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Teachers College Record, Feb 1, 2004

Educational Administration Quarterly, Feb 1, 1997

Most approaches to improving education in the United States fail; some succeed in certain schools... more Most approaches to improving education in the United States fail; some succeed in certain schools only to fail elsewhere. Why? The main thesis of this study is that various programs to school reform fail because they neglect to consider the role of legitimacy as an intervening factor as a school moves from a strict bureaucratic to a community governance regime. This article develops and estimates a causal model describing the relationship between bureaucracy, legitimacy, and community as predictors of teachers' job satisfaction-an important school outcome that is highly related to student achievement. Data for the study are from a national survey of National Education Association teacher members.

Applied demography series, 2018

The Great Depression was a brutal time in American history. Unemployment soared, millions were im... more The Great Depression was a brutal time in American history. Unemployment soared, millions were impoverished, the economy had tanked, and over 9000 banks closed. Oppositional groups among the working class emerged. Communist groups also emerged and challenged the Capitalist paradigm, as did rising unionism. A common mantra during the period was “Fight—Don’t Starve” (Piven and Cloward 1977; Luce 2017; Smith 2002).

Applied demography series, 2018

America was on the move. The US Census has calculated the mean center of the US since 1790, and I... more America was on the move. The US Census has calculated the mean center of the US since 1790, and I Fig. 6.1 displays the trajectory of these means from 1790 to 2010. Of course, our main concern in this chapter is the Era 1950 to 1980. Nevertheless, note the movement West and Southwest.

Applied demography series, 2018

“Oh, my God, that damned cowboy’s in the White House,” Mark Hana, Senator from Ohio, and former c... more “Oh, my God, that damned cowboy’s in the White House,” Mark Hana, Senator from Ohio, and former campaign manager for William McKinley, upon hearing that Theodore Roosevelt had ascended to the Presidency after McKinley was assassinated by Leon Frank Czolgosz.

Trotter Review, 2002

The author presents a review of literature on conditions and circumstances that cause youth to dr... more The author presents a review of literature on conditions and circumstances that cause youth to drop out before finishing high school. The essay explains the key features of both cultural and structural theories of low academic performance, and the author argues these theories might profitably be fused in order to formulate effective dropout prevention/intewention policies. The author recommends use of the public health modelfor prevention and intervention and synthesizes the findings of three recent reports on effective dropout programs.

It is a rich, complex, and dynamic history. Hispanics are not one nationality or one culture or o... more It is a rich, complex, and dynamic history. Hispanics are not one nationality or one culture or one race. They are a very diverse group. Some Hispanics are recent immigrants, but many others have lived here for generations. As one Texas educator has said, "I am a fifth generation Texan, but I'm still called a Mexican by everybody who knows me. I like to say I didn't cross the boundary. Several boundaries crossed me." (Shorris 1992) Even the word "Hispanic" is confusing since, originally, it was an English word meaning "pertaining to ancient Spain." The U.S. Census uses "Hispanic," but many Hispanics prefer Latino or Latino/Latina or Chicano. And certainly, few Hispanics think of themselves first and foremost as Hispanic, but rather as a Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Salvadorian, etc., or as a Mexican American, Cuban American, etc., or simply as an American. But certain common threads stand out in the mosaic of people that we call Hispanic. First, Hispanics are making a dramatic impact on American life and culture. Hispanic influences in language, cuisine, music, art, literature, and mass media are profound. Hispanics are enriching American culture and life in many ways. They are transforming America as Collective action that focuses like a laser beam on education as the number one issue is required. There is an old saying among organizers: "An individual can resist injustice, but only a community can do justice." It is our task as activists to draw people out of their private pain, out of their passivity and disappointments, and get them connected with other people in collective action on behalf of their kids and their schools.

Applied demography series, 2018

The American population was on the move, moving West and South, and continued to change the geogr... more The American population was on the move, moving West and South, and continued to change the geographic distribution of the American population. The de-industrialization of the North caused many families and person to move in search of employment and affordable housing. Along with this change in the geographic distribution of the US population there was a change in the distribution of the US student population.

Springer eBooks, 2018

The field of applied demography is largely driven by the quest for the knowledge required by clie... more The field of applied demography is largely driven by the quest for the knowledge required by clients, both in public and private sectors, to make good decisions within time and costs constraints. The book series, Applied Demography, provides a forum for illustrating and discussing the use of demographic methods, concepts, and perspectives in a wide range of settings-business, government, education, law, and public policy-as well as the influence of these settings on demographic methods, concepts, and perspectives. The books within the series can be used as resources for practitioners and as materials serving as case studies for pedagogical uses.

Contemporary Education, 1996

Infant mortality is a serious problem in India. In order to better understand the problem previou... more Infant mortality is a serious problem in India. In order to better understand the problem previous research has looked at the topic using sophisticated multivariate models assuming that infant mortality is either Gaussian or Log-Gaussian. In this paper we argue that infant mortality is Log-Gaussian distributed with non-constant variance and that making such an assumption leads to more efficient estimates and a better fit to the data. Using infant mortality data from the National Health Survey in Bihar, India we compare two distributions-Log Gaussian and Gamma-and find that the Log-Gaussian non-constant variance model does indeed lead to more efficient estimates and a better fit to the data.

REICE: Revista Electrónica Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 2005

Finally, we examine the interaction between slopes and intercepts. These data tell us whether Key... more Finally, we examine the interaction between slopes and intercepts. These data tell us whether Keys factors and their effect on school safety differ depending on the average school safety in the school. Data may be found below:

This paper explores, at a descriptive level, the relationship between racial stratification and t... more This paper explores, at a descriptive level, the relationship between racial stratification and the educational system in one southwestern town-Fabens, Texas. This article uses historical materials as well as data from a 1969 community survey of Fabens in describing how racial stratification originated, evolved, and maintained a rigid system of inequality in the community. Next, the author examines the "effect" racial stratification had on the educational system by describing the views parents, students, and teachers had about one another and about schooling. The analysis shows clearly how racial stratification relegated Mexican Americans to the lower rung of society in Fabens, and negatively affected their education. This paper explores, at a descriptive level, the relationship between racial stratification and an institution that takes a major role in perpetuating stratification-the educational system in Fabens, Texas 1. Historical materials as well as data from a 1969 community survey of Fabens were used to describe how racial stratification originated, evolved, and maintained a rigid system of structured inequality in the community. Next, I look at the relationship between racial stratification and the maintenance of a segregated educational system by examining the social consciousness permeating the community: the views parents, students, and teachers had about one another and about schooling. The framework and results from this study have implications beyond Fabens, Texas and the education of Mexican Americans. Indeed, race and ethnic relations and the educational experiences of all minority 2

Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks, Dec 1, 2009

In 1980, there were 1,106.8 million African Americans enrolled in college. Of this number, 463,70... more In 1980, there were 1,106.8 million African Americans enrolled in college. Of this number, 463,700 were males and 643,100 were females. In other words, among African Americans enrolled in higher education, 58.1% were female. By the year 2004, of the 2,164.7 million African Americans enrolled in higher education, 65% were female. Thus, between 1980 and 2004, the gender gap in higher education within the African American community increased by nearly 7 percentage points. What happened to African American males? Why are they not enrolling in higher education at higher rates? The gender gap in higher education is not limited to African Americans. The same trend can also be found among Whites and Hispanics. Table 1 shows these ‘‘gaps.’’ Several important patterns emerge from Table 1. First, it is clear that, generally speaking, females are increasingly more likely to enroll in college than males. Indeed, the gender gap ratios (GGRs), for all ethnic-racial groups, increase over time. Second, note that there are important race differentials in the GGRs. The GGRs are greatest among African Americans

Routledge eBooks, Jun 21, 2023

Social Science Quarterly, Sep 8, 2022

ObjectiveThere are two fundamental arguments about why Mexican Americans have failed to be assimi... more ObjectiveThere are two fundamental arguments about why Mexican Americans have failed to be assimilated. Human capital theorists argue that it is due to their inferior human capital. In contrast, other theorists argue that discrimination is the primary reason. Our proposition is that both arguments are better served if data parse out Mexican immigrants. Failure to do so creates statistical bias regarding the “true” status of Mexican‐American workers and thus the Mexican‐American population.MethodWe estimate an earnings function among three Mexican ancestry groups: Mexican‐American workers, Mexican immigrant workers, and a co‐mingled sample of Mexican‐American and Mexican immigrant workers over the period from 1940 to 2017.ResultsOur findings suggest important differences in the earnings process between Mexican‐American workers and Mexican immigrant workers. Moreover, we also find important differences in discrimination between both groups of workers.ConclusionIf the focus of future research is the labor market experiences of Mexican Americans, care should be made in parsing out Mexican immigrant workers from their sample; otherwise, results would be biased and conclusions inaccurate.

Teachers College Record, 2004

International journal of educational reform, 2015

PISA results make national decision makers very nervous and for good reason: There is the perceiv... more PISA results make national decision makers very nervous and for good reason: There is the perceived assumption that student performance on the PISA and other international exams are tied directly to a nation's future economic status. Essentially, the notion is that the greater the students' test scores, the more secure a nation's economic future. But such concerns ignore the three main functions of educational systems: the socialization of youth so that they understand their culture, nation's history, and normative culture; the political socialization of youth so that they become competent citizens; and the provision of skills to youth so that they can participate in the labor market. So there is reason to infer that education is tied to the economy. There are two conjectures being made here: The first is that student performance is related to a nation's economy. That is, the better the economy, the better the student performances. A second conjecture is that student performance will lead to better economies or greater economic growth. The first conjecture seems to view education as being endogenous to economic growth or at least associated with it. The second conjecture, however, views education as being exogenous to economic growth, and it measures the change in economic growth over time to some given level of education among a cohort. In my analysis, I find that education is not related to economic growth after other structural factors are taken into account.

Teachers College Record, Feb 1, 2004

Educational Administration Quarterly, Feb 1, 1997

Applied demography series, 2018

Trotter Review, 2002

Applied demography series, 2018

Springer eBooks, 2018

Contemporary Education, 1996

REICE: Revista Electrónica Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 2005

Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks, Dec 1, 2009

Routledge eBooks, Jun 21, 2023

Social Science Quarterly, Sep 8, 2022

Teachers College Record, 2004

International journal of educational reform, 2015

National identity has been the subject of much controversy and debate. Some have even suggested d... more National identity has been the subject of much controversy and debate. Some have even suggested dropping the concept entirely. One group, Essentialists, argue that national identity is fixed, cultural, based on birth and ancestry. Another viewpoint is posited by Postmodernists who argue that national identity is malleable, invented or imagined. As alternatives, some have suggested that national identity is a hybrid of both Essentialist and Postmodernist views. And still others bypass this argument and suggest that national identity should be based on civic factors, such as shared values and norms about citizenship.

While controversy and debate are healthy exercises in any science, at some point order must be established if science is to proceed. The present volume is based on the idea that national identity is an ideal-type concept; it does not completely capture reality, but is used for analytic purposes. In addition, rather than focusing on these theoretical debates, we pursue research with the idea that results from research will contribute to the field of national identity. Three areas of national identity are discussed: theoretical, national, and individual. Two chapters focus on the major theories about national identity, provide critiques, and make suggestions about the topic. In section two, six chapters provide case studies of national identity on Scotland, Ireland, Russia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, and France. In section three, two case studies focus on immigrants and the challenges they face in forming their identities, especially identifying with their host countries—Belgium, and the United Kingdom.

Several important conclusions may be gleaned from the contributions of the present volume. To begin with, while national identity is a slippery concept, if the field wishes to move beyond debate about fundamentals, it would be well advised to view the concept as an ideal-type as suggested by the great German scholar, Max Weber. Secondly, the case studies included in the present volume indicate that national identity is not only based on ethnicity and culture, but on such external factors as governance regimes and their changes, economic crises, wars and other forms of aggressive activity, and social demographic changes in a population. These factors affect a population at the national level. For immigrants at the individual level, developing national identity is greatly affected by four interrelated factors: 1) the degree to which they are accepted by members of the host society; 2) immigrants’ language skills and physical appearances; 3) how well they are able to balance their host national identity, their ethnic identity, and acceptance of their native country; 4) and their generational status. Generally, at the national and individual levels, context and circumstances matter in developing national identity.

Apparently, integration is a worthwhile goal. The conclusion reached by the vast majority of res... more Apparently, integration is a worthwhile goal. The conclusion reached by the vast majority of research is that Mexican Americans are not well integrated into American society. The argument is based on a set of social and economic indicators on which Mexican Americans are not favorably situated, such as jobs and job mobility, education over time, and earnings profiles. However, the argument is founded on biased data because that co-mingles Mexican Americans and Mexicans and paint a misleading picture of the Mexican American population. The integration of citizens as opposed to non-citizens are two different propositions.
In this paper I address the effects of co-mingling Mexican American and Mexican workers on the socioeconomic status of Mexican American workers over the period 1900 to 2014. My research also addresses the two dominant theoretical paradigms about the socioeconomic status of the Mexican American population: Human Capital Theory, and Discrimination Theory.
My analysis is in two parts. Part one is descriptive and looks at selected Human Capital indices and their change over time. The objective in section one is to point out that the Human Capital of Mexican American workers has improved over time, but biased results are reported if data are co-mingled and misinform both research and social policy.