equilibrium (intensity of competition, market structure, and the share of socially responsible firms), and the impact of industry-level changes (market size, consumer tastes) on NGO activism. In the long run, multiple equilibria might exist: one with fewer firms and a large share of them being socially-responsible, and the other with more firms but fewer of them acting socially responsibly.

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring International Labour Standards: NGO Activity and Firms' Organizational Strategies

Research paper thumbnail of The Ambiguous Outcome of NGOs’ Activism in Developing Countries

... Countries Lionel Fontagné∗, Michela Limardi† February 23, 2011 Abstract ... Keywords: labour ... more ... Countries Lionel Fontagné∗, Michela Limardi† February 23, 2011 Abstract ... Keywords: labour standards, NGOs, wage determination ∗Paris School of Economics (University Paris 1) and CEPII †PSE-Paris School of Economics and University of Bologna 1 Page 2. 1 Introduction ...

Research paper thumbnail of Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards

Research paper thumbnail of Non Governmental Regulation and the Threat of Market-Based Sanctions

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques commerciales, gouvernement et régulation non-étatique des normes internationales du travail et de l'environnement

Research paper thumbnail of International Labor Standards and Product Differentiation

Revue Economique, May 17, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of The Ambiguous Outcome of NGOs’ Activism in Developing Countries

Many Developing Countries ratified ILO Fundamental Conventions and authorized local labour unions... more Many Developing Countries ratified ILO Fundamental Conventions and authorized local labour unions. Multinational companies producing in these countries pay more when NGOs campaigns take place and reputation counts. However, whether this external pressure from NGOs benefit local workers outside MNEs affiliates in host countries remains an open issue. Segmented and weak local labour unions often rely on external funding from the North and technical assistance by labour NGOs. They need to increase their visibility in the labour intensive sectors targeted by Northern donations and activism. To address these issues we develop a bargaining model adapted to peculiarities of labour market institutions in developing countries, i.e. external funding and the complementarity with labour NGOs. This model is estimated on data on Indonesian manufacturing firms, before and after the authorisation of labour unions, in sensitive and non sensitive sectors. We find that, in sector with visibility for l...

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO Monitoring, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Industry Equilibrium

Research paper thumbnail of Watchdogs of the Invisible Hand: NGO monitoring and industry equilibrium

Journal of Development Economics, 2015

ABSTRACT Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental org... more ABSTRACT Globalization has been accompanied by rising pressure from advocacy non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on multinational firms to act in socially-responsible manner. We analyze how NGO pressure interacts with industry structure, using a simple model of NGO-firm interaction embedded in an industry environment with endogenous markups and entry. We explain three key empirical patterns in developing-country industries under activist pressure: the degree of exit under more intense activist pressure, the differential response of industries to NGO activism, and the general rise of NGO activism following globalization.