onur elma - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by onur elma

Elsevier eBooks, Dec 31, 2023

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, Aug 27, 2015

Lecture notes in electrical engineering, 2013

control-and-optimization-pco-2013/), which was held on August 25-27, 2013, in Prague, Czech Repub... more control-and-optimization-pco-2013/), which was held on August 25-27, 2013, in Prague, Czech Republic. Best papers of this conference were covered. PCO'2013 attracted participants from many countries and from across the PCO community in Europe and all over the world, for a meeting of vivid exchanges and lively debates. The PCO'2013 conference provided an excellent floor for investigators and practitioners to promote their newest advances in power, control, and optimization to the wider community of scientists and practitioners, for identifying research challenges for their fields, as well as promising research developments in theory, methods, and applications, and for fostering given and creating new interactions with colleagues from related research areas of modern PCO areas and their emerging applications. Applications of optimization techniques are well known in the research areas of power systems, control systems, and computer science. The current trends on application of metaheuristics techniques are very popular among the researchers in the areas of power systems, control systems, and computer science across the globe. In this regard, the PCO global conference organized a successful conference in the research areas of power systems, control systems, and optimization in Prague, the capital of Czech Republic. This special issue focuses on best and high quality selected papers which were presented at the PCO global conference. Well-known and new methodologies and techniques of optimization were used to solve some of the complicated and hard problems in the areas of power systems, control systems, and optimization. This special issue was open for interested authors in all power, control, and optimization areas, and they were welcome to submit their recent findings and best results. Both PCO'2013 and our special issue focused on new development and contribution of the current research to the body of the knowledge in the area of PCO. The topics included are (i) optimal power; (ii) optimal control; (iii) optimization; (iv) cams, gears, wheels, and valve optimization; (v) android phone, mobile, WiMax, and wireless communications; (vi) smart grid, microgrid, distribution, and chaotic systems; (vii) scheduling and assignment problems; (viii) healthcare, bioinformatics, and signal processing; and (ix) future energy planning and the environment. The subjects of power, control, and pptimization as elaborated in our special issue are so closely related to the emerging questions and challenges on energy and electricity, from engineering, applied mathematics, operational research, computer science and data mining, education, and social sciences, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and they reach out very far and, eventually, to the living conditions of people on earth.

Energy, Sep 1, 2017

The advanced communication and control technologies in smart grids enable end users to actively p... more The advanced communication and control technologies in smart grids enable end users to actively participate in balancing supply and demand in response to electricity tariff changes by controlling their electricity consumption through demand response (DR) programs. In order to further exploit the costsaving potential in residential houses, home energy management (HEM) systems have gained increasing interest, particularly in the last decade. HEM system basically focuses on the control of home appliances to reduce their electricity usage or to shift the operations of predefined appliances to the periods with lower prices. However, the integration of local renewable generation units to the residential houses considerably complicates the tasks of HEM systems. This study, therefore, proposes a novel dynamic HEM approach capable of integrating both load and source side dynamics into decision-making process. In the new HEM approach, power consumption of appliances, electricity tariff and power from renewable sources are dynamically taken into account with a 5-min time step. A forecasting model is incorporated into the HEM system for better matching of energy consumption to renewable energy generation. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed HEM system considerably improves cost savings for residential prosumers and can be implemented in real-world applications.

2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Jun 1, 2020

Electric vehicles are becoming widespread not only in personal use but also in public transportat... more Electric vehicles are becoming widespread not only in personal use but also in public transportation. In order for electric buses to complete their routes, they need larger capacity batteries. It is crucial that these batteries can supply the necessary energy in operation. On-route chargers are a potential solution for reducing the required battery sizes in electric buses. To achieve this, high power is needed instantly. However, this instantaneous power demand has negative effects on the grid. In this study, a flywheel storage system is used in order to reduce the peak demand caused by on-route fast-charging stations on the grid side. The proposed system has been analyzed and a 66% reduction in peak demand has been achieved.

Electric Power Systems Research, Feb 1, 2020

This study presents the experimental determination of the ZIP (constant impedance (Z), constant c... more This study presents the experimental determination of the ZIP (constant impedance (Z), constant current (I), constant power (P)) coefficients for residential appliances in a smart home at Yildiz Technical University (the YTU Smart Home) in Istanbul, Turkey. First, active and reactive power consumptions of house appliances are measured with respect to the voltage change between 100-240 V with a 10 V increment. Then, Least Square Algorithm is used to calculate ZIP coefficients of household appliances. Using the obtained ZIP coefficients and an assumed appliance usage pattern, a daily residential active and reactive power demand profiles are obtained. Data from the ZIP models are compared with actual measurement data. It is shown that the ZIP models are quite accurate within 200-220 V voltage range and can be used in generating residential demand profiles for system level analyses. In addition, the ZIP model based appliance identification algorithm is proposed to identify the plugged appliance in the smart home environment for better home energy management algorithm implementation.

Journal of The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Apr 6, 2018

A smart transformer design providing voltage control  A smart transformer integrated home energy... more A smart transformer design providing voltage control  A smart transformer integrated home energy management system  Experimental verification of the home energy management system  In this study, a smart transformer design for voltage controlled home energy management system is given. The power consumption of the house can dynamically be controlled by integrating the developed smart transformer to the new home energy management system so that the voltage level at the home entrance can be reduced based on a signal from the home energy management system. If this does not provide enough power reduction, then load shifting/load shedding together with the voltage control is implemented to further reduce the power consumption of the house. The developed smart transformer is experimentally validated at Smart Home Laboratory and it is seen that about %30 peak load reduction can be obtained using both voltage control and load shifting together. Figure 2. Block diagram of voltage controlled home energy management (HEM) system Purpose: Develop a new home energy management method thatminimizes the direct load control actions (load shifting and load shedding) and thus maximizes the customer comfort. Theory and Methods: In the new method, voltage reduction at the home electrical entrance is employed to control active power demand of the house during peak hours. Since the active power demand changes with the applied voltage for most home appliances, the power consumption of the house can be dynamically controlled using voltage reduction. Results: The developed smart transformer is experimentally validated at Smart Home Laboratory and it is seen that about %30 peak load reduction (from 5,1kw to 3,5kW) can be obtained using both voltage control and load shifting together. Conclusion: In this study, a smart transformer design for a new home energy management system based on voltage control is considered for a renewable energy supplied smart house. With the developed intelligent transformer structure, the voltage at the home entrance is reduced within the limits of technical standards (±10%) according to the signal coming from home energy management. Thus, power consumption of the house can be dynamically controlled. The smart transformer has been experimentally tested in the YTÜ smart home laboratory and it has been observed that peak power demand can be reduced by approximately 30% with the use of both voltage reduction and load control.

International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dec 1, 2011

ABSTRACT Renewable energy resources have been widely adopted in the world due to environmental co... more ABSTRACT Renewable energy resources have been widely adopted in the world due to environmental concerns, energy shortage, and decreasing cost of system components. Among these renewable energy sources, solar energy generation has attracted significant interest due to its easy implementation. Solar energy is especially good for residential buildings that are far from existing electrical grid. In such a solar powered stand-alone residential system, a backup source such as battery/supercapacitor is required for uninterrupted energy. The DC energy from solar panels is converted to AC energy thorough a power conditioning system. In this study, the effect of inverter efficiency on the backup size is analyzed. It is shown that for a reliable and correct sizing, the inverter efficiency that varies with loading conditions must be taken into account for stand-alone house where the demand changes within a wide range over a day.

This study presents real word drive cycles in Istanbul, Turkey and analyzes the impact of these r... more This study presents real word drive cycles in Istanbul, Turkey and analyzes the impact of these real road conditions on the performance of an electric vehicle. For this purpose, five different drive cycles has been obtained by collecting data for different traffic conditions in Istanbul. Both the velocity of the vehicle and the gradient of the road are considered. Also, a simplified dynamic vehicle model is developed to estimate the traction power requirement of drive-train of the vehicle during start up and when it is in motion.

2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020)

The fluctuations in PV power due to weather or passing clouds can reduce the stability and reliab... more The fluctuations in PV power due to weather or passing clouds can reduce the stability and reliability of the solar power generated by grid interfaced PV system. This paper presents a grid interfaced photovoltaic (PV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) integration to smooth PV power fluctuations. A modified Moving Window Average (MWA) is used to smooth the PV power fluctuations. In this proposed method, a smooth PV power is estimated for 15 minutes time step. The difference between the predicted output power and the actual PV generation is provided by the EVs thus making the aggregated output power smooth. Real time one second interval solar data collected from the solar installation at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is used for testing the proposed method. The EV data is taken from UCLA, EV garage charging points. The smoother PV power for 15 min is considered from energy market prospective with its benefits to consumers. An evaluation based on comparative performance is made between the proposed and existing methods. The EV scheduling based on its availability and energy cost is presented for the cases of fully cloudy days and night time. During operation EVs are charged/discharged from/to grid keeping EV user benefits as priority.

Energy, Nov 1, 2015

Energy management in electrical systems is one of the important issues for energy efficiency and ... more Energy management in electrical systems is one of the important issues for energy efficiency and future grid systems. Energy management is defined as a HEM (home energy management) on the residential consumer side. The HEM system plays a key role in residential demand response applications. In this study, a new HEM algorithm is proposed for smart home environments to reduce peak demand and increase the energy efficiency. The proposed algorithm includes VC (voltage control) methodology to reduce the power consumption of residential appliances so that the shifting of appliances is minimized. The results of the survey are used to produce representative load profiles for a weekday and for a weekend. Then, case studies are completed to test the proposed HEM algorithm in reducing the peak demand in the house. The main aim of the proposed HEM algorithm is to minimize the number of turned-off appliances to decrease demand so that the customer comfort is maximized. The smart home laboratory at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey is used in case studies. Experimental results show that the proposed HEM algorithm reduces the peak demand by 17.5% with the voltage control and by 38% with both the voltage control and the appliance shifting.

arXiv (Cornell University), Oct 12, 2021

This paper presents a load control algorithm for control of energy sources and loads to enhance e... more This paper presents a load control algorithm for control of energy sources and loads to enhance energy sustainability and reliability of the International Space Station (ISS), which is a large spacecraft in orbit around Earth. In this paper, the ISS electric power system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to be able to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm in a simulated environment. This study also aims to emphasize the importance of load control algorithms on energy sustainability for critical systems, like ISS, having limited energy sources.

Electric Power Components and Systems, Aug 9, 2022

European Interdisciplinary Cybersecurity Conference

With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, elect... more With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, electric vehicles (EVs) have grown in popularity. Electric motors, batteries, and charging systems are considered major components of EVs. The electric power infrastructure has been designed to accommodate the needs of EVs, with an emphasis on bidirectional power flow to facilitate power exchange. Furthermore, the communication infrastructure has been enhanced to enable cars to communicate and exchange information with one another, also known as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. V2X is positioned to become a bigger and smarter system in the future of transportation, thanks to upcoming digital technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Distributed Ledger Technology, and the Internet of Things. However, like with any technology that includes data collection and sharing, there are issues with digital privacy and cybersecurity. This paper addresses these concerns by creating a multi-layer Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) architecture to investigate possible privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with V2X. Using the CPSS paradigm, this research explores the interaction of EV infrastructure as a very critical part of the V2X ecosystem, digital privacy, and cybersecurity concerns.

Frontiers in Energy Research

Editorial on the Research Topic Editorial for the research topic: Internet of energy for renewabl... more Editorial on the Research Topic Editorial for the research topic: Internet of energy for renewable energybased decarbonized electrical energy systems This research topic aims to highlight the current state-of-the-art technologies in digitalized smart grids, including renewable energy and others with the Internet of Energy (IoE) under the decarbonized electrical energy systems. These approaches will increase the overall efficiency of electrical power systems, along with emerging technologies and applications in the current system. IoE covers all digitalization processes with mobility, electronic devices, and energy network as seen in Figure 1. The first article on the topic by Dynge et al. (2022) introduces a new pricing mechanism based on the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) to ensure profitability for prosumers and establish a transparent and fair price for all market participants. The mechanism utilizes a platform based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) with a holistic perspective, considering market interactions as part of the Cyber-Physical-Social-System (CPSS). This study compares and analyzes fixed and variable contracts with the wholesale supplier to conventional Feed-in Tariffs (FiT) and its proposed replacement options. The results indicate a cost reduction for consumers and a minor decline in revenue for prosumers compared to the FiT scheme. However, the pricing mechanism proposed in the study provides a significant increase in benefits for both prosumers and consumers compared to the proposed replacements for FiT. In Ali and Partal (2022), a wireless sensor network based on ZigBee and LoRa is proposed for integration into smart building energy management systems. The proposed system allows for automatic monitoring and control of room temperature, humidity, lighting systems, etc., in smart environments. Due to their scalability, many IoT applications can be implemented by customizing the embedded code. The system consists of an end device, a multiprotocol gateway, and a Central Data Collector (CDC) unit. It leverages the low-power and long-range capabilities of ZigBee and LoRa communication technologies. The end device collects temperature, humidity, and light intensity data using low-power sensors and transmits the data to the gateway via the LoRa wireless transceiver. The gateway serves as an intermediate device facilitating data exchange between the

Electric Power Components and Systems

Elsevier eBooks, Dec 31, 2023

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, Aug 27, 2015

Lecture notes in electrical engineering, 2013

control-and-optimization-pco-2013/), which was held on August 25-27, 2013, in Prague, Czech Repub... more control-and-optimization-pco-2013/), which was held on August 25-27, 2013, in Prague, Czech Republic. Best papers of this conference were covered. PCO'2013 attracted participants from many countries and from across the PCO community in Europe and all over the world, for a meeting of vivid exchanges and lively debates. The PCO'2013 conference provided an excellent floor for investigators and practitioners to promote their newest advances in power, control, and optimization to the wider community of scientists and practitioners, for identifying research challenges for their fields, as well as promising research developments in theory, methods, and applications, and for fostering given and creating new interactions with colleagues from related research areas of modern PCO areas and their emerging applications. Applications of optimization techniques are well known in the research areas of power systems, control systems, and computer science. The current trends on application of metaheuristics techniques are very popular among the researchers in the areas of power systems, control systems, and computer science across the globe. In this regard, the PCO global conference organized a successful conference in the research areas of power systems, control systems, and optimization in Prague, the capital of Czech Republic. This special issue focuses on best and high quality selected papers which were presented at the PCO global conference. Well-known and new methodologies and techniques of optimization were used to solve some of the complicated and hard problems in the areas of power systems, control systems, and optimization. This special issue was open for interested authors in all power, control, and optimization areas, and they were welcome to submit their recent findings and best results. Both PCO'2013 and our special issue focused on new development and contribution of the current research to the body of the knowledge in the area of PCO. The topics included are (i) optimal power; (ii) optimal control; (iii) optimization; (iv) cams, gears, wheels, and valve optimization; (v) android phone, mobile, WiMax, and wireless communications; (vi) smart grid, microgrid, distribution, and chaotic systems; (vii) scheduling and assignment problems; (viii) healthcare, bioinformatics, and signal processing; and (ix) future energy planning and the environment. The subjects of power, control, and pptimization as elaborated in our special issue are so closely related to the emerging questions and challenges on energy and electricity, from engineering, applied mathematics, operational research, computer science and data mining, education, and social sciences, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and they reach out very far and, eventually, to the living conditions of people on earth.

Energy, Sep 1, 2017

The advanced communication and control technologies in smart grids enable end users to actively p... more The advanced communication and control technologies in smart grids enable end users to actively participate in balancing supply and demand in response to electricity tariff changes by controlling their electricity consumption through demand response (DR) programs. In order to further exploit the costsaving potential in residential houses, home energy management (HEM) systems have gained increasing interest, particularly in the last decade. HEM system basically focuses on the control of home appliances to reduce their electricity usage or to shift the operations of predefined appliances to the periods with lower prices. However, the integration of local renewable generation units to the residential houses considerably complicates the tasks of HEM systems. This study, therefore, proposes a novel dynamic HEM approach capable of integrating both load and source side dynamics into decision-making process. In the new HEM approach, power consumption of appliances, electricity tariff and power from renewable sources are dynamically taken into account with a 5-min time step. A forecasting model is incorporated into the HEM system for better matching of energy consumption to renewable energy generation. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed HEM system considerably improves cost savings for residential prosumers and can be implemented in real-world applications.

2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Jun 1, 2020

Electric vehicles are becoming widespread not only in personal use but also in public transportat... more Electric vehicles are becoming widespread not only in personal use but also in public transportation. In order for electric buses to complete their routes, they need larger capacity batteries. It is crucial that these batteries can supply the necessary energy in operation. On-route chargers are a potential solution for reducing the required battery sizes in electric buses. To achieve this, high power is needed instantly. However, this instantaneous power demand has negative effects on the grid. In this study, a flywheel storage system is used in order to reduce the peak demand caused by on-route fast-charging stations on the grid side. The proposed system has been analyzed and a 66% reduction in peak demand has been achieved.

Electric Power Systems Research, Feb 1, 2020

This study presents the experimental determination of the ZIP (constant impedance (Z), constant c... more This study presents the experimental determination of the ZIP (constant impedance (Z), constant current (I), constant power (P)) coefficients for residential appliances in a smart home at Yildiz Technical University (the YTU Smart Home) in Istanbul, Turkey. First, active and reactive power consumptions of house appliances are measured with respect to the voltage change between 100-240 V with a 10 V increment. Then, Least Square Algorithm is used to calculate ZIP coefficients of household appliances. Using the obtained ZIP coefficients and an assumed appliance usage pattern, a daily residential active and reactive power demand profiles are obtained. Data from the ZIP models are compared with actual measurement data. It is shown that the ZIP models are quite accurate within 200-220 V voltage range and can be used in generating residential demand profiles for system level analyses. In addition, the ZIP model based appliance identification algorithm is proposed to identify the plugged appliance in the smart home environment for better home energy management algorithm implementation.

Journal of The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Apr 6, 2018

A smart transformer design providing voltage control  A smart transformer integrated home energy... more A smart transformer design providing voltage control  A smart transformer integrated home energy management system  Experimental verification of the home energy management system  In this study, a smart transformer design for voltage controlled home energy management system is given. The power consumption of the house can dynamically be controlled by integrating the developed smart transformer to the new home energy management system so that the voltage level at the home entrance can be reduced based on a signal from the home energy management system. If this does not provide enough power reduction, then load shifting/load shedding together with the voltage control is implemented to further reduce the power consumption of the house. The developed smart transformer is experimentally validated at Smart Home Laboratory and it is seen that about %30 peak load reduction can be obtained using both voltage control and load shifting together. Figure 2. Block diagram of voltage controlled home energy management (HEM) system Purpose: Develop a new home energy management method thatminimizes the direct load control actions (load shifting and load shedding) and thus maximizes the customer comfort. Theory and Methods: In the new method, voltage reduction at the home electrical entrance is employed to control active power demand of the house during peak hours. Since the active power demand changes with the applied voltage for most home appliances, the power consumption of the house can be dynamically controlled using voltage reduction. Results: The developed smart transformer is experimentally validated at Smart Home Laboratory and it is seen that about %30 peak load reduction (from 5,1kw to 3,5kW) can be obtained using both voltage control and load shifting together. Conclusion: In this study, a smart transformer design for a new home energy management system based on voltage control is considered for a renewable energy supplied smart house. With the developed intelligent transformer structure, the voltage at the home entrance is reduced within the limits of technical standards (±10%) according to the signal coming from home energy management. Thus, power consumption of the house can be dynamically controlled. The smart transformer has been experimentally tested in the YTÜ smart home laboratory and it has been observed that peak power demand can be reduced by approximately 30% with the use of both voltage reduction and load control.

International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dec 1, 2011

ABSTRACT Renewable energy resources have been widely adopted in the world due to environmental co... more ABSTRACT Renewable energy resources have been widely adopted in the world due to environmental concerns, energy shortage, and decreasing cost of system components. Among these renewable energy sources, solar energy generation has attracted significant interest due to its easy implementation. Solar energy is especially good for residential buildings that are far from existing electrical grid. In such a solar powered stand-alone residential system, a backup source such as battery/supercapacitor is required for uninterrupted energy. The DC energy from solar panels is converted to AC energy thorough a power conditioning system. In this study, the effect of inverter efficiency on the backup size is analyzed. It is shown that for a reliable and correct sizing, the inverter efficiency that varies with loading conditions must be taken into account for stand-alone house where the demand changes within a wide range over a day.

This study presents real word drive cycles in Istanbul, Turkey and analyzes the impact of these r... more This study presents real word drive cycles in Istanbul, Turkey and analyzes the impact of these real road conditions on the performance of an electric vehicle. For this purpose, five different drive cycles has been obtained by collecting data for different traffic conditions in Istanbul. Both the velocity of the vehicle and the gradient of the road are considered. Also, a simplified dynamic vehicle model is developed to estimate the traction power requirement of drive-train of the vehicle during start up and when it is in motion.

2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020)

The fluctuations in PV power due to weather or passing clouds can reduce the stability and reliab... more The fluctuations in PV power due to weather or passing clouds can reduce the stability and reliability of the solar power generated by grid interfaced PV system. This paper presents a grid interfaced photovoltaic (PV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) integration to smooth PV power fluctuations. A modified Moving Window Average (MWA) is used to smooth the PV power fluctuations. In this proposed method, a smooth PV power is estimated for 15 minutes time step. The difference between the predicted output power and the actual PV generation is provided by the EVs thus making the aggregated output power smooth. Real time one second interval solar data collected from the solar installation at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is used for testing the proposed method. The EV data is taken from UCLA, EV garage charging points. The smoother PV power for 15 min is considered from energy market prospective with its benefits to consumers. An evaluation based on comparative performance is made between the proposed and existing methods. The EV scheduling based on its availability and energy cost is presented for the cases of fully cloudy days and night time. During operation EVs are charged/discharged from/to grid keeping EV user benefits as priority.

Energy, Nov 1, 2015

Energy management in electrical systems is one of the important issues for energy efficiency and ... more Energy management in electrical systems is one of the important issues for energy efficiency and future grid systems. Energy management is defined as a HEM (home energy management) on the residential consumer side. The HEM system plays a key role in residential demand response applications. In this study, a new HEM algorithm is proposed for smart home environments to reduce peak demand and increase the energy efficiency. The proposed algorithm includes VC (voltage control) methodology to reduce the power consumption of residential appliances so that the shifting of appliances is minimized. The results of the survey are used to produce representative load profiles for a weekday and for a weekend. Then, case studies are completed to test the proposed HEM algorithm in reducing the peak demand in the house. The main aim of the proposed HEM algorithm is to minimize the number of turned-off appliances to decrease demand so that the customer comfort is maximized. The smart home laboratory at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey is used in case studies. Experimental results show that the proposed HEM algorithm reduces the peak demand by 17.5% with the voltage control and by 38% with both the voltage control and the appliance shifting.

arXiv (Cornell University), Oct 12, 2021

This paper presents a load control algorithm for control of energy sources and loads to enhance e... more This paper presents a load control algorithm for control of energy sources and loads to enhance energy sustainability and reliability of the International Space Station (ISS), which is a large spacecraft in orbit around Earth. In this paper, the ISS electric power system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to be able to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm in a simulated environment. This study also aims to emphasize the importance of load control algorithms on energy sustainability for critical systems, like ISS, having limited energy sources.

Electric Power Components and Systems, Aug 9, 2022

European Interdisciplinary Cybersecurity Conference

With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, elect... more With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, electric vehicles (EVs) have grown in popularity. Electric motors, batteries, and charging systems are considered major components of EVs. The electric power infrastructure has been designed to accommodate the needs of EVs, with an emphasis on bidirectional power flow to facilitate power exchange. Furthermore, the communication infrastructure has been enhanced to enable cars to communicate and exchange information with one another, also known as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. V2X is positioned to become a bigger and smarter system in the future of transportation, thanks to upcoming digital technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Distributed Ledger Technology, and the Internet of Things. However, like with any technology that includes data collection and sharing, there are issues with digital privacy and cybersecurity. This paper addresses these concerns by creating a multi-layer Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) architecture to investigate possible privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with V2X. Using the CPSS paradigm, this research explores the interaction of EV infrastructure as a very critical part of the V2X ecosystem, digital privacy, and cybersecurity concerns.

Frontiers in Energy Research

Editorial on the Research Topic Editorial for the research topic: Internet of energy for renewabl... more Editorial on the Research Topic Editorial for the research topic: Internet of energy for renewable energybased decarbonized electrical energy systems This research topic aims to highlight the current state-of-the-art technologies in digitalized smart grids, including renewable energy and others with the Internet of Energy (IoE) under the decarbonized electrical energy systems. These approaches will increase the overall efficiency of electrical power systems, along with emerging technologies and applications in the current system. IoE covers all digitalization processes with mobility, electronic devices, and energy network as seen in Figure 1. The first article on the topic by Dynge et al. (2022) introduces a new pricing mechanism based on the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) to ensure profitability for prosumers and establish a transparent and fair price for all market participants. The mechanism utilizes a platform based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) with a holistic perspective, considering market interactions as part of the Cyber-Physical-Social-System (CPSS). This study compares and analyzes fixed and variable contracts with the wholesale supplier to conventional Feed-in Tariffs (FiT) and its proposed replacement options. The results indicate a cost reduction for consumers and a minor decline in revenue for prosumers compared to the FiT scheme. However, the pricing mechanism proposed in the study provides a significant increase in benefits for both prosumers and consumers compared to the proposed replacements for FiT. In Ali and Partal (2022), a wireless sensor network based on ZigBee and LoRa is proposed for integration into smart building energy management systems. The proposed system allows for automatic monitoring and control of room temperature, humidity, lighting systems, etc., in smart environments. Due to their scalability, many IoT applications can be implemented by customizing the embedded code. The system consists of an end device, a multiprotocol gateway, and a Central Data Collector (CDC) unit. It leverages the low-power and long-range capabilities of ZigBee and LoRa communication technologies. The end device collects temperature, humidity, and light intensity data using low-power sensors and transmits the data to the gateway via the LoRa wireless transceiver. The gateway serves as an intermediate device facilitating data exchange between the

Electric Power Components and Systems