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Annals of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2016

BACKGROUND Nepal is one of the least developed countries and in most of the areas the water suppl... more BACKGROUND Nepal is one of the least developed countries and in most of the areas the water supplied directly from natural water sources (like streams, rivers etc.) is used for drinking purpose, without any prior treatment. So every year there are many water related outbreaks mainly in rainy season. Very little data is available about the bacteriological quality of the water from drinking water sources, in the country. This report presents a scenario of the bacteriological quality of the water from drinking water sources and reservoirs, supplying Dharan municipality of Nepal.

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2013

Majority of the population in the Bambui student residential area depend on wells as their source... more Majority of the population in the Bambui student residential area depend on wells as their source of water supply. Due to increasing complaints from students after using this well water sources, this study was carried out to examine the microbial quality of well water sources in the Bambui student residential area, Bamenda, Cameroon as a way of safe guarding public health against water borne diseases. Water samples from a total of fifteen wells, covered and uncovered were assessed for their bacteriological quality using the multiple tube fermentation technique to determine the coliform count using the most probable number method. Positive tubes of the presumptive test were further cultured on appropriate solid media. The organisms isolated were further characterized using standard procedures. The result of the study revealed that most of the wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria pathogens such as Klebsiella species (95%), Escherichia coli (52%) and Salmonella typhi (32.5%). Comparatively, the uncovered wells were more contaminated with bacteria pathogens than the covered well. All the water samples except three exceeded the standard limit of the most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml set for untreated drinking water by the World Health Organization. This result highlight the fact that most well water sources in the Bambui student residential area metropolis are not safe microbiologically for drinking without additional treatment such as boiling or disinfection and this could lead to outbreak of water borne diseases. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of these wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens. Wells should also be properly constructed.

Open Access Library Journal, Aug 29, 2014

Bambui and Bambili residents collect water from different sources to fulfil their daily needs. Va... more Bambui and Bambili residents collect water from different sources to fulfil their daily needs. Varieties of microbes exist in water including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses, where they form a complex ecosystem whose dynamics are usually difficult to comprehend. Those varieties of microbes play an important role for contamination of water and results in various outbreaks of diseases and death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacteriological quality of well and spring water sources in a residential area dominated by students. A total of 18 well water samples were randomly collected and subjected to bacteriological analysis; this is to trace the presence of pathogens indicators of faecal contamination. Analysis revealed that seventeen (17) of the eighteen wells were contaminated, with the open wells most contaminated, with some >1100 CFU/ml of water samples. Klebsiella sp. was the most common bacterial species isolated in almost all the wells (but for 3 that showed no growth), while other bacteria included: Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli and Proteus mirabilis. Generally, results revealed that about 95% of well water samples tested are of low microbiological quality and so do not fulfil requirements of WHO standards for drinking water.

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2013

Background: There is a dearth of knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Cameroon... more Background: There is a dearth of knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Cameroon. This study scrutinized HAI prevention and burden in three hospitals in Dschang, West Region of the country, in order to inform on current practices. Materials and Methods: From September 2008 to April 2009, patient records in three hospitals were assessed, questionnaires administered, and hand washing examined in 29 consenting nurses. A retrospective study on nosocomial infections (NIs) was performed by reviewing the records of 12917 in-patients who survived longer than 72 hours and were not transferred to other hospitals. Modified National Healthcare Safety Network protocols were employed and data analyzed using SPSS. Results: Study respondents (77%, P 0.0089) were aware of HAI control but lacked detailed knowledge including the five moments for hand hygiene. Of 35 staff evaluated, 74% (P 0.0093) used non-disposable hand towels, 9% disposable and a further 9% air-dried hands after washing. An alarming 72% of hand cultures grew coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Enteroccocus , Bacillus , fungi, Klebsiella , Enterobacter and other coliforms indicating fecal contamination. NI rates averaged 2.6 infections/100 admissions and four infected patients/1000 patient days; 17.4% and 12 infected patients/1000 days in surgical patients. Surgical site (38%), respiratory (26%), gastrointestinal (19%), bloodstream (8%) and urinary (7%) infections were predominant NIs, with a mean development time of 7-11 days and prolonged hospital stay by 12 days. Cost constraints precluded routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing; thus no data on clinical pathogens. Conclusion: Scrupulous hand hygiene and rub usage, adequate care facilities, staff education and HAI surveillance were paramount.

Annals of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2016

BACKGROUND Nepal is one of the least developed countries and in most of the areas the water suppl... more BACKGROUND Nepal is one of the least developed countries and in most of the areas the water supplied directly from natural water sources (like streams, rivers etc.) is used for drinking purpose, without any prior treatment. So every year there are many water related outbreaks mainly in rainy season. Very little data is available about the bacteriological quality of the water from drinking water sources, in the country. This report presents a scenario of the bacteriological quality of the water from drinking water sources and reservoirs, supplying Dharan municipality of Nepal.

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2013

Majority of the population in the Bambui student residential area depend on wells as their source... more Majority of the population in the Bambui student residential area depend on wells as their source of water supply. Due to increasing complaints from students after using this well water sources, this study was carried out to examine the microbial quality of well water sources in the Bambui student residential area, Bamenda, Cameroon as a way of safe guarding public health against water borne diseases. Water samples from a total of fifteen wells, covered and uncovered were assessed for their bacteriological quality using the multiple tube fermentation technique to determine the coliform count using the most probable number method. Positive tubes of the presumptive test were further cultured on appropriate solid media. The organisms isolated were further characterized using standard procedures. The result of the study revealed that most of the wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria pathogens such as Klebsiella species (95%), Escherichia coli (52%) and Salmonella typhi (32.5%). Comparatively, the uncovered wells were more contaminated with bacteria pathogens than the covered well. All the water samples except three exceeded the standard limit of the most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml set for untreated drinking water by the World Health Organization. This result highlight the fact that most well water sources in the Bambui student residential area metropolis are not safe microbiologically for drinking without additional treatment such as boiling or disinfection and this could lead to outbreak of water borne diseases. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of these wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens. Wells should also be properly constructed.

Open Access Library Journal, Aug 29, 2014

Bambui and Bambili residents collect water from different sources to fulfil their daily needs. Va... more Bambui and Bambili residents collect water from different sources to fulfil their daily needs. Varieties of microbes exist in water including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses, where they form a complex ecosystem whose dynamics are usually difficult to comprehend. Those varieties of microbes play an important role for contamination of water and results in various outbreaks of diseases and death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacteriological quality of well and spring water sources in a residential area dominated by students. A total of 18 well water samples were randomly collected and subjected to bacteriological analysis; this is to trace the presence of pathogens indicators of faecal contamination. Analysis revealed that seventeen (17) of the eighteen wells were contaminated, with the open wells most contaminated, with some >1100 CFU/ml of water samples. Klebsiella sp. was the most common bacterial species isolated in almost all the wells (but for 3 that showed no growth), while other bacteria included: Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli and Proteus mirabilis. Generally, results revealed that about 95% of well water samples tested are of low microbiological quality and so do not fulfil requirements of WHO standards for drinking water.

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2013

Background: There is a dearth of knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Cameroon... more Background: There is a dearth of knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Cameroon. This study scrutinized HAI prevention and burden in three hospitals in Dschang, West Region of the country, in order to inform on current practices. Materials and Methods: From September 2008 to April 2009, patient records in three hospitals were assessed, questionnaires administered, and hand washing examined in 29 consenting nurses. A retrospective study on nosocomial infections (NIs) was performed by reviewing the records of 12917 in-patients who survived longer than 72 hours and were not transferred to other hospitals. Modified National Healthcare Safety Network protocols were employed and data analyzed using SPSS. Results: Study respondents (77%, P 0.0089) were aware of HAI control but lacked detailed knowledge including the five moments for hand hygiene. Of 35 staff evaluated, 74% (P 0.0093) used non-disposable hand towels, 9% disposable and a further 9% air-dried hands after washing. An alarming 72% of hand cultures grew coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Enteroccocus , Bacillus , fungi, Klebsiella , Enterobacter and other coliforms indicating fecal contamination. NI rates averaged 2.6 infections/100 admissions and four infected patients/1000 patient days; 17.4% and 12 infected patients/1000 days in surgical patients. Surgical site (38%), respiratory (26%), gastrointestinal (19%), bloodstream (8%) and urinary (7%) infections were predominant NIs, with a mean development time of 7-11 days and prolonged hospital stay by 12 days. Cost constraints precluded routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing; thus no data on clinical pathogens. Conclusion: Scrupulous hand hygiene and rub usage, adequate care facilities, staff education and HAI surveillance were paramount.