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Papers by nuzhat sultana

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Hematological Disorders Based on Review of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Trephine Biopsy Findings

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry, Mar 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Mentzer Index as a Diagnostic Tool for Screening Thalassemic Patients and Differentiating Iron Deficiency Anemia from Thalassemia

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of Mentzer index in the different... more Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of Mentzer index in the differentiation of iron deficiency anemia and beta-Thalassemia trait. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in five different primary schools of district Peshawar. Sample collected were processed in pathology department of Khyber Teaching hospital and Khyber Medical College Peshawar. Duration of the study was six months which was started from june 2017 to December 2017 in which 500 blood samples were analysed. Permission from the parents were obtained through principles of the schools. The samples were obtained keeping full aseptic conditions and collected in EDTA anticoagulant tubes. Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelet RBC count along with RDW, were assessed on a Sysmex Hematology Analyzer. Peripheral smear of the participants with low Hb(<11gm/dl) and low MCV (<80fl) were examined to look for morphology of RBCs. Serum iron (SI), serum iron binding capacity, serum ferri...

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological Patterns of Breast Diseases in Females Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Peshawar

Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017

Objective: To determine the pattern of female breast pathologies in our setup.Material and Method... more Objective: To determine the pattern of female breast pathologies in our setup.Material and Methods: This study is done at the histopathology laboratory, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistanincluding all the female cases only, with primary breast pathologies between January 2014 to October 2015. Initialdata was recorded on a pathology lab proforma. Specimens received, processed, slides made and stained accordingto protocol and histopathological report generated.Results: Out of a total of 142 cases, 32.4% cases were Fibroadenoma, 26.76% cases of advanced carcinoma breastand 21.8% cases were of mastitis. Ages of these cases ranged from 12 to 70 years.Conclusion: Most of the breast pathologies are benign, fibroadenoma being the most common. Carcinoma of breastis the second most common problem presenting mostly in the middle age group, with a higher grade at presentationmostly owing to lack of awareness and proper screening programs, implementation of which has shown promisingres...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Different Staining Techniques for Identification of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Biopsies

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Different Staining Techniques for Identification of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Biopsies

International Journal of Pathology, Aug 23, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of CASE REPORT Open Access Primary cervical hydatid cyst: a rare occurrence

Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impac... more Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impact on health and economy especially in countries where it is endemic. It occurs frequently in liver and lung. The disease is chronic and cyst can localize in different organs. A hydatid cyst occurrence in the head and neck is extremely rare. To know the distribution of disease can help in its control and prevention. We report a case of primary cervical hydatid cyst in 20 year old female. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose hydatid cyst in rare locations like this. Hydatid cyst should be considered in differential diagnosis of benign swellings of head and neck region, so that it can be managed during surgery to prevent acute anaphylaxis. Virtual slides: The virtual slides ’ for this article can be found here:

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Vaginal Culture and Pap smear in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis

Background: Amongst the myriad of physiological and pathological conditions presenting as vaginal... more Background: Amongst the myriad of physiological and pathological conditions presenting as vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis is the most frequently encountered complaint in women of child bearing age, all over the world. It involves the replacement of normally predominant hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli, by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. We want to examine the diagnostic efficacy of Pap-Smear and vaginal culture in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, while Amsel’s clinical criteria is used as the gold standardMethods: It was a descriptive study expanding over a period of 5 months, from January 2013 to May 2013, enrolling 150 patients, from the outpatient’s department of lady reading hospital and Hayatabad medical complex, Peshawar. All patients who complained of vaginal discharge were eligible for study. Patients using antibiotics, vaginal suppositories as well as those who were pregnant were excluded from the study. All patients were subjected to simultaneous t...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison Of Free Androgen Index In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And Non-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Infertile Patients

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2021

BACKGROUND One of the leading causes of infertility in child bearing age females is polycystic ov... more BACKGROUND One of the leading causes of infertility in child bearing age females is polycystic ovary syndrome. It is characterized by altered hormonal profile causing androgen excess and insulin resistance which eventually leads to decreased ovulation rate. METHODS This was a crosssectional study that included 40 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and 40 infertility patients that did not have polycystic ovary syndrome determined by sonography and clinical features through quota sampling technique. Serum Total Testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Levels were assayed. Using these two parameters, Free Androgen Index was calculated. Body Mass Index and central obesity was also determined. RESULTS Total Testosterone, Free Androgen Index and Body Mass Index were raised in PCOS group as indicated by p-value <0.05. Hirsutism was present in PCOS group (p-value <0.05). Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Levels were decreased in PCOS patients (p-value <0.05) but were within ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency and genotype distribution of high risk human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2020

Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dismal disease exhibiting striking g... more Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dismal disease exhibiting striking geographical differences in its incidence. It is multifactorial in origin. Among infectious agents, human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced as a possible causative agent in the development of ESCC in 1982. Subsequent studies using various methods have confirmed the presence of HPV in ESCC. We aimed to determine the frequency of HPV in ESCC in northwest Pakistan which is part of high risk belt for this disease. Methodology: This study was conducted on two hundred and forty-three (243) diagnosed cases of ESSC at two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan, from 2011 to 2016. DNA was extracted from all specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to check the quality of DNA using β-globin primers and frequency and genotypes of HPV using HPV general primers and type-specific primers respectively. HPV and its genotypes were confirmed through the sequencing of a few selected case...

Research paper thumbnail of Primary Hydatid Cyst of the Thyroid Gland: A Case Report

Hydatid disease is caused by tapeworm parasite Echinococcus granulosis. It is common in temperate... more Hydatid disease is caused by tapeworm parasite Echinococcus granulosis. It is common in temperate and sheep raising countries of the world where it is a serious public health problem. Hydatid cysts can be found in every part of body. Most common locations are liver and lungs. Primary hydatid cyst located in thyroid is an exceptional finding even in endemic areas. We document a rare case of cystic nodule detected by ultrasound in Thyroid .Patient was a 35 year old woman with a slowly growing mass in the neck. Ultrasonography of the neck region revealed a 4x4 cm mass in the right lobe of the thyroid which appeared to be large, lobulated, encapsulated and cystic suggesting hydatid cyst. Subtotal thyroidectomy was done. Histopathological examination revealed hydatid cyst of thyroid. Hydatid cyst of thyroid should be considered in the differential diagnosis in endemic areas as in our case it was in the differential along with malignancy so that it should be managed during surgery to prev...

Research paper thumbnail of Luteinizing Hormone To Follicle Stimulating Hormone Ratio In Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most commonly occurring endocrinopathy in females of ... more BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most commonly occurring endocrinopathy in females of reproductive age group. It is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms resulting from hormonal derangements leading to reduced fertility. METHODS This was a crosssectional (comparative) study. We took 40 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome and 40 controls of infertility without polycystic ovary syndrome depending on the presence of clinical features and ultrasound scans. Blood samples were collected and assayed for luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. Data was analyzed with SPSS-19. RESULTS Luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone ratio was raised in 3 out of 35 patients (8%) in cases and in 2 out of 39 patients (5%) in controls. There was no statistically significant difference in the luteinizing hormone levels and the follicle stimulating hormone levels and the luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone ratio of the two groups as indicated...

Research paper thumbnail of CRP as an Indicator of Severity of Acute Cholecystits

Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017

Objectives: To determine the role of CRP in predicting severity of acute cholecystitis.Material a... more Objectives: To determine the role of CRP in predicting severity of acute cholecystitis.Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study conducted at department of surgery and Pathology,Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar between April, 2016 and April, 2017.This study included a total of 150 patientsdivided into three equal groups(mild, moderate and severe) on the basis of Tokyo acute cholecystitis severity guidelines.Each patient had his serum CRP quantified. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Means ± SD weremeasured for CRP in each group. Furthermore, means of CRP were compared amongst the three groups by usingOne-way ANOVA. ROC test was done to check the specificity and sensitivity of CRP.Results: Mean age of all the participants was 39 ± 3.94 years. Female population made 66.66 %(n=100) of the studysample while 33.33% (n=50) were males. Mean CRP values were, 24±3.14, 40±4.15 and 52±1.34 in the mild, moderateand severe acute cholecystitis groups respecti...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatocellular Carcinoma versus Other Carcinomas of Liver: Distinguishing Features

Objective: To find out the helpful cytological features distinguishing between hepatocellular car... more Objective: To find out the helpful cytological features distinguishing between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with other carcinomas of liver Study Design: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) cases were selected in 35 patients on whom a diagnosis was rendered either of hepatocellular carcinoma or other carcinoma involving liver. The aspirates were examined for slide background, cellularity and specific cytoplasmic and nuclear features in both sets. Result: There were 20 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) & 12 cases of other carcinoma involving liver. Six out of twelve In the current study we examined 12 cytological criteria out of which six were found to be of considerable help in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other carcinoma involving liver. The hepatocellular carcinomas characteristically had central nuclei, discohesive cells, high cellularity and naked nuclei while hyperchromatic nuclei, eccentric nuclei and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio of >75% were the prominent features of other carcinoma involving liver. On the other hand coarse chromatin, nuclear molding and chromatin clearing of nuclei showed no significant difference in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma from other primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the liver is a very useful diagnostic modality to identify the vast majority of neoplasms of primary or metastatic nature. Meticulous attention to the nuclear features is vital in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other carcinomas of liver.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Cervical Cell Morphology Using Two Different Cytology Techniques for Early Detection of Pre-Cancerous Lesions

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Validity of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lumps: 5 years experience at the Aga Khan University Hospital

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2005

OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. METHODS Fr... more OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. METHODS Frozen section diagnosis given in consecutive breast biopsies performed in 5 years in our laboratory was evaluated against the final pathology report of permanent sections. RESULTS The Aga Khan University Hospital Lab receives more than 400 cases per year for frozen section. Three hundred and nineteen consecutive frozen sections of breast lumps examined from 1999-2003 were considered for analysis. Age of patients ranged between 22 and 90 years (mean age 49 years). In 316 cases (99%) there was no difference between the frozen section diagnosis and the final diagnosis. Three cases (0.94%) were incorrect; 2 cases (0.62%) were false positive. One case was false negative (0.31%). In 7 cases (2.19%), frozen section diagnosis was deferred to permanent sections. Frozen section diagnostic accuracy was 99%. Sensitivity and specificity was 99.3% and 93% respectively. Positive predictive value and neg...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Tumor Angiogenesis by Expression of CD 105 in Ameloblastoma, Odontogenic Keratocyst and Central Giant Cell Lesion

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Background: Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and reflects the aggressive behavior of inv... more Background: Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and reflects the aggressive behavior of invasive odontogenic lesions [like Ameloblastoma (AM), Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) and Central giant cell lesion (CGCL)]. Mean vascular density (MVD) shows the angiogenic potential and CD105 is an ideal endothelial biomarker due to its specificity to new blood vessels for MVD detection. The aim of the study was to compare the MVD (angiogenic potential) among AM, OKC and CGCL in comparison to Pyogenic Granuloma (PG) using CD105 biomarker. Methods: Sixty-four primary cases of odontogenic invasive tumors (AM, OKC and CGCL) and PG, diagnosed clinically and histologically were included in the study, with 16 samples in each group. Tissue samples of peripheral AM, Peripheral GCL of jaws, malignant AM, and specimen with insufficient tissue were excluded. Tissue sections were embedded, processed and stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against CD105, with positive brown cytoplasmic staining in the endothelial cells of neo-vasculature. Distinct countable, positively stained endothelial cell or clusters were evaluated under light microscope for identification of MVD. ANOVA and t-test were applied for statistical analysis of data. Results: Highest MVD was displayed in CGCL (32.99±0.77) and the minimum was observed in OKC (7.21± 0.75) respectively. CGCL showed significantly higher MVD to AM, OKC and PG lesions (p<0.05). AM (8.07± 0.36) and Odontogenic Keratocyst (7.21± 0.75) showed comparable MVD, which was lower than PG (14.7± 0.96) and CGCL vascular density (p < 0.01) respectively. Conclusion: CGCL was most aggressive, with highest MVD among the investigated odontogenic lesions (OKC, AM and PG). The proliferative aggressive behavior of Odontogenic Keratocyst is comparable to AM due to comparable mean vascular density.

Research paper thumbnail of Antidiabetic activity and histopathological analysis of carnosol isolated from Artemisia indica linn in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Validity of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lumps: 5 years experience at the Aga Khan University Hospital

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2006

To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. Frozen section diagn... more To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. Frozen section diagnosis given in consecutive breast biopsies performed in 5 years in our laboratory was evaluated against the final pathology report of permanent sections. The Aga Khan University Hospital Lab receives more than 400 cases per year for frozen section. Three hundred and nineteen consecutive frozen sections of breast lumps examined from 1999-2003 were considered for analysis. Age of patients ranged between 22 and 90 years (mean age 49 years). In 316 cases (99%) there was no difference between the frozen section diagnosis and the final diagnosis. Three cases (0.94%) were incorrect; 2 cases (0.62%) were false positive. One case was false negative (0.31%). In 7 cases (2.19%), frozen section diagnosis was deferred to permanent sections. Frozen section diagnostic accuracy was 99%. Sensitivity and specificity was 99.3% and 93% respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive values of frozen section were 96.6% and 99.3% respectively. High accuracy of the frozen-section diagnosis in the breast lumps was confirmed in our study

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2005

To evaluate and compare the histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma among women of va... more To evaluate and compare the histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma among women of various age groups. Descriptive study. The study was conducted at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Histopathology Department, from January 2001--December 2003. All cases of endometrial carcinoma who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were included. Median age was 55 years. Bleeding per vaginum was the commonest feature and endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the commonest histological type. Tumor involved < and > half of the myometrium in nearly half of the patients each. Vascular invasion, endocervical invasion and adnexal involvement were evident in a small number of cases. Amongst the 86 patients majority were well differentiated (grade-1) and stage-1, on FIGO staging. Patients (<40 years) had endometrioid type of endometrial carcinoma, grade-1, and FIGO stage-1. In 85% tumor was invading to < half of myometrium. Significant difference w...

Research paper thumbnail of Primary cervical hydatid cyst: a rare occurrence

Diagnostic Pathology, 2012

Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impac... more Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impact on health and economy especially in countries where it is endemic. It occurs frequently in liver and lung. The disease is chronic and cyst can localize in different organs. A hydatid cyst occurrence in the head and neck is extremely rare. To know the distribution of disease can help in its control and prevention. We report a case of primary cervical hydatid cyst in 20 year old female. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose hydatid cyst in rare locations like this. Hydatid cyst should be considered in differential diagnosis of benign swellings of head and neck region, so that it can be managed during surgery to prevent acute anaphylaxis.

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency of Hematological Disorders Based on Review of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Trephine Biopsy Findings

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry, Mar 31, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Mentzer Index as a Diagnostic Tool for Screening Thalassemic Patients and Differentiating Iron Deficiency Anemia from Thalassemia

Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of Mentzer index in the different... more Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of Mentzer index in the differentiation of iron deficiency anemia and beta-Thalassemia trait. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in five different primary schools of district Peshawar. Sample collected were processed in pathology department of Khyber Teaching hospital and Khyber Medical College Peshawar. Duration of the study was six months which was started from june 2017 to December 2017 in which 500 blood samples were analysed. Permission from the parents were obtained through principles of the schools. The samples were obtained keeping full aseptic conditions and collected in EDTA anticoagulant tubes. Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelet RBC count along with RDW, were assessed on a Sysmex Hematology Analyzer. Peripheral smear of the participants with low Hb(<11gm/dl) and low MCV (<80fl) were examined to look for morphology of RBCs. Serum iron (SI), serum iron binding capacity, serum ferri...

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological Patterns of Breast Diseases in Females Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Peshawar

Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017

Objective: To determine the pattern of female breast pathologies in our setup.Material and Method... more Objective: To determine the pattern of female breast pathologies in our setup.Material and Methods: This study is done at the histopathology laboratory, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistanincluding all the female cases only, with primary breast pathologies between January 2014 to October 2015. Initialdata was recorded on a pathology lab proforma. Specimens received, processed, slides made and stained accordingto protocol and histopathological report generated.Results: Out of a total of 142 cases, 32.4% cases were Fibroadenoma, 26.76% cases of advanced carcinoma breastand 21.8% cases were of mastitis. Ages of these cases ranged from 12 to 70 years.Conclusion: Most of the breast pathologies are benign, fibroadenoma being the most common. Carcinoma of breastis the second most common problem presenting mostly in the middle age group, with a higher grade at presentationmostly owing to lack of awareness and proper screening programs, implementation of which has shown promisingres...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Different Staining Techniques for Identification of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Biopsies

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Different Staining Techniques for Identification of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Biopsies

International Journal of Pathology, Aug 23, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of CASE REPORT Open Access Primary cervical hydatid cyst: a rare occurrence

Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impac... more Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impact on health and economy especially in countries where it is endemic. It occurs frequently in liver and lung. The disease is chronic and cyst can localize in different organs. A hydatid cyst occurrence in the head and neck is extremely rare. To know the distribution of disease can help in its control and prevention. We report a case of primary cervical hydatid cyst in 20 year old female. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose hydatid cyst in rare locations like this. Hydatid cyst should be considered in differential diagnosis of benign swellings of head and neck region, so that it can be managed during surgery to prevent acute anaphylaxis. Virtual slides: The virtual slides ’ for this article can be found here:

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Vaginal Culture and Pap smear in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis

Background: Amongst the myriad of physiological and pathological conditions presenting as vaginal... more Background: Amongst the myriad of physiological and pathological conditions presenting as vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis is the most frequently encountered complaint in women of child bearing age, all over the world. It involves the replacement of normally predominant hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli, by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. We want to examine the diagnostic efficacy of Pap-Smear and vaginal culture in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, while Amsel’s clinical criteria is used as the gold standardMethods: It was a descriptive study expanding over a period of 5 months, from January 2013 to May 2013, enrolling 150 patients, from the outpatient’s department of lady reading hospital and Hayatabad medical complex, Peshawar. All patients who complained of vaginal discharge were eligible for study. Patients using antibiotics, vaginal suppositories as well as those who were pregnant were excluded from the study. All patients were subjected to simultaneous t...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison Of Free Androgen Index In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And Non-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Infertile Patients

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2021

BACKGROUND One of the leading causes of infertility in child bearing age females is polycystic ov... more BACKGROUND One of the leading causes of infertility in child bearing age females is polycystic ovary syndrome. It is characterized by altered hormonal profile causing androgen excess and insulin resistance which eventually leads to decreased ovulation rate. METHODS This was a crosssectional study that included 40 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and 40 infertility patients that did not have polycystic ovary syndrome determined by sonography and clinical features through quota sampling technique. Serum Total Testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Levels were assayed. Using these two parameters, Free Androgen Index was calculated. Body Mass Index and central obesity was also determined. RESULTS Total Testosterone, Free Androgen Index and Body Mass Index were raised in PCOS group as indicated by p-value <0.05. Hirsutism was present in PCOS group (p-value <0.05). Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Levels were decreased in PCOS patients (p-value <0.05) but were within ...

Research paper thumbnail of Frequency and genotype distribution of high risk human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2020

Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dismal disease exhibiting striking g... more Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dismal disease exhibiting striking geographical differences in its incidence. It is multifactorial in origin. Among infectious agents, human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced as a possible causative agent in the development of ESCC in 1982. Subsequent studies using various methods have confirmed the presence of HPV in ESCC. We aimed to determine the frequency of HPV in ESCC in northwest Pakistan which is part of high risk belt for this disease. Methodology: This study was conducted on two hundred and forty-three (243) diagnosed cases of ESSC at two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan, from 2011 to 2016. DNA was extracted from all specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to check the quality of DNA using β-globin primers and frequency and genotypes of HPV using HPV general primers and type-specific primers respectively. HPV and its genotypes were confirmed through the sequencing of a few selected case...

Research paper thumbnail of Primary Hydatid Cyst of the Thyroid Gland: A Case Report

Hydatid disease is caused by tapeworm parasite Echinococcus granulosis. It is common in temperate... more Hydatid disease is caused by tapeworm parasite Echinococcus granulosis. It is common in temperate and sheep raising countries of the world where it is a serious public health problem. Hydatid cysts can be found in every part of body. Most common locations are liver and lungs. Primary hydatid cyst located in thyroid is an exceptional finding even in endemic areas. We document a rare case of cystic nodule detected by ultrasound in Thyroid .Patient was a 35 year old woman with a slowly growing mass in the neck. Ultrasonography of the neck region revealed a 4x4 cm mass in the right lobe of the thyroid which appeared to be large, lobulated, encapsulated and cystic suggesting hydatid cyst. Subtotal thyroidectomy was done. Histopathological examination revealed hydatid cyst of thyroid. Hydatid cyst of thyroid should be considered in the differential diagnosis in endemic areas as in our case it was in the differential along with malignancy so that it should be managed during surgery to prev...

Research paper thumbnail of Luteinizing Hormone To Follicle Stimulating Hormone Ratio In Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most commonly occurring endocrinopathy in females of ... more BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most commonly occurring endocrinopathy in females of reproductive age group. It is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms resulting from hormonal derangements leading to reduced fertility. METHODS This was a crosssectional (comparative) study. We took 40 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome and 40 controls of infertility without polycystic ovary syndrome depending on the presence of clinical features and ultrasound scans. Blood samples were collected and assayed for luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. Data was analyzed with SPSS-19. RESULTS Luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone ratio was raised in 3 out of 35 patients (8%) in cases and in 2 out of 39 patients (5%) in controls. There was no statistically significant difference in the luteinizing hormone levels and the follicle stimulating hormone levels and the luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone ratio of the two groups as indicated...

Research paper thumbnail of CRP as an Indicator of Severity of Acute Cholecystits

Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017

Objectives: To determine the role of CRP in predicting severity of acute cholecystitis.Material a... more Objectives: To determine the role of CRP in predicting severity of acute cholecystitis.Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study conducted at department of surgery and Pathology,Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar between April, 2016 and April, 2017.This study included a total of 150 patientsdivided into three equal groups(mild, moderate and severe) on the basis of Tokyo acute cholecystitis severity guidelines.Each patient had his serum CRP quantified. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Means ± SD weremeasured for CRP in each group. Furthermore, means of CRP were compared amongst the three groups by usingOne-way ANOVA. ROC test was done to check the specificity and sensitivity of CRP.Results: Mean age of all the participants was 39 ± 3.94 years. Female population made 66.66 %(n=100) of the studysample while 33.33% (n=50) were males. Mean CRP values were, 24±3.14, 40±4.15 and 52±1.34 in the mild, moderateand severe acute cholecystitis groups respecti...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatocellular Carcinoma versus Other Carcinomas of Liver: Distinguishing Features

Objective: To find out the helpful cytological features distinguishing between hepatocellular car... more Objective: To find out the helpful cytological features distinguishing between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with other carcinomas of liver Study Design: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) cases were selected in 35 patients on whom a diagnosis was rendered either of hepatocellular carcinoma or other carcinoma involving liver. The aspirates were examined for slide background, cellularity and specific cytoplasmic and nuclear features in both sets. Result: There were 20 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) & 12 cases of other carcinoma involving liver. Six out of twelve In the current study we examined 12 cytological criteria out of which six were found to be of considerable help in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other carcinoma involving liver. The hepatocellular carcinomas characteristically had central nuclei, discohesive cells, high cellularity and naked nuclei while hyperchromatic nuclei, eccentric nuclei and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio of >75% were the prominent features of other carcinoma involving liver. On the other hand coarse chromatin, nuclear molding and chromatin clearing of nuclei showed no significant difference in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma from other primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the liver is a very useful diagnostic modality to identify the vast majority of neoplasms of primary or metastatic nature. Meticulous attention to the nuclear features is vital in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other carcinomas of liver.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Cervical Cell Morphology Using Two Different Cytology Techniques for Early Detection of Pre-Cancerous Lesions

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Validity of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lumps: 5 years experience at the Aga Khan University Hospital

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2005

OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. METHODS Fr... more OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. METHODS Frozen section diagnosis given in consecutive breast biopsies performed in 5 years in our laboratory was evaluated against the final pathology report of permanent sections. RESULTS The Aga Khan University Hospital Lab receives more than 400 cases per year for frozen section. Three hundred and nineteen consecutive frozen sections of breast lumps examined from 1999-2003 were considered for analysis. Age of patients ranged between 22 and 90 years (mean age 49 years). In 316 cases (99%) there was no difference between the frozen section diagnosis and the final diagnosis. Three cases (0.94%) were incorrect; 2 cases (0.62%) were false positive. One case was false negative (0.31%). In 7 cases (2.19%), frozen section diagnosis was deferred to permanent sections. Frozen section diagnostic accuracy was 99%. Sensitivity and specificity was 99.3% and 93% respectively. Positive predictive value and neg...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Tumor Angiogenesis by Expression of CD 105 in Ameloblastoma, Odontogenic Keratocyst and Central Giant Cell Lesion

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Background: Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and reflects the aggressive behavior of inv... more Background: Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and reflects the aggressive behavior of invasive odontogenic lesions [like Ameloblastoma (AM), Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) and Central giant cell lesion (CGCL)]. Mean vascular density (MVD) shows the angiogenic potential and CD105 is an ideal endothelial biomarker due to its specificity to new blood vessels for MVD detection. The aim of the study was to compare the MVD (angiogenic potential) among AM, OKC and CGCL in comparison to Pyogenic Granuloma (PG) using CD105 biomarker. Methods: Sixty-four primary cases of odontogenic invasive tumors (AM, OKC and CGCL) and PG, diagnosed clinically and histologically were included in the study, with 16 samples in each group. Tissue samples of peripheral AM, Peripheral GCL of jaws, malignant AM, and specimen with insufficient tissue were excluded. Tissue sections were embedded, processed and stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against CD105, with positive brown cytoplasmic staining in the endothelial cells of neo-vasculature. Distinct countable, positively stained endothelial cell or clusters were evaluated under light microscope for identification of MVD. ANOVA and t-test were applied for statistical analysis of data. Results: Highest MVD was displayed in CGCL (32.99±0.77) and the minimum was observed in OKC (7.21± 0.75) respectively. CGCL showed significantly higher MVD to AM, OKC and PG lesions (p<0.05). AM (8.07± 0.36) and Odontogenic Keratocyst (7.21± 0.75) showed comparable MVD, which was lower than PG (14.7± 0.96) and CGCL vascular density (p < 0.01) respectively. Conclusion: CGCL was most aggressive, with highest MVD among the investigated odontogenic lesions (OKC, AM and PG). The proliferative aggressive behavior of Odontogenic Keratocyst is comparable to AM due to comparable mean vascular density.

Research paper thumbnail of Antidiabetic activity and histopathological analysis of carnosol isolated from Artemisia indica linn in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Validity of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lumps: 5 years experience at the Aga Khan University Hospital

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2006

To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. Frozen section diagn... more To determine the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of breast lump. Frozen section diagnosis given in consecutive breast biopsies performed in 5 years in our laboratory was evaluated against the final pathology report of permanent sections. The Aga Khan University Hospital Lab receives more than 400 cases per year for frozen section. Three hundred and nineteen consecutive frozen sections of breast lumps examined from 1999-2003 were considered for analysis. Age of patients ranged between 22 and 90 years (mean age 49 years). In 316 cases (99%) there was no difference between the frozen section diagnosis and the final diagnosis. Three cases (0.94%) were incorrect; 2 cases (0.62%) were false positive. One case was false negative (0.31%). In 7 cases (2.19%), frozen section diagnosis was deferred to permanent sections. Frozen section diagnostic accuracy was 99%. Sensitivity and specificity was 99.3% and 93% respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive values of frozen section were 96.6% and 99.3% respectively. High accuracy of the frozen-section diagnosis in the breast lumps was confirmed in our study

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2005

To evaluate and compare the histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma among women of va... more To evaluate and compare the histopathological features of endometrial carcinoma among women of various age groups. Descriptive study. The study was conducted at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Histopathology Department, from January 2001--December 2003. All cases of endometrial carcinoma who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were included. Median age was 55 years. Bleeding per vaginum was the commonest feature and endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the commonest histological type. Tumor involved < and > half of the myometrium in nearly half of the patients each. Vascular invasion, endocervical invasion and adnexal involvement were evident in a small number of cases. Amongst the 86 patients majority were well differentiated (grade-1) and stage-1, on FIGO staging. Patients (<40 years) had endometrioid type of endometrial carcinoma, grade-1, and FIGO stage-1. In 85% tumor was invading to < half of myometrium. Significant difference w...

Research paper thumbnail of Primary cervical hydatid cyst: a rare occurrence

Diagnostic Pathology, 2012

Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impac... more Hydatid disease, a parasitic infection is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has serious impact on health and economy especially in countries where it is endemic. It occurs frequently in liver and lung. The disease is chronic and cyst can localize in different organs. A hydatid cyst occurrence in the head and neck is extremely rare. To know the distribution of disease can help in its control and prevention. We report a case of primary cervical hydatid cyst in 20 year old female. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose hydatid cyst in rare locations like this. Hydatid cyst should be considered in differential diagnosis of benign swellings of head and neck region, so that it can be managed during surgery to prevent acute anaphylaxis.