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During the second half of Run-9, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided polarized pr... more During the second half of Run-9, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided polarized proton collisions at two interaction points with both longitudinal and vertical spin direction. Despite an increase in the peak luminosity by up to 40%, the average store luminosity did not increase compared to previous runs. We discuss the luminosity limitations and polarization performance during Run-9.
In order to achieve higher instantaneous and integrated luminosities, the average Au bunch intens... more In order to achieve higher instantaneous and integrated luminosities, the average Au bunch intensity in RHIC has been increased by 30% compared to the preceding Au run. This increase was accomplished by merging bunches in the RHIC injector AGS. Luminosity leveling for one of the two interaction points (IP) with collisions was realized by continuous control of the vertical beam separation. Parallel to RHIC physics operation, the electron beam commissioning of a novel cooling technique with potential application in eRHIC, Coherent electron Cooling as a proof of principle (CeCPoP), was carried out. In addition, a 56 MHz superconducting RF cavity was commissioned and made operational. In this paper we will focus on the RHIC performance during the 2016 Au-Au run.
In the 2012 RHIC heavy ion run, we collided uraniumuranium (U-U) ions at 96.4 GeV/nucleon and cop... more In the 2012 RHIC heavy ion run, we collided uraniumuranium (U-U) ions at 96.4 GeV/nucleon and copper-gold (Cu-Au) ions at 100 GeV/nucleon for the first time in RHIC. The new Electron-Beam Ion Source (EBIS) was used for the first time to provide ions for the RHIC physics program. After adding the horizontal cooling, 3-D stochastic cooling became operational in RHIC for the first time, which greatly enhanced the luminosity. With a double bunch merging technique in the Booster and AGS, the bunch intensities of Cu and Au ions in RHIC surpassed their projections. Both PHENIX and STAR detectors reached their integrated luminosity goals for both U-U and Cu-Au collisions. In this article we review the machine improvements and performances in this run.
Since 2012, gold and all other ions for the RHIC injector chain have been provided by an Electron... more Since 2012, gold and all other ions for the RHIC injector chain have been provided by an Electron-Beam Ion Source (EBIS). The source is followed by an RFQ, a short Linac, and a 30 m transport line. These components replace the Tandem van de Graaff and associated 840 m transport line. They provide ions at 2 MeV per nucleon (kinetic energy) for injection into the AGS Booster. The setup and performance of Booster and AGS with gold and other ions from the new source are reviewed.
During the second half of Run-9, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided polarized pr... more During the second half of Run-9, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided polarized proton collisions at two interaction points with both longitudinal and vertical spin direction. Despite an increase in the peak luminosity by up to 40%, the average store luminosity did not increase compared to previous runs. We discuss the luminosity limitations and polarization performance during Run-9.
In order to achieve higher instantaneous and integrated luminosities, the average Au bunch intens... more In order to achieve higher instantaneous and integrated luminosities, the average Au bunch intensity in RHIC has been increased by 30% compared to the preceding Au run. This increase was accomplished by merging bunches in the RHIC injector AGS. Luminosity leveling for one of the two interaction points (IP) with collisions was realized by continuous control of the vertical beam separation. Parallel to RHIC physics operation, the electron beam commissioning of a novel cooling technique with potential application in eRHIC, Coherent electron Cooling as a proof of principle (CeCPoP), was carried out. In addition, a 56 MHz superconducting RF cavity was commissioned and made operational. In this paper we will focus on the RHIC performance during the 2016 Au-Au run.
In the 2012 RHIC heavy ion run, we collided uraniumuranium (U-U) ions at 96.4 GeV/nucleon and cop... more In the 2012 RHIC heavy ion run, we collided uraniumuranium (U-U) ions at 96.4 GeV/nucleon and copper-gold (Cu-Au) ions at 100 GeV/nucleon for the first time in RHIC. The new Electron-Beam Ion Source (EBIS) was used for the first time to provide ions for the RHIC physics program. After adding the horizontal cooling, 3-D stochastic cooling became operational in RHIC for the first time, which greatly enhanced the luminosity. With a double bunch merging technique in the Booster and AGS, the bunch intensities of Cu and Au ions in RHIC surpassed their projections. Both PHENIX and STAR detectors reached their integrated luminosity goals for both U-U and Cu-Au collisions. In this article we review the machine improvements and performances in this run.
Since 2012, gold and all other ions for the RHIC injector chain have been provided by an Electron... more Since 2012, gold and all other ions for the RHIC injector chain have been provided by an Electron-Beam Ion Source (EBIS). The source is followed by an RFQ, a short Linac, and a 30 m transport line. These components replace the Tandem van de Graaff and associated 840 m transport line. They provide ions at 2 MeV per nucleon (kinetic energy) for injection into the AGS Booster. The setup and performance of Booster and AGS with gold and other ions from the new source are reviewed.