paul gates - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by paul gates
Journal of Dental Education, 2003
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, 2010
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1997
Small-cell noncleaved lymphoma is a high-grade tumor derived from B lymphocytes. There are two fo... more Small-cell noncleaved lymphoma is a high-grade tumor derived from B lymphocytes. There are two forms of this tumor: Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's, both of which are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Burkitt's lymphoma is further subdivided into an endemic form, which constitutes over 50% of pediatric tumors in Central Africa, and the nonendemic, or American type, in which only one to two children/million are affected. The initial presenting symptoms of Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphoma may be similar, with both tumors being clinically high-grade lymphomas. The difference in diagnosis is based on the histology, with pleomorphism and the number of nucleoli per cell being the major determinants. The incidence of neoplasms is significantly increased in immunocompromised patients, with lymphomas being the second most common malignancy seen in association with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).'32 The lymphomas seen in this population consist of high-grade B cell lymphomas, and they affect 5% to 10% of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).3 Although the jaws are commonly affected in endemic Burkitt's, in nonendemic areas and in non-Burkitt's, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the jaws are affected in only 15% to 18% of cases, with a greater predilection for bone marrow infiltration, peripheral lymph node deposits, and abdominal involvement.4
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2007
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Copyright © 2007 Meharry Medical College. All... more Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Copyright © 2007 Meharry Medical College. All rights reserved. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 18.4 (2007) 731-734. ...
Gerodontology, 1986
Adequate supply of calcium is essential for proper maintenance of the skeletal system. Recent stu... more Adequate supply of calcium is essential for proper maintenance of the skeletal system. Recent studies suggest that, in the United States, dietary calcium in most women is inadequate to maintain skeletal integrity. Additionally, postmenopausal women will lose bone mass more rapidly because of estrogen deficiency and possibly tack of exercise. Severe loss of bone mass can result in several serious skeletal diseases, the most frequent of which is osteoporosis. This disease is a major contributor (25–30%) to hip fractures and spinal compression fractures in elderly people. Indirect sequelae of these fractures are responsible for 12% to 15% mortality in these patients within three months. Recent research indicates that osteoporitic bone loss may directly affect alveolar bone and may, in fact, exacerbate existing periodontally‐induced bone loss. This article will review the literature concerning physiological and biochemical parameters related to the absorption and metabolism of calcium w...
The New York state dental journal, 1980
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 15, 2015
The objectives of this paper are to describe sources of data on underrepresented minority (URM) d... more The objectives of this paper are to describe sources of data on underrepresented minority (URM) dental providers and to perform a structured critique of primary survey research on African American (AA), Hispanic/Latino (HL), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentists. A national sample survey was conducted between October 2012 and March 2013, and secondary datasets were assessed for comparability. The survey used 21 sampling frames, with censuses of AI/AN and nonurban dentists, and assessed demographics, education, practice history, patient population, volunteerism, experiences with discrimination, and opinions on issues in dentistry. The survey was developed with constituent input, pilot-tested, and distributed online and through US mail with three reminder postcards, phone, and email follow-up. Continuing education credit and entry to a prize drawing were provided for participation. Existing data sources cannot answer critical research questions about URM dentists. Using b...
Health Affairs, 2016
The underrepresentation of Blacks, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives a... more The underrepresentation of Blacks, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives among dentists raises concerns about the diversity of the dental workforce, disparities in access to dental care and in oral health status, and social justice. We quantified the shortage of underrepresented minority dentists and examined these dentists' practice patterns in relation to the characteristics of the communities they serve. The underrepresented minority dentist workforce is disproportionately smaller than, and unevenly distributed in relation to, minority populations in the United States. Members of minority groups represent larger shares of these dentists' patient panels than of the populations in the communities where the dentists are located. Compared to counties with no underrepresented minority dentists, counties with one or more such dentists are more racially diverse and affluent but also have greater economic and social inequality. Current policy approaches to improve the diversity of the dental workforce are a critical first step, but more must be done to improve equity in dental health.
Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 2016
Objectives-The purpose of this paper is to describe the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) den... more Objectives-The purpose of this paper is to describe the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentist workforce, the general practice patterns of these providers, and their contributions to oral health care for AI/AN and underserved patients. Methods-A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 34.0% response rate for self-reported AI/AN dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. Descriptive and multivariable statistics were computed to provide a workforce profile. Comparisons to Census data and published information on dental students and dentists were used to examine practice patterns. Results-The AI/AN dentist workforce (weighted n=442) is very diverse with 55 reported individual tribal affiliations. Tribal heritage was provided by 96.4% of AI/AN dentists (n=426), and of these, 93.9% (n=400) reported an affiliation with only one tribe. The largest share of AI/AN dentists were born in the U.S. (98.2%, n=434), married (75.6%, n=333), and had dependent children under age 18 (52.0%, n=222). Only 0.9% (n=4) of AI/AN dentists spoke a traditional AI/AN language in patient care, while 10.6% (n=46) were raised on tribal land or reservation. Initial practice in the Indian Health Service was reported by 15.8% of AI/AN dentists while 16.2% report currently practicing in a safety-net setting, and 42.0% report working in a practice that primarily serves underserved patients. Conclusions-AI/AN dentists provide a disproportionate share of care for AI/AN populations, yet the number of AI/AN dentists would need to increase 7.4 fold in order to meet population parity.
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 26, 2016
The purpose of this paper is to describe the Hispanic/Latino (H/L) dentist workforce, their gener... more The purpose of this paper is to describe the Hispanic/Latino (H/L) dentist workforce, their general practice patterns, and their contributions to oral health care for H/L and underserved patients. A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 35.4 percent response rate for self-reported H/L dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. A workforce profile of H/L dentists was created using descriptive and multivariable statistics and published data. Among all H/L dentists (weighted n = 5,748), 31.9 percent self-identify their origin as Mexican, 13.4 percent as Puerto Rican, 13.0 percent as Cuban, and 41.7 percent as another H/L group. The largest share of H/L dentists are male, married, and have children under age 18. Fifty percent of H/L dentists are foreign-born and 25 percent are foreign-trained. H/L dentists report higher than average educational debt, with those completing Inter...
Journal of Dental Education, 2013
This report describes the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Dent... more This report describes the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Dental Faculty Development Program (DFDP) for fifteen participants: five advanced dental education faculty members and ten residents. The 100-hour DFDP, designed in the longitudinal immersion model for faculty development, was conducted in four phases at the Bronx-Lebanon Department of Dentistry in the Bronx, New York, in 2010-11. The DFDP was implemented to help underrepresented minority (URM) dental residents and clinical faculty members develop skills necessary for academic careers and enhanced teaching effectiveness. The program's curriculum had four themes: teaching and learning, scholarship, academic leadership, and career planning. For each phase, the participants completed pre- and post-training assessments of their knowledge, attitudes, and confidence, as well as qualitative evaluation of DFDP organization, content, activities, and value. The participants' pre-instruction mean knowledge score for all phases combined was 48.3 percent, and the post-test score was 81.1 percent (p=0.01). The participants showed minimal change in their attitudes about educational issues, but they reported enhanced confidence for twenty-five skills addressed in the DFDP. The total confidence score was 77.5 (25 skills × 3.1 group mean) on all pre-tests combined and 100.2 (25 × 4.0 group mean) on the post-tests (p=0.01). The participant ratings for overall DFDP implementation and for twenty-four topical sessions were uniformly positive. The faculty and resident participants in this year-long faculty development initiative at an advanced dental education program with a high URM representation demonstrated enhanced knowledge and confidence and provided positive program evaluations. This report also describes curricular and assessment enhancements for subsequent years of the DFDP based on the first-year outcomes.
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 14, 2016
The purpose of this paper is to describe the Black dentist workforce, the practice patterns of pr... more The purpose of this paper is to describe the Black dentist workforce, the practice patterns of providers, and their contributions to oral health care for minority and underserved patients. A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 32.6 percent response rate for self-reported Black dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. Descriptive and multivariable statistics were computed to provide a workforce profile of Black dentists. National comparisons are provided from published data. Among all Black dentists (weighted n = 6,254), 76.6 percent self-identify as African-American, 13.2 percent as African, and 10.3 percent as Afro-Caribbean. The largest share of Black dentists are male, married, heterosexual, born in the United States and raised in a medium to large city. One third of Black dentists were the first in their family to graduate from college. Black dentists report higher ...
Journal of Dental Education, 2003
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, 2010
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1997
Small-cell noncleaved lymphoma is a high-grade tumor derived from B lymphocytes. There are two fo... more Small-cell noncleaved lymphoma is a high-grade tumor derived from B lymphocytes. There are two forms of this tumor: Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's, both of which are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Burkitt's lymphoma is further subdivided into an endemic form, which constitutes over 50% of pediatric tumors in Central Africa, and the nonendemic, or American type, in which only one to two children/million are affected. The initial presenting symptoms of Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphoma may be similar, with both tumors being clinically high-grade lymphomas. The difference in diagnosis is based on the histology, with pleomorphism and the number of nucleoli per cell being the major determinants. The incidence of neoplasms is significantly increased in immunocompromised patients, with lymphomas being the second most common malignancy seen in association with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).'32 The lymphomas seen in this population consist of high-grade B cell lymphomas, and they affect 5% to 10% of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).3 Although the jaws are commonly affected in endemic Burkitt's, in nonendemic areas and in non-Burkitt's, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the jaws are affected in only 15% to 18% of cases, with a greater predilection for bone marrow infiltration, peripheral lymph node deposits, and abdominal involvement.4
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2007
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Copyright © 2007 Meharry Medical College. All... more Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Copyright © 2007 Meharry Medical College. All rights reserved. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 18.4 (2007) 731-734. ...
Gerodontology, 1986
Adequate supply of calcium is essential for proper maintenance of the skeletal system. Recent stu... more Adequate supply of calcium is essential for proper maintenance of the skeletal system. Recent studies suggest that, in the United States, dietary calcium in most women is inadequate to maintain skeletal integrity. Additionally, postmenopausal women will lose bone mass more rapidly because of estrogen deficiency and possibly tack of exercise. Severe loss of bone mass can result in several serious skeletal diseases, the most frequent of which is osteoporosis. This disease is a major contributor (25–30%) to hip fractures and spinal compression fractures in elderly people. Indirect sequelae of these fractures are responsible for 12% to 15% mortality in these patients within three months. Recent research indicates that osteoporitic bone loss may directly affect alveolar bone and may, in fact, exacerbate existing periodontally‐induced bone loss. This article will review the literature concerning physiological and biochemical parameters related to the absorption and metabolism of calcium w...
The New York state dental journal, 1980
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 15, 2015
The objectives of this paper are to describe sources of data on underrepresented minority (URM) d... more The objectives of this paper are to describe sources of data on underrepresented minority (URM) dental providers and to perform a structured critique of primary survey research on African American (AA), Hispanic/Latino (HL), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentists. A national sample survey was conducted between October 2012 and March 2013, and secondary datasets were assessed for comparability. The survey used 21 sampling frames, with censuses of AI/AN and nonurban dentists, and assessed demographics, education, practice history, patient population, volunteerism, experiences with discrimination, and opinions on issues in dentistry. The survey was developed with constituent input, pilot-tested, and distributed online and through US mail with three reminder postcards, phone, and email follow-up. Continuing education credit and entry to a prize drawing were provided for participation. Existing data sources cannot answer critical research questions about URM dentists. Using b...
Health Affairs, 2016
The underrepresentation of Blacks, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives a... more The underrepresentation of Blacks, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives among dentists raises concerns about the diversity of the dental workforce, disparities in access to dental care and in oral health status, and social justice. We quantified the shortage of underrepresented minority dentists and examined these dentists' practice patterns in relation to the characteristics of the communities they serve. The underrepresented minority dentist workforce is disproportionately smaller than, and unevenly distributed in relation to, minority populations in the United States. Members of minority groups represent larger shares of these dentists' patient panels than of the populations in the communities where the dentists are located. Compared to counties with no underrepresented minority dentists, counties with one or more such dentists are more racially diverse and affluent but also have greater economic and social inequality. Current policy approaches to improve the diversity of the dental workforce are a critical first step, but more must be done to improve equity in dental health.
Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 2016
Objectives-The purpose of this paper is to describe the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) den... more Objectives-The purpose of this paper is to describe the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentist workforce, the general practice patterns of these providers, and their contributions to oral health care for AI/AN and underserved patients. Methods-A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 34.0% response rate for self-reported AI/AN dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. Descriptive and multivariable statistics were computed to provide a workforce profile. Comparisons to Census data and published information on dental students and dentists were used to examine practice patterns. Results-The AI/AN dentist workforce (weighted n=442) is very diverse with 55 reported individual tribal affiliations. Tribal heritage was provided by 96.4% of AI/AN dentists (n=426), and of these, 93.9% (n=400) reported an affiliation with only one tribe. The largest share of AI/AN dentists were born in the U.S. (98.2%, n=434), married (75.6%, n=333), and had dependent children under age 18 (52.0%, n=222). Only 0.9% (n=4) of AI/AN dentists spoke a traditional AI/AN language in patient care, while 10.6% (n=46) were raised on tribal land or reservation. Initial practice in the Indian Health Service was reported by 15.8% of AI/AN dentists while 16.2% report currently practicing in a safety-net setting, and 42.0% report working in a practice that primarily serves underserved patients. Conclusions-AI/AN dentists provide a disproportionate share of care for AI/AN populations, yet the number of AI/AN dentists would need to increase 7.4 fold in order to meet population parity.
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 26, 2016
The purpose of this paper is to describe the Hispanic/Latino (H/L) dentist workforce, their gener... more The purpose of this paper is to describe the Hispanic/Latino (H/L) dentist workforce, their general practice patterns, and their contributions to oral health care for H/L and underserved patients. A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 35.4 percent response rate for self-reported H/L dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. A workforce profile of H/L dentists was created using descriptive and multivariable statistics and published data. Among all H/L dentists (weighted n = 5,748), 31.9 percent self-identify their origin as Mexican, 13.4 percent as Puerto Rican, 13.0 percent as Cuban, and 41.7 percent as another H/L group. The largest share of H/L dentists are male, married, and have children under age 18. Fifty percent of H/L dentists are foreign-born and 25 percent are foreign-trained. H/L dentists report higher than average educational debt, with those completing Inter...
Journal of Dental Education, 2013
This report describes the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Dent... more This report describes the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Dental Faculty Development Program (DFDP) for fifteen participants: five advanced dental education faculty members and ten residents. The 100-hour DFDP, designed in the longitudinal immersion model for faculty development, was conducted in four phases at the Bronx-Lebanon Department of Dentistry in the Bronx, New York, in 2010-11. The DFDP was implemented to help underrepresented minority (URM) dental residents and clinical faculty members develop skills necessary for academic careers and enhanced teaching effectiveness. The program's curriculum had four themes: teaching and learning, scholarship, academic leadership, and career planning. For each phase, the participants completed pre- and post-training assessments of their knowledge, attitudes, and confidence, as well as qualitative evaluation of DFDP organization, content, activities, and value. The participants' pre-instruction mean knowledge score for all phases combined was 48.3 percent, and the post-test score was 81.1 percent (p=0.01). The participants showed minimal change in their attitudes about educational issues, but they reported enhanced confidence for twenty-five skills addressed in the DFDP. The total confidence score was 77.5 (25 skills × 3.1 group mean) on all pre-tests combined and 100.2 (25 × 4.0 group mean) on the post-tests (p=0.01). The participant ratings for overall DFDP implementation and for twenty-four topical sessions were uniformly positive. The faculty and resident participants in this year-long faculty development initiative at an advanced dental education program with a high URM representation demonstrated enhanced knowledge and confidence and provided positive program evaluations. This report also describes curricular and assessment enhancements for subsequent years of the DFDP based on the first-year outcomes.
Journal of public health dentistry, Jan 14, 2016
The purpose of this paper is to describe the Black dentist workforce, the practice patterns of pr... more The purpose of this paper is to describe the Black dentist workforce, the practice patterns of providers, and their contributions to oral health care for minority and underserved patients. A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 32.6 percent response rate for self-reported Black dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. Descriptive and multivariable statistics were computed to provide a workforce profile of Black dentists. National comparisons are provided from published data. Among all Black dentists (weighted n = 6,254), 76.6 percent self-identify as African-American, 13.2 percent as African, and 10.3 percent as Afro-Caribbean. The largest share of Black dentists are male, married, heterosexual, born in the United States and raised in a medium to large city. One third of Black dentists were the first in their family to graduate from college. Black dentists report higher ...