mohd warid hussin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by mohd warid hussin

Journal of critical reviews, 2020

Boko Haram came to limelight in 2009 as a result of its violent confrontation with the Nigerian g... more Boko Haram came to limelight in 2009 as a result of its violent confrontation with the Nigerian government. However, its genesis could be linked to the effects of colonialism and the subsequent socioeconomic reality of northEast Nigeria. The activities of the group resulted in the death and displacement of many people in the Lake Chad area with significant damage to Nigeria. As a terror group claiming to be operating under the principles of Islam, the ideology of Boko Haram centred on the Rejection of western education, condemnation of secularism and westernisation and the incompatibility of Islam with democracy. These gave rise to discourses on the fields and settings of acquiring knowledge in western oriented schools, the concept of taghut (polytheism), employment under a secular government, and the issue of khawarijism. Thus, to blunt the narratives of Boko Haram and to contain the rise of similar groups, this paper recommends that religious activities such as preaching, delivery of sermons, informal Islamic schools and all religious institutions have to be centralised and strictly controlled by the government. Also, a counter narratives campaign has to be embarked by the government by using the existing religious and traditional institutions to deradicalise the mind of the brainwashed people more especially the youth. The Social media is recommended to be the appropriate and effective channel.

As the second main player in the palm oil industry, Malaysia is facing the problem of handling th... more As the second main player in the palm oil industry, Malaysia is facing the problem of handling the waste product from the palm oil mills. The palm oil biomass amount is expected to increase of up to 100 million dry tonnes in the year of 2020 [33]. Out of this huge amount, generally 5% of the palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is produced after the burning process in the boiler [39]. Based on that fact, about 5 million tonnes of POFA is produced from the palm oil biomass production [33]. POFA is produced from the combustion process of palm fruit residues for generation of electricity. From the combustion process in the furnace, palm fruit fibres are conveyed to the chimney in the form of fly fuel-ash. During the process, there are also particles that are not completely burned and cause a higher carbon

Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013

This study is conducted to investigate the performance of multi-blended pozzolan admixtures as pa... more This study is conducted to investigate the performance of multi-blended pozzolan admixtures as partial cement replacement in cement mortars. Eight types of mixtures were prepared using various agro-industrial wastes as admixtures such as pulverized fuel ash, rice husk ash, slag, and palm oil fuel ash, of which four mixtures have different percentages of admixtures (Multi Blended Cement, MBC), and the others four are single mix (Binary Blended Cement, BBC). The experimental work initially deals with workability, compressive strength development, water absorption, and total porosity of MBC and BBC mortars cured at different curing conditions. The effects of different percentages of MBC and BBC mortars with different water-cement ratios were examined in terms of workability and compressive strength to achieve optimum mix proportions for MBC and BBC mortars. MBC system produced low permeability mortar compared to control, and BBC mortars. The strength properties of MBC mortars were more significant than control and BBC mortars when provided with appropriate curing.

Concrete Research Letters, Jun 10, 2015

Issues on preservation of natural river sand from being used excessively in concrete industry has... more Issues on preservation of natural river sand from being used excessively in concrete industry has led to the efforts of utilizing palm oil fuel ash, a by-product from palm oil industry as partial sand replacement in production of aerated concrete. This paper reports the effect of curing regime on compressive strength development of aerated concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement. Two types of mixes were used in this experimental work namely plain aerated concrete acting as control specimen and aerated concrete containing 30% palm oil fuel ash as partial sand replacement. Concrete cubes were subjected to different types of curing namely initial water curing for 7 days followed by air curing, water curing and air curing until the testing date. The compressive strength test was conducted in accordance to BS EN 12390-3 at 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Application of water curing is the most suitable method to be applied to ensure better strength development in aerated concrete containing POFA as partial sand replacement. Continuous presence of moisture promotes better hydration and pozzolanic reaction leading to formation of extra C-S-H gel and that subsequently make the concrete denser and compressive strength higher.

MATEC web of conferences, 2017

The utilization of waste materials which are abundant and cheap, especially from clean resources,... more The utilization of waste materials which are abundant and cheap, especially from clean resources, has become more pressing than ever. This study investigates the influence of Oil Palm Biomass waste including the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) and Oil Palm Fibre (OPF) on the compressive strength and chloride penetration of mortar. The POFA was used as cement replacement up to 80% in nano size. The mass ratio of fine aggregates to binder was 3:1. Test specimens 70×70×70 mm cube were prepared and cured in water for 28 days. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar was also prepared as control specimen. The specimens were immersed in Sodium Chloride solution up to 18 months. The evaluation was done by visual observation, ultrasonic pulse velocity and mass change before and after exposure. The mortar was then split into two and sprayed with 0.1N Silver Nitrate solution to see the depth of penetration. The test results revealed that biomass mortar showed high resistance to chloride penetration as compared to OPC mortar due to the reduction of cement content in the mixture. Besides, the reactive silica from nano POFA produced more crystalline formation thus, reduced the porosity and crack within the biomass mortar.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Nov 14, 2018

is study investigates the effects of micropalm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) on compressive strength and p... more is study investigates the effects of micropalm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) on compressive strength and pore structure of cement mortar. Various experimental techniques, such as compression test, isothermal calorimetry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and X-ray diffraction, are performed to figure out the effect of using mPOFA as partial replacement of cement on the hydration of cement and determine its optimal replacement level to increase mechanical property of the mortar specimens. 10 wt.% of cement replacement with mPOFA is found to give the highest level of compressive strength, achieving a 23% increase over the control specimens after 3 days of curing. High K 2 O contents in mPOFA stimulate C 3 S in cement to form C-S-H at early ages, and high surface area of mPOFA acts as a nucleus to develop C-S-H. Also, small mPOFA particles and C-S-H formed by pozzolanic reaction fill the pores and lead to reduction in large capillary pores. In XRD analysis, a decrease in Ca(OH) 2 and SiO 2 contents with age confirmed a high pozzolanic reactivity of mPOFA.

Penerbit UTM eBooks, 2000

Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini beberapa perkembangan telah berlaku dalam bidang simen bertetu... more Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini beberapa perkembangan telah berlaku dalam bidang simen bertetulang gentian. Gentian-gentian baru telah diubah suai untuk boleh digunakan dalam matriks simen dan hasilnya, rencam berkenaan boleh 'ditempah' untuk pelbagai penggunaan di mana sistem bersimen lazim adalah terhad. Buku ini meliputi prinsip asas saintifik bagi bahan-bahan berkenaan di samping memberi penerangan dan huraian sifat-sifat sistem khusus yang disediakan dengan gentian yang berbeza jenisnya seperti keluli, kaca, asbestos, polipropilena, gentian asli dan beberapa jenis gentian polimer berprestasi tinggi. Buku ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian. Bahagian pertama buku ini meliputi perlakuan intensif daripada mekanik bagi matriks rapuh gentian tetulang dan implikasinya bagi sistem bersimen dengan mengambil kira mikrostruktur pukal dan antara muka khusus. Bahagian kedua menghuraikan berbagai-bagai jenis rencam gentian simen, dari segi proses pengeluaran, sifat-sifat fizikal dan mekanik, ketahanlasakan dan penggunaan. Ciri-ciri ini dibincang dalam sebutan prinsip asas yang mempengaruhi kelakuan rencam, oleh itu membekalkan pembaca dengan maklumat yang penting bagi kegunaan kejuruteraan di samping memberi latar belakang yang betul untuk menentukan pengembangan akan datang. Buku ini memasukkan senarai rujukan yang terkini, jadual yang banyak bagi menghuraikan sifat-sifat kejuruteraan bagi sistem yang berbeza dan mikrograf. Rencam Bersimen Bertetulang Gentian akan menjadi kegemaran kepada pengamal yang terlibat dalam teknologi konkrit moden dan juga berguna kepada para akademik, penyelidik, dan pelajar siswazah.

Muslims are prohibited from taking conventional insurance due to some forbidden elements in the c... more Muslims are prohibited from taking conventional insurance due to some forbidden elements in the conventional insurance. Given the undoubted importance of insurance for risk management, Muslim scholars suggested that Islamic insurance should be introduced to fulfil the need of Muslims. After the establishment of the first Islamic insurance company in the Sudan, Islamic Insurance has developed rapidly all around the world. This paper aims to study the development of Islamic Insurance in Malaysia in terms of the increase in the number of takaful and retakaful companies, the development of takaful business compared to conventional insurance, developments in takaful models, and the diversified takaful plans being offered. This study utilises documentation and historical methods. The results of this study reveal that after 26 years of takaful operation in Malaysia, there are now ten takaful companies, four retakaful companies and an increasing number of takaful policies taken up by Malaysians. Malaysia also signifies its presence in the takaful market, being the second largest takaful market in the world, as its total assets of US$3.2 billion dominated 26 percent of total global takaful assets in 2009. Nevertheless, conventional insurance remains predominant in Malaysia's insurance industry, where we can see that out of the 53.5 percent market penetration rate for both takaful and insurance, the market penetration rate for takaful was merely 10.9 percent in September 2010.

Journal of ferrocement, 1995

This paper is an attempt to highlight the potential use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial ce... more This paper is an attempt to highlight the potential use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement material in mortar and concrete in housing construction. The ash tested satisfies the chemical and physical requirements for a reactive pozzolanic ash as specified by ASTM C618-84 and hence classified into class F fly ash. Mortar cube samples of OPC/POFA containing 10% to 40% ash replacement level were analysed and tested for strength characteristics in accordance with the procedures outlined in the BS 12 part 2 :1971. The mortar samples were also tested for the ash reactivity and pozzolanicity using thermogravimetry apparatus as well as the water permeability and porosity using water permeability apparatus and mercury intrusion porosimeter respectively. The results indicate that both engineering and chemical and microstructural characteristics are very promising. POFA replacement level up to 20% is possible without causing adverse effect on strength characteristic. This is enhanced by the TG test results which indicate that POFA is positively reacting to produce more gel hence offsetting the loss of strength due to the OPC replaced. The hydrating products are found to be more dense as shown by the mercuryporosimetry test results. Water permeability and construction material durability shows at least a comparable performance to the OPC control results.

Construction and Building Materials, Sep 1, 2015

h i g h l i g h t s High volume of nano POFA as cement replacement improves strength. Nano POFA r... more h i g h l i g h t s High volume of nano POFA as cement replacement improves strength. Nano POFA reduces hydration temperature of massive concreting in early age. Treatment of POFA increases pozzolanic properties and activity index.

The percentage of concrete porosity will affects the strength and performance of the concrete. It... more The percentage of concrete porosity will affects the strength and performance of the concrete. It is believed that, with an additional curing, the porosity of the concrete becomes lower and the strength will increase. This paper presents a relationship between the strength development and porosity of epoxy-modified mortar. Epoxy-modified mortar is a type of polymer-modified which uses an epoxy resin without hardener as an addition material. Mortar specimens were prepared with a mass ratio of 1:3 (cement: fine aggregates), water-cement ratio of 0.48 and epoxy content of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of cement. The specimens were subjected to dry and wet-dry curing and the tests conducted were workability, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile splitting strength, porosity and strength development. Results show that workability and setting time of the mortar decreased as epoxy content increased. Compressive, flexural and tensile splitting strengths of epoxy-modified mortar with wet-dry curing were significantly higher and became constant at 10% of epoxy resin content. A significant improvement in strength development of mortar without hardener was achieved even after 365 days of curing. The porosity of the mortar decreased as strength development increased. This was due to the gradual hardening reaction of epoxy resin with cement hydrates that filled the void inside; hence produced a denser and stronger mortar.

Journal for The Study of Religions and Ideologies, Feb 1, 2013

Israel has always mattered to American Christians. They are among the strongest supporters of the... more Israel has always mattered to American Christians. They are among the strongest supporters of the State of Israel in the United States. The paper argues that the support that was extended by American Christians in general and the Christian Right in particular, to Israel and the Jewish people is the continuation of a long tradition in conservative American Christians rooted mainly in their theological doctrine. However, the study shows that the Christian Right is ambivalent in its view on Jews. On the one hand, Jews are considered to be God's chosen people and to have a special Biblical status and role. On the other hand, the Christian Right is allegedly anti-Semitic, as it views Jews as a condemned nation for their rejection of Christ as the Messiah, the reason for which they are unsaved and need to be converted to Christianity. Interestingly, both views, love and hatred of Jews, are based on the Biblical teachings and grounded in conservative Protestant theology; their paradoxical views on Jews are not a new phenomenon among conservative American Christians. Nevertheless, the study found that the support of the American Christians of the establishment of the State of Israel goes beyond theological doctrines or values. In fact, the humanitarian considerations of the liberal Christian and secular organizations in particular, were significant in contributing to the establishment of the Jewish state.

Properties of polymer grout based on isopthalic unsaturated polyester resin (IUPR), methyl ethyl ... more Properties of polymer grout based on isopthalic unsaturated polyester resin (IUPR), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), river sand and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) have been designed, tested and discussed in this paper. Slag was used as one of the design component to investigate its effect to polyester resin systems. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength of polyester grout under different curing conditions in tropical climate have been studied. It has been noted that GGBFS can be used as a micro-filler in polyester grout systems without weakening the mechanical properties of the resin systems. 10 percent to 30 percent of slag has been used to replace river sand, and the binder sand ratio is 1 to 1.5 by weight to maintain the flowability (pumpability) of polyester grout. At the higher level of slag, viscosity of resin system increased and caused the polymer grout gelatinous (unable to pump). The isophtalic polyester grout using slag as partial of filler provided compressive strength over 100MPa and the flexural strength is above 40MPa under all curing regimes. The polyester grout can be one of the good alternatives to replace epoxy grout as structural repair material as its superior properties closer to epoxy but it is cheaper than epoxy systems.

IOP conference series, Nov 8, 2018

This paper presents the effect of curing conditions on geopolymer mortar prepared from the blend ... more This paper presents the effect of curing conditions on geopolymer mortar prepared from the blend of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and fly ash (FA) as full replacement of cement with a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution used as alkaline liquid. The density and strength of the geopolymer mortars with FA:POFA mass ratios of 70:30 together with sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide solution by mass is 2.5, are investigated. The concentration of alkaline solution used is 14 Molar. Tests were carried out on 70x70x70 mm cube geopolymer mortar specimens. The effects of curing conditions including the duration of heat curing, temperature of heat curing and delay time before heat curing on compressive strength of mortar are examined. The results revealed that as the temperature increased the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar are increases, the delay time before heat curing increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar reduced and suitable duration for heat curing is within one to two days.

IOP conference series, Apr 1, 2018

In this research work, polymer-modified porous concretes (permeable concretes) using polymer late... more In this research work, polymer-modified porous concretes (permeable concretes) using polymer latex and redispersible polymer powder with water-cement ratio of 30 %, polymer-cement ratios of 0 to 10 % and cement content of 300 kg/m 3 are prepared. The porous concrete was tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, water permeability and void ratio. The cubes size of specimen is 100 mm ×100 mm × 100 mm and 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm while the beam size is 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm was prepared for particular tests. The tests results show that the addition of polymer as a binder to porous concrete gives an improvement on the strength properties and coefficient of water permeability of polymermodified porous concrete. It is concluded from the test results that increase in compressive and flexural strengths and decrease in the coefficient of water permeability of the polymermodified porous concrete are clearly observed with increasing of polymer-cement ratio.

Asian Social Science, Sep 30, 2014

The Arab Gulf States in the Middle East and some other countries in South East Asia particularly ... more The Arab Gulf States in the Middle East and some other countries in South East Asia particularly Malaysia have been the epicenters for the development of Islamic banking and finance, as the last couple of years have not only witnessed tremendous development in the Industry but also much attention had been given to it by experts and professionals to brainstorm on its future direction, whereas less attention had been given to the discussion on the Islamic insurance; otherwise known as takaful despite its overwhelming growth. This paper, in a comparative context, examines the growth and development of the takaful industry in Malaysia and the Arab Gulf States by offering an insight into the challenges, prospects and future direction of the industry between these two fertile markets. It also examines the contributing factors to the growth and development of the industry in both markets through the use of historical reports, corporate documentations and professional analyses to arrive at a conclusion that the future of the industry in those two regions is not only germane but lucrative as well.

The Indian Concrete Journal, Nov 1, 2010

Palm oil fuel Ash (POFA) a waste from palm oil mill was used as the sole partial cement replaceme... more Palm oil fuel Ash (POFA) a waste from palm oil mill was used as the sole partial cement replacement material in a high strength concrete. An ordinary Portland cement concrete mix termed (PO) and two POFA concrete mixes with different fineness termed (POFA 45 and POFA 10) at 20 % replacement by weight of cement were the specimens in this study. The compressive strength, acid and chloride resistance of concrete were investigated. It was found that POFA with the higher fineness presented a better strength and durability characteristics than the other specimens.

Jurnal teknologi, Nov 17, 2015

Crack deformation in concrete start with hairline crack or micro-crack which can lead to major cr... more Crack deformation in concrete start with hairline crack or micro-crack which can lead to major crack if not prevented. Crack can cause a major deterioration to the structure as liquid can penetrate inside and cause damage as a result; the durability of concrete will decrease. Self-healing concrete was introduced to automatically repair hairline crack or microcrack without external intervention. Previous study had shown that by introducing bacteria into the concrete, the crack will heal itself. This paper presents the study on self-healing mortar by using epoxy resin without hardener as a self-healing agent. The self-healing process was evaluated using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity measurements up to 180 days. Mortar specimens were prepared with mass ratio of 1:3 (cement: fine aggregate), water-cement ratio of 0.48 and 10% epoxy resin of cement content. All tested specimens were subjected to wet-dry curing; where compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile splitting strength and self-healing mechanism were measured. The results obtained shows that, all strength properties of the self-healing epoxy mortar were significantly higher than the control sample and became constant at 10 % of epoxy resin content. Based on the pulse velocity measurements, after 60 days the cracks of the mortar healed automatically as a result of the reaction between the unhardened epoxy resin and hydroxyl ion from cement hydrate. This shows the ability of the epoxy to be used as self-healing agent.

Jurnal teknologi, Nov 17, 2015

Ceramic materials are largely used in all over the world and consequently, large quantities of wa... more Ceramic materials are largely used in all over the world and consequently, large quantities of wastes are produced simultaneously by tile manufacturers and construction industry. Nevertheless, part of these wastes and those produced by the construction industry are dumped in landfills. This paper presents the effect of using ceramic waste in mortar as cement replacement. Four mortar mixes were prepared in this study and focuses on the effect of ceramic powder as cement replacement on the strength development and the morphology of the mortar. The microstructural characteristics of the mortar were investigated by scanning field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and the mineralogical properties was investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cement was replaced by ceramic powder from 0% to 60% by weight of cement. The specimens were cast in 50 x 50 x 50 mm cube and water curing regime was used until the age of testing. The fineness of ceramic powder used is less than 45µm. The developments of compressive strength were studied for all samples. It is found that the optimum replacement that gave the highest strength was 40% replacement. It was also found that the use of ceramic powder enhanced the microstructure and strength properties of the mortar.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Apr 1, 2012

Self-compacting cement grout (SCCG) is one of the economical and an effective material used for r... more Self-compacting cement grout (SCCG) is one of the economical and an effective material used for repairing structural cracks. However, in terms of raw material cost, SCCG is higher than for conventional concrete due to the high cement volumes at relatively low water-binder ratios to achieve satisfactory combinations of high fluidity and stability. It is expected that ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) can be used as an alternative material to replace high volume of cement in preparing self-compacting repair mortar (SCRM). In this study, the effects of GGBFS content on both fresh and hardened properties of SCRM were investigated. The influence of different curing conditions on long term compressive strength was also studied. In addition, the microstructure of some mixes at the age of 6 months was also observed by using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the workability and final bleeding value of fresh SCRM decreased with the increase in GGBFS content. At early ages, the compressive strength rate of SCRM incorporating GGBFS was lower but it increased with time and became more pronounced at 30% to 50% replacement level. Thus, the maximum limit of GGBFS replacement is suggested to be controlled at 50% to make the most excellent development in long-term compressive strength. As for curing condition, specimens stored in water showed higher gain in long-term strength than those samples exposed to air and natural weather weathering conditions.

Journal of critical reviews, 2020

Boko Haram came to limelight in 2009 as a result of its violent confrontation with the Nigerian g... more Boko Haram came to limelight in 2009 as a result of its violent confrontation with the Nigerian government. However, its genesis could be linked to the effects of colonialism and the subsequent socioeconomic reality of northEast Nigeria. The activities of the group resulted in the death and displacement of many people in the Lake Chad area with significant damage to Nigeria. As a terror group claiming to be operating under the principles of Islam, the ideology of Boko Haram centred on the Rejection of western education, condemnation of secularism and westernisation and the incompatibility of Islam with democracy. These gave rise to discourses on the fields and settings of acquiring knowledge in western oriented schools, the concept of taghut (polytheism), employment under a secular government, and the issue of khawarijism. Thus, to blunt the narratives of Boko Haram and to contain the rise of similar groups, this paper recommends that religious activities such as preaching, delivery of sermons, informal Islamic schools and all religious institutions have to be centralised and strictly controlled by the government. Also, a counter narratives campaign has to be embarked by the government by using the existing religious and traditional institutions to deradicalise the mind of the brainwashed people more especially the youth. The Social media is recommended to be the appropriate and effective channel.

As the second main player in the palm oil industry, Malaysia is facing the problem of handling th... more As the second main player in the palm oil industry, Malaysia is facing the problem of handling the waste product from the palm oil mills. The palm oil biomass amount is expected to increase of up to 100 million dry tonnes in the year of 2020 [33]. Out of this huge amount, generally 5% of the palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is produced after the burning process in the boiler [39]. Based on that fact, about 5 million tonnes of POFA is produced from the palm oil biomass production [33]. POFA is produced from the combustion process of palm fruit residues for generation of electricity. From the combustion process in the furnace, palm fruit fibres are conveyed to the chimney in the form of fly fuel-ash. During the process, there are also particles that are not completely burned and cause a higher carbon

Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013

This study is conducted to investigate the performance of multi-blended pozzolan admixtures as pa... more This study is conducted to investigate the performance of multi-blended pozzolan admixtures as partial cement replacement in cement mortars. Eight types of mixtures were prepared using various agro-industrial wastes as admixtures such as pulverized fuel ash, rice husk ash, slag, and palm oil fuel ash, of which four mixtures have different percentages of admixtures (Multi Blended Cement, MBC), and the others four are single mix (Binary Blended Cement, BBC). The experimental work initially deals with workability, compressive strength development, water absorption, and total porosity of MBC and BBC mortars cured at different curing conditions. The effects of different percentages of MBC and BBC mortars with different water-cement ratios were examined in terms of workability and compressive strength to achieve optimum mix proportions for MBC and BBC mortars. MBC system produced low permeability mortar compared to control, and BBC mortars. The strength properties of MBC mortars were more significant than control and BBC mortars when provided with appropriate curing.

Concrete Research Letters, Jun 10, 2015

Issues on preservation of natural river sand from being used excessively in concrete industry has... more Issues on preservation of natural river sand from being used excessively in concrete industry has led to the efforts of utilizing palm oil fuel ash, a by-product from palm oil industry as partial sand replacement in production of aerated concrete. This paper reports the effect of curing regime on compressive strength development of aerated concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement. Two types of mixes were used in this experimental work namely plain aerated concrete acting as control specimen and aerated concrete containing 30% palm oil fuel ash as partial sand replacement. Concrete cubes were subjected to different types of curing namely initial water curing for 7 days followed by air curing, water curing and air curing until the testing date. The compressive strength test was conducted in accordance to BS EN 12390-3 at 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Application of water curing is the most suitable method to be applied to ensure better strength development in aerated concrete containing POFA as partial sand replacement. Continuous presence of moisture promotes better hydration and pozzolanic reaction leading to formation of extra C-S-H gel and that subsequently make the concrete denser and compressive strength higher.

MATEC web of conferences, 2017

The utilization of waste materials which are abundant and cheap, especially from clean resources,... more The utilization of waste materials which are abundant and cheap, especially from clean resources, has become more pressing than ever. This study investigates the influence of Oil Palm Biomass waste including the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) and Oil Palm Fibre (OPF) on the compressive strength and chloride penetration of mortar. The POFA was used as cement replacement up to 80% in nano size. The mass ratio of fine aggregates to binder was 3:1. Test specimens 70×70×70 mm cube were prepared and cured in water for 28 days. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar was also prepared as control specimen. The specimens were immersed in Sodium Chloride solution up to 18 months. The evaluation was done by visual observation, ultrasonic pulse velocity and mass change before and after exposure. The mortar was then split into two and sprayed with 0.1N Silver Nitrate solution to see the depth of penetration. The test results revealed that biomass mortar showed high resistance to chloride penetration as compared to OPC mortar due to the reduction of cement content in the mixture. Besides, the reactive silica from nano POFA produced more crystalline formation thus, reduced the porosity and crack within the biomass mortar.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Nov 14, 2018

is study investigates the effects of micropalm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) on compressive strength and p... more is study investigates the effects of micropalm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) on compressive strength and pore structure of cement mortar. Various experimental techniques, such as compression test, isothermal calorimetry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and X-ray diffraction, are performed to figure out the effect of using mPOFA as partial replacement of cement on the hydration of cement and determine its optimal replacement level to increase mechanical property of the mortar specimens. 10 wt.% of cement replacement with mPOFA is found to give the highest level of compressive strength, achieving a 23% increase over the control specimens after 3 days of curing. High K 2 O contents in mPOFA stimulate C 3 S in cement to form C-S-H at early ages, and high surface area of mPOFA acts as a nucleus to develop C-S-H. Also, small mPOFA particles and C-S-H formed by pozzolanic reaction fill the pores and lead to reduction in large capillary pores. In XRD analysis, a decrease in Ca(OH) 2 and SiO 2 contents with age confirmed a high pozzolanic reactivity of mPOFA.

Penerbit UTM eBooks, 2000

Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini beberapa perkembangan telah berlaku dalam bidang simen bertetu... more Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini beberapa perkembangan telah berlaku dalam bidang simen bertetulang gentian. Gentian-gentian baru telah diubah suai untuk boleh digunakan dalam matriks simen dan hasilnya, rencam berkenaan boleh 'ditempah' untuk pelbagai penggunaan di mana sistem bersimen lazim adalah terhad. Buku ini meliputi prinsip asas saintifik bagi bahan-bahan berkenaan di samping memberi penerangan dan huraian sifat-sifat sistem khusus yang disediakan dengan gentian yang berbeza jenisnya seperti keluli, kaca, asbestos, polipropilena, gentian asli dan beberapa jenis gentian polimer berprestasi tinggi. Buku ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian. Bahagian pertama buku ini meliputi perlakuan intensif daripada mekanik bagi matriks rapuh gentian tetulang dan implikasinya bagi sistem bersimen dengan mengambil kira mikrostruktur pukal dan antara muka khusus. Bahagian kedua menghuraikan berbagai-bagai jenis rencam gentian simen, dari segi proses pengeluaran, sifat-sifat fizikal dan mekanik, ketahanlasakan dan penggunaan. Ciri-ciri ini dibincang dalam sebutan prinsip asas yang mempengaruhi kelakuan rencam, oleh itu membekalkan pembaca dengan maklumat yang penting bagi kegunaan kejuruteraan di samping memberi latar belakang yang betul untuk menentukan pengembangan akan datang. Buku ini memasukkan senarai rujukan yang terkini, jadual yang banyak bagi menghuraikan sifat-sifat kejuruteraan bagi sistem yang berbeza dan mikrograf. Rencam Bersimen Bertetulang Gentian akan menjadi kegemaran kepada pengamal yang terlibat dalam teknologi konkrit moden dan juga berguna kepada para akademik, penyelidik, dan pelajar siswazah.

Muslims are prohibited from taking conventional insurance due to some forbidden elements in the c... more Muslims are prohibited from taking conventional insurance due to some forbidden elements in the conventional insurance. Given the undoubted importance of insurance for risk management, Muslim scholars suggested that Islamic insurance should be introduced to fulfil the need of Muslims. After the establishment of the first Islamic insurance company in the Sudan, Islamic Insurance has developed rapidly all around the world. This paper aims to study the development of Islamic Insurance in Malaysia in terms of the increase in the number of takaful and retakaful companies, the development of takaful business compared to conventional insurance, developments in takaful models, and the diversified takaful plans being offered. This study utilises documentation and historical methods. The results of this study reveal that after 26 years of takaful operation in Malaysia, there are now ten takaful companies, four retakaful companies and an increasing number of takaful policies taken up by Malaysians. Malaysia also signifies its presence in the takaful market, being the second largest takaful market in the world, as its total assets of US$3.2 billion dominated 26 percent of total global takaful assets in 2009. Nevertheless, conventional insurance remains predominant in Malaysia's insurance industry, where we can see that out of the 53.5 percent market penetration rate for both takaful and insurance, the market penetration rate for takaful was merely 10.9 percent in September 2010.

Journal of ferrocement, 1995

This paper is an attempt to highlight the potential use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial ce... more This paper is an attempt to highlight the potential use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement material in mortar and concrete in housing construction. The ash tested satisfies the chemical and physical requirements for a reactive pozzolanic ash as specified by ASTM C618-84 and hence classified into class F fly ash. Mortar cube samples of OPC/POFA containing 10% to 40% ash replacement level were analysed and tested for strength characteristics in accordance with the procedures outlined in the BS 12 part 2 :1971. The mortar samples were also tested for the ash reactivity and pozzolanicity using thermogravimetry apparatus as well as the water permeability and porosity using water permeability apparatus and mercury intrusion porosimeter respectively. The results indicate that both engineering and chemical and microstructural characteristics are very promising. POFA replacement level up to 20% is possible without causing adverse effect on strength characteristic. This is enhanced by the TG test results which indicate that POFA is positively reacting to produce more gel hence offsetting the loss of strength due to the OPC replaced. The hydrating products are found to be more dense as shown by the mercuryporosimetry test results. Water permeability and construction material durability shows at least a comparable performance to the OPC control results.

Construction and Building Materials, Sep 1, 2015

h i g h l i g h t s High volume of nano POFA as cement replacement improves strength. Nano POFA r... more h i g h l i g h t s High volume of nano POFA as cement replacement improves strength. Nano POFA reduces hydration temperature of massive concreting in early age. Treatment of POFA increases pozzolanic properties and activity index.

The percentage of concrete porosity will affects the strength and performance of the concrete. It... more The percentage of concrete porosity will affects the strength and performance of the concrete. It is believed that, with an additional curing, the porosity of the concrete becomes lower and the strength will increase. This paper presents a relationship between the strength development and porosity of epoxy-modified mortar. Epoxy-modified mortar is a type of polymer-modified which uses an epoxy resin without hardener as an addition material. Mortar specimens were prepared with a mass ratio of 1:3 (cement: fine aggregates), water-cement ratio of 0.48 and epoxy content of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of cement. The specimens were subjected to dry and wet-dry curing and the tests conducted were workability, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile splitting strength, porosity and strength development. Results show that workability and setting time of the mortar decreased as epoxy content increased. Compressive, flexural and tensile splitting strengths of epoxy-modified mortar with wet-dry curing were significantly higher and became constant at 10% of epoxy resin content. A significant improvement in strength development of mortar without hardener was achieved even after 365 days of curing. The porosity of the mortar decreased as strength development increased. This was due to the gradual hardening reaction of epoxy resin with cement hydrates that filled the void inside; hence produced a denser and stronger mortar.

Journal for The Study of Religions and Ideologies, Feb 1, 2013

Israel has always mattered to American Christians. They are among the strongest supporters of the... more Israel has always mattered to American Christians. They are among the strongest supporters of the State of Israel in the United States. The paper argues that the support that was extended by American Christians in general and the Christian Right in particular, to Israel and the Jewish people is the continuation of a long tradition in conservative American Christians rooted mainly in their theological doctrine. However, the study shows that the Christian Right is ambivalent in its view on Jews. On the one hand, Jews are considered to be God's chosen people and to have a special Biblical status and role. On the other hand, the Christian Right is allegedly anti-Semitic, as it views Jews as a condemned nation for their rejection of Christ as the Messiah, the reason for which they are unsaved and need to be converted to Christianity. Interestingly, both views, love and hatred of Jews, are based on the Biblical teachings and grounded in conservative Protestant theology; their paradoxical views on Jews are not a new phenomenon among conservative American Christians. Nevertheless, the study found that the support of the American Christians of the establishment of the State of Israel goes beyond theological doctrines or values. In fact, the humanitarian considerations of the liberal Christian and secular organizations in particular, were significant in contributing to the establishment of the Jewish state.

Properties of polymer grout based on isopthalic unsaturated polyester resin (IUPR), methyl ethyl ... more Properties of polymer grout based on isopthalic unsaturated polyester resin (IUPR), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), river sand and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) have been designed, tested and discussed in this paper. Slag was used as one of the design component to investigate its effect to polyester resin systems. Mechanical properties such as compressive and flexural strength of polyester grout under different curing conditions in tropical climate have been studied. It has been noted that GGBFS can be used as a micro-filler in polyester grout systems without weakening the mechanical properties of the resin systems. 10 percent to 30 percent of slag has been used to replace river sand, and the binder sand ratio is 1 to 1.5 by weight to maintain the flowability (pumpability) of polyester grout. At the higher level of slag, viscosity of resin system increased and caused the polymer grout gelatinous (unable to pump). The isophtalic polyester grout using slag as partial of filler provided compressive strength over 100MPa and the flexural strength is above 40MPa under all curing regimes. The polyester grout can be one of the good alternatives to replace epoxy grout as structural repair material as its superior properties closer to epoxy but it is cheaper than epoxy systems.

IOP conference series, Nov 8, 2018

This paper presents the effect of curing conditions on geopolymer mortar prepared from the blend ... more This paper presents the effect of curing conditions on geopolymer mortar prepared from the blend of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and fly ash (FA) as full replacement of cement with a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution used as alkaline liquid. The density and strength of the geopolymer mortars with FA:POFA mass ratios of 70:30 together with sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide solution by mass is 2.5, are investigated. The concentration of alkaline solution used is 14 Molar. Tests were carried out on 70x70x70 mm cube geopolymer mortar specimens. The effects of curing conditions including the duration of heat curing, temperature of heat curing and delay time before heat curing on compressive strength of mortar are examined. The results revealed that as the temperature increased the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar are increases, the delay time before heat curing increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar reduced and suitable duration for heat curing is within one to two days.

IOP conference series, Apr 1, 2018

In this research work, polymer-modified porous concretes (permeable concretes) using polymer late... more In this research work, polymer-modified porous concretes (permeable concretes) using polymer latex and redispersible polymer powder with water-cement ratio of 30 %, polymer-cement ratios of 0 to 10 % and cement content of 300 kg/m 3 are prepared. The porous concrete was tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, water permeability and void ratio. The cubes size of specimen is 100 mm ×100 mm × 100 mm and 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm while the beam size is 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm was prepared for particular tests. The tests results show that the addition of polymer as a binder to porous concrete gives an improvement on the strength properties and coefficient of water permeability of polymermodified porous concrete. It is concluded from the test results that increase in compressive and flexural strengths and decrease in the coefficient of water permeability of the polymermodified porous concrete are clearly observed with increasing of polymer-cement ratio.

Asian Social Science, Sep 30, 2014

The Arab Gulf States in the Middle East and some other countries in South East Asia particularly ... more The Arab Gulf States in the Middle East and some other countries in South East Asia particularly Malaysia have been the epicenters for the development of Islamic banking and finance, as the last couple of years have not only witnessed tremendous development in the Industry but also much attention had been given to it by experts and professionals to brainstorm on its future direction, whereas less attention had been given to the discussion on the Islamic insurance; otherwise known as takaful despite its overwhelming growth. This paper, in a comparative context, examines the growth and development of the takaful industry in Malaysia and the Arab Gulf States by offering an insight into the challenges, prospects and future direction of the industry between these two fertile markets. It also examines the contributing factors to the growth and development of the industry in both markets through the use of historical reports, corporate documentations and professional analyses to arrive at a conclusion that the future of the industry in those two regions is not only germane but lucrative as well.

The Indian Concrete Journal, Nov 1, 2010

Palm oil fuel Ash (POFA) a waste from palm oil mill was used as the sole partial cement replaceme... more Palm oil fuel Ash (POFA) a waste from palm oil mill was used as the sole partial cement replacement material in a high strength concrete. An ordinary Portland cement concrete mix termed (PO) and two POFA concrete mixes with different fineness termed (POFA 45 and POFA 10) at 20 % replacement by weight of cement were the specimens in this study. The compressive strength, acid and chloride resistance of concrete were investigated. It was found that POFA with the higher fineness presented a better strength and durability characteristics than the other specimens.

Jurnal teknologi, Nov 17, 2015

Crack deformation in concrete start with hairline crack or micro-crack which can lead to major cr... more Crack deformation in concrete start with hairline crack or micro-crack which can lead to major crack if not prevented. Crack can cause a major deterioration to the structure as liquid can penetrate inside and cause damage as a result; the durability of concrete will decrease. Self-healing concrete was introduced to automatically repair hairline crack or microcrack without external intervention. Previous study had shown that by introducing bacteria into the concrete, the crack will heal itself. This paper presents the study on self-healing mortar by using epoxy resin without hardener as a self-healing agent. The self-healing process was evaluated using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity measurements up to 180 days. Mortar specimens were prepared with mass ratio of 1:3 (cement: fine aggregate), water-cement ratio of 0.48 and 10% epoxy resin of cement content. All tested specimens were subjected to wet-dry curing; where compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile splitting strength and self-healing mechanism were measured. The results obtained shows that, all strength properties of the self-healing epoxy mortar were significantly higher than the control sample and became constant at 10 % of epoxy resin content. Based on the pulse velocity measurements, after 60 days the cracks of the mortar healed automatically as a result of the reaction between the unhardened epoxy resin and hydroxyl ion from cement hydrate. This shows the ability of the epoxy to be used as self-healing agent.

Jurnal teknologi, Nov 17, 2015

Ceramic materials are largely used in all over the world and consequently, large quantities of wa... more Ceramic materials are largely used in all over the world and consequently, large quantities of wastes are produced simultaneously by tile manufacturers and construction industry. Nevertheless, part of these wastes and those produced by the construction industry are dumped in landfills. This paper presents the effect of using ceramic waste in mortar as cement replacement. Four mortar mixes were prepared in this study and focuses on the effect of ceramic powder as cement replacement on the strength development and the morphology of the mortar. The microstructural characteristics of the mortar were investigated by scanning field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and the mineralogical properties was investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cement was replaced by ceramic powder from 0% to 60% by weight of cement. The specimens were cast in 50 x 50 x 50 mm cube and water curing regime was used until the age of testing. The fineness of ceramic powder used is less than 45µm. The developments of compressive strength were studied for all samples. It is found that the optimum replacement that gave the highest strength was 40% replacement. It was also found that the use of ceramic powder enhanced the microstructure and strength properties of the mortar.

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Apr 1, 2012

Self-compacting cement grout (SCCG) is one of the economical and an effective material used for r... more Self-compacting cement grout (SCCG) is one of the economical and an effective material used for repairing structural cracks. However, in terms of raw material cost, SCCG is higher than for conventional concrete due to the high cement volumes at relatively low water-binder ratios to achieve satisfactory combinations of high fluidity and stability. It is expected that ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) can be used as an alternative material to replace high volume of cement in preparing self-compacting repair mortar (SCRM). In this study, the effects of GGBFS content on both fresh and hardened properties of SCRM were investigated. The influence of different curing conditions on long term compressive strength was also studied. In addition, the microstructure of some mixes at the age of 6 months was also observed by using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the workability and final bleeding value of fresh SCRM decreased with the increase in GGBFS content. At early ages, the compressive strength rate of SCRM incorporating GGBFS was lower but it increased with time and became more pronounced at 30% to 50% replacement level. Thus, the maximum limit of GGBFS replacement is suggested to be controlled at 50% to make the most excellent development in long-term compressive strength. As for curing condition, specimens stored in water showed higher gain in long-term strength than those samples exposed to air and natural weather weathering conditions.