rohani mustapha - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by rohani mustapha
Nanotechnology Reviews
Thermoset and biothermoset applications have been advancing tremendously in recent years due to t... more Thermoset and biothermoset applications have been advancing tremendously in recent years due to their easy processing, versatility, and exceptional mechanical and thermal properties. Biothermoset is a type of thermoset that is produced using biological resources, either in portions by blending with the conventional resin, or completely. Various research has been employed to accommodate their high and rapidly growing demands and broaden their functions and implementation in numerous fields. One of these attempts is the reinforcement of nanofillers. Nanofillers such as nanoclay, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamond, etc., possess diverse and outstanding properties and are also easily accessible. Recently, there has been a developing trend of hybridizing two or more types of nanofillers as a hybrid reinforcement system to address the limitations of single-filler reinforcement systems and to establish better-supporting properties of the nanocomposites. In this review, w...
In recent years, due to growing environmental and ecological concerns, many studies have focused ... more In recent years, due to growing environmental and ecological concerns, many studies have focused on the use of renewable resources as a starting material or blending component in the polymer resin formation. To tap to the mass production of palm oil in Malaysia, this study focuses on developing a novel hybrid glass/kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites from acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) filled organo modified montmorrillonite nanoclay (OMMT) and cured with bio-based hardener. The effects of AEPO and OMMT loading on mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption properties of epoxy/AEPO nanocomposites were investigated. The amounts of AEPO in epoxy resin were varied at 10, 20 and 30 wt% and the OMMT loadings were varied at 1, 1.5 and 2 phr. The results revealed that the impact strength and ductility properties of epoxy/AEPO resin improved with AEPO loading. The highest improvement of impact strength was indicated by epoxy/AEPO resin with 30 wt% AEP...
Polymers and Polymer Composites
In this work, an alternative of bio-thermoset resin for composite applications was synthesized us... more In this work, an alternative of bio-thermoset resin for composite applications was synthesized using unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) and epoxidized palm oil (EPO). The main purpose of this study is to reduce the dependency on petroleum and improve the toughness properties of UPE by partially introduced renewable source triglyceride, EPO in the UPE chain. The UPE resin blends with 10, 20, and 30 wt% EPO oil were synthesized by using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The samples were cured in an oven at 100°C and 160°C for 4 h. The interaction of the blend was studied by the FTIR test supported by the SEM test. The effects of EPO loadings in UPE on the mechanical, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties were also being studied. The addition of EPO physically interacted in the system and acted as a lubricant. The higher the addition of EPO in UPE has increased the elongation at break and impact strength of the UPE resin, which indicated an increase in mobility and toughness of the ...
Materials Science Forum, 2021
This study is conducted to synthesis bio-polyurethane from epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Palm oil-ba... more This study is conducted to synthesis bio-polyurethane from epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Palm oil-based polyurethane was synthesized by the acrylation process followed by thiols addition. The resulting oligomers were then reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dibutylin dilaurate (DBTDL) to form Thiolated Acrylated Epoxidized Palm Oil Urethane (t-AEPOU). t-AEPOU was then reacted under UV photoirradiation for further reaction and to pre-determine its curing activities. The polymerization of AEPO and t-AEPOU were confirms by using Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier-Transform Infra Red (ATR-FTIR). This study affords new approach in synthesis of Palm Oil bio-based Polyurethane Coating.
Employing fibers particularly those from renewable materials as an alternative to inorganic fiber... more Employing fibers particularly those from renewable materials as an alternative to inorganic fibers in composites is part of the effort to promote bio-based products as well as to broaden recycling of solid wastes. In this work, the use of agro waste Alpinia galanga (AG) as composite reinforcement was investigated in terms of tensile properties, thermal stability, morphology and water absorption. Composites based on AG fibers and high density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared together with an additive, eco- degradant (ECO) and a compatibilizer, polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) in a mixer, Brabender Plastograph EC at various AG fiber loadings. The results reveal that the composite formulation enabled AG fibers to function as reinforcement in HDPE-based composites. The presence of ECO at 15 wt% fiber loading improved tensile strength up to 33.6 MPa, about 21 % higher than that of pristine HDPE (27.8 MPa). The addition of MA-g-PE at 10 wt% fiber loading also indicates comparabl...
Chemical engineering transactions, 2017
UV curable PSA of maleinated acrylated epoxidised palm oil (MAEPO) from palm oil via UV LED lamp ... more UV curable PSA of maleinated acrylated epoxidised palm oil (MAEPO) from palm oil via UV LED lamp has been introduced with the existence of Chivacure 300 as photoinitiator. By involving the isobornyl methacrylate (ISBMA) as a monomer in the PSA formulation, the degree of conversion recorded low percentage of conversion, which was below 50 % although the loading of photoinitiator has been raised to 5 parts per hundred (phr). The ISBMA has affected to the slow curing speed on the maleinated PSA and restricted the conversion of C=C to more than 50 % even though the curing time and photoinitiator loading has been increased up to 300 min and 5 phr. It is expected that the double bonds are still present in the synthesised of PSA which indicated that most molecules were bonded at one end of another in methacrylate group. In the present study, real-Time FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was used to follow the crosslinking process of the adhesive and the adhesive properties of the cured coatings.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021
The use of fiber-reinforced vegetable oil - polymer composites has increased in various technical... more The use of fiber-reinforced vegetable oil - polymer composites has increased in various technical fields. However, the long-term operating performance of these materials is still not well understood, limiting the development of these composites. In this study, the water absorption performance of hybrid composites, which consist of kenaf fiber and glass fiber as reinforcement, epoxy resin and acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) as a matrix, and montmorillonite (MMT) nano clays as a filler was evaluated with the function of different fibers layering order. The hand lay-up method is used to produce the composites with the variable number of kenaf fibers and glass fibers layer sequences. The water absorption kinetics of epoxy/AEPO reinforced hybrid kenaf/glass fiber-filled MMT composites are described in this paper. It has been observed that the water absorption rate of the composites depends on the fiber layering sequences. The alternative sequence of Glass-Kenaf-Kenaf-Glass and Kenaf...
Materials Science Forum, 2021
In this study, the effect of different treatments and the addition of maleic anhydride grafted po... more In this study, the effect of different treatments and the addition of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) on the mechanical and thermal properties of Alpinia galanga (AG) fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were investigated. The AG fibers were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) as well as treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The samples were first prepared by melt blending method before being injected to specimen dumbbell shape using an injection moulding machine. Three different fiber loadings were studied, such as 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt%. The tensile test results revealed that the NaOH and 3-APE treatments increased the tensile strength of AG/HDPE composites with the addition of MAPE at all fiber loadings, whereas tensile strength of PTSA treatment improved at 3 wt% fiber loading. The morphological studies confirmed a better adhesion between treated fiber and HDPE matrix with the inclusion o...
Polymers, 2021
The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, autom... more The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest av...
Journal of Natural Fibers, 2020
This research is aimed to investigate the effect of different weight percent of kenaf and empty f... more This research is aimed to investigate the effect of different weight percent of kenaf and empty fruit bunch (EFB) hybrid compositions and fiber fractions (wt%) on the mechanical and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester (UPE)/epoxidized palm oil (EPO) composite. The kenaf and EFB fibers were first treated with an alkali solution before being pressed using a hydraulic hot-pressed machine. In this study, three different kenaf/EFB hybridization compositions were studied which are 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, and 50/50 (wt%) at three different fiber weight fractions (9%, 12%, and 15%) reinforced in UPE/ EPO resin. The fiber treatment successfully removed the majority of the moisture, cellulose, and hemicellulose of kenaf and EFB fiber. The mechanical study revealed that the higher composition of EFB in kenaf/EFB hybrid fiber increased Young's modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of the resulted composite at 9 and 12 wt% fiber fractions. Thermal analysis proved that the hybridization fibers and higher fiber weight fractions improved the thermal stability by reducing the decomposition rate of the composites. Overall, kenaf/EFB hybridization reinforced in UPE/EPO resin is a good approach toward green composite development.
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018
The main focus of this study was to understand the effects of various amounts of montmorrillonite... more The main focus of this study was to understand the effects of various amounts of montmorrillonite nanoclay (MMT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 phr) on mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption of epoxy-based resins with bio-based curing agent-Phenalkamines Cardolite NX-2003D. The influence of MMT nanoclay loading on mechanical and thermal properties epoxy resin with bio-based hardener were investigated by tensile, flexural and izod impact testing, thermogravimetric analysis and water absorption The obtained results showed that the addition of MMT nanoclay increased the tensile and flexural modulus as well as thermal stability of the epoxy based resins with bio-based hardener at a certain MMT loading. The resulting resins exhibited tensile and flexural modulus relatively close to the modulus of the unfilled epoxy resin. The resins with 0.5 phr MMT showed the highest tensile and flexural strength in which the improvement were about 10.2 % and 9.38 %, respectively when compared to that of pristine epoxy resin. Nevertheless, the izod impact strength and elongation at break were minimally reduced with the addition of MMT nanoclay loadings.
Advanced Materials Research, 2012
Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as a... more Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as alternative to replace traditional synthetic fibers. This is due to the increased environmental and sustainability awareness. In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with untreated and treated agro-waste natural fibers Alpinia galanga. Alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide was used to improve the interface adhesion between fibers and polyethylene matrix. Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites were prepared using an injection molding machine at various fiber contents of 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% and characterized. Experimental studies have shown that in general fibers function as filler in polyethylene composites and exhibited tensile strength relatively close to the strength of the unfilled composites. The increasing of Alpinia galanga content decreased elongation at break and increased the Youngs modulus of Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites. It was also observed...
Advanced Materials Research, 2013
Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyeth... more Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The results indicate that agro-waste fibers generally function as potential natural-organic fillers as well as show an attribute of reinforcement in PE-agro-waste composites at a certain fiber loading. Minimally reduced tensile strength from 28 MPa of unfilled PE, addition of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers also resulted in reinforcement of up to 31 MPa at 6 wt% agro-waste fibers loading. Findings also reveal that alkali treatment was effective to impart surface modification of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers and hence improved tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal stability of PE-agro-waste composites.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014
Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved th... more Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved the addition of eco degradant and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The Alpinia galanga agro waste fibers at 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% were compounded in an internal mixer with the addition of 5 wt% MA-g-PE and eco degradant. The composite specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. The results show that the maximum tensile strength of 33 MPa was obtained for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) & 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) treated fiber composites with eco degradant and MA-g-PE at 15 wt% fiber loading compared to that of pristine HDPE (28 MPa). All the treated composites show an improvement in tensile strength. This indicates that the treatments using NaOH&3-APE and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) with addition of eco degradant and PE-g-MA improved adhesion between Alpinia galanga fiber and HDPE matrix. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs show the presence of ...
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2019
Vegetable oil (VO) is the latest alternative found to be one of the ideal candidates for producti... more Vegetable oil (VO) is the latest alternative found to be one of the ideal candidates for production of bio-based polymeric units. There are two main methods for producing bio-based epoxy resins and composites: the direct synthesis of VO and the blends of epoxy with VO incorporated with natural or synthetic fibers. However, it is more challenging to produce a fully green bio-based epoxy composite, as they have relatively low strength that limits their applications. Thus, this article is designed to review the present research advances on VO-based epoxy resins and their composites with bio-based hardener incorporated with fibers or fillers.
Reviews in Chemical Engineering
The surge of knowledge among researchers pertaining to the excellent properties of graphene has l... more The surge of knowledge among researchers pertaining to the excellent properties of graphene has led to the utilisation of graphene as a reinforced filler in polymer composites. Different methods of graphene preparation, either bottom-up or top-down methods, are important requirements of starting materials in producing reinforced properties in the composites. The starting graphene material produced is either further functionalised or directly used as a filler in thermoset polymer matrixes. An effective interaction between graphene and polymer matrixes is important and can be achieved by incorporating graphene into a thermoset polymer matrix through melt mixing, solution mixing or in situ polymerisation processes. In addition, by taking into consideration the importance of green and sustainable composites, the details of previous work on graphene reinforced bio-thermoset polymer matrixes is discussed. The resultant mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were associated to...
Materials Science Forum
This research aim to investigate the effect of graphite loadings in unsaturated polyester (UPE) /... more This research aim to investigate the effect of graphite loadings in unsaturated polyester (UPE) / acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) blend resin. The modification of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) to AEPO was carried out using acrylation process and further blended with synthetic UPE resin. Graphite powder was added at 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1 phr into the UPE/AEPO blend resin and cured in an oven at 100 °C and 160 °C. FTIR spectrums showed the disappearance of oxirane ring and existence of carbon double bond indicating successful of AEPO synthesis process. Tensile and Izod impact test revealed that, graphite showed different effects to neat UPE and UPE/AEPO blend resin. In neat UPE, graphite significantly improved the stiffness properties at 0.1 phr additions. However in UPE/AEPO blend resin, the toughness properties were improved with increased graphite loadings.
New bio-based epoxy resin were prepared by blending epoxy resin with acrylated epoxidized (AEPO) ... more New bio-based epoxy resin were prepared by blending epoxy resin with acrylated epoxidized (AEPO) palm and cured with a Phenalkamines Cardolite NX-2003D bio-based hardener. The various amounts of montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 phr were incorporated in the epoxy-AEPO blend to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy/AEPO resin. The samples were cured in an oven at 25 ºC for 3 h and post cured at 80 ºC for 6h.The mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption of epoxy, epoxy/AEPO blend and epoxy/AEPO/MMT nanocomposite were studied. The obtained results showed that incorporation of 0.5 phr of MMT nanoclay in epoxy resin increased the tensile strength and modulus as well as thermal stability of the epoxy/AEPO resin. The morphology of epoxy/AEPO/MMT nanocomposite confirmed the intercalated structure of MMT nanoclay in the epoxy resin matrix. The finding proved that 0.5 phr MMT loading was sufficient to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/AEPO resin.
Nanotechnology Reviews
Thermoset and biothermoset applications have been advancing tremendously in recent years due to t... more Thermoset and biothermoset applications have been advancing tremendously in recent years due to their easy processing, versatility, and exceptional mechanical and thermal properties. Biothermoset is a type of thermoset that is produced using biological resources, either in portions by blending with the conventional resin, or completely. Various research has been employed to accommodate their high and rapidly growing demands and broaden their functions and implementation in numerous fields. One of these attempts is the reinforcement of nanofillers. Nanofillers such as nanoclay, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamond, etc., possess diverse and outstanding properties and are also easily accessible. Recently, there has been a developing trend of hybridizing two or more types of nanofillers as a hybrid reinforcement system to address the limitations of single-filler reinforcement systems and to establish better-supporting properties of the nanocomposites. In this review, w...
In recent years, due to growing environmental and ecological concerns, many studies have focused ... more In recent years, due to growing environmental and ecological concerns, many studies have focused on the use of renewable resources as a starting material or blending component in the polymer resin formation. To tap to the mass production of palm oil in Malaysia, this study focuses on developing a novel hybrid glass/kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites from acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) filled organo modified montmorrillonite nanoclay (OMMT) and cured with bio-based hardener. The effects of AEPO and OMMT loading on mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption properties of epoxy/AEPO nanocomposites were investigated. The amounts of AEPO in epoxy resin were varied at 10, 20 and 30 wt% and the OMMT loadings were varied at 1, 1.5 and 2 phr. The results revealed that the impact strength and ductility properties of epoxy/AEPO resin improved with AEPO loading. The highest improvement of impact strength was indicated by epoxy/AEPO resin with 30 wt% AEP...
Polymers and Polymer Composites
In this work, an alternative of bio-thermoset resin for composite applications was synthesized us... more In this work, an alternative of bio-thermoset resin for composite applications was synthesized using unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) and epoxidized palm oil (EPO). The main purpose of this study is to reduce the dependency on petroleum and improve the toughness properties of UPE by partially introduced renewable source triglyceride, EPO in the UPE chain. The UPE resin blends with 10, 20, and 30 wt% EPO oil were synthesized by using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The samples were cured in an oven at 100°C and 160°C for 4 h. The interaction of the blend was studied by the FTIR test supported by the SEM test. The effects of EPO loadings in UPE on the mechanical, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties were also being studied. The addition of EPO physically interacted in the system and acted as a lubricant. The higher the addition of EPO in UPE has increased the elongation at break and impact strength of the UPE resin, which indicated an increase in mobility and toughness of the ...
Materials Science Forum, 2021
This study is conducted to synthesis bio-polyurethane from epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Palm oil-ba... more This study is conducted to synthesis bio-polyurethane from epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Palm oil-based polyurethane was synthesized by the acrylation process followed by thiols addition. The resulting oligomers were then reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dibutylin dilaurate (DBTDL) to form Thiolated Acrylated Epoxidized Palm Oil Urethane (t-AEPOU). t-AEPOU was then reacted under UV photoirradiation for further reaction and to pre-determine its curing activities. The polymerization of AEPO and t-AEPOU were confirms by using Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier-Transform Infra Red (ATR-FTIR). This study affords new approach in synthesis of Palm Oil bio-based Polyurethane Coating.
Employing fibers particularly those from renewable materials as an alternative to inorganic fiber... more Employing fibers particularly those from renewable materials as an alternative to inorganic fibers in composites is part of the effort to promote bio-based products as well as to broaden recycling of solid wastes. In this work, the use of agro waste Alpinia galanga (AG) as composite reinforcement was investigated in terms of tensile properties, thermal stability, morphology and water absorption. Composites based on AG fibers and high density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared together with an additive, eco- degradant (ECO) and a compatibilizer, polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) in a mixer, Brabender Plastograph EC at various AG fiber loadings. The results reveal that the composite formulation enabled AG fibers to function as reinforcement in HDPE-based composites. The presence of ECO at 15 wt% fiber loading improved tensile strength up to 33.6 MPa, about 21 % higher than that of pristine HDPE (27.8 MPa). The addition of MA-g-PE at 10 wt% fiber loading also indicates comparabl...
Chemical engineering transactions, 2017
UV curable PSA of maleinated acrylated epoxidised palm oil (MAEPO) from palm oil via UV LED lamp ... more UV curable PSA of maleinated acrylated epoxidised palm oil (MAEPO) from palm oil via UV LED lamp has been introduced with the existence of Chivacure 300 as photoinitiator. By involving the isobornyl methacrylate (ISBMA) as a monomer in the PSA formulation, the degree of conversion recorded low percentage of conversion, which was below 50 % although the loading of photoinitiator has been raised to 5 parts per hundred (phr). The ISBMA has affected to the slow curing speed on the maleinated PSA and restricted the conversion of C=C to more than 50 % even though the curing time and photoinitiator loading has been increased up to 300 min and 5 phr. It is expected that the double bonds are still present in the synthesised of PSA which indicated that most molecules were bonded at one end of another in methacrylate group. In the present study, real-Time FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was used to follow the crosslinking process of the adhesive and the adhesive properties of the cured coatings.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021
The use of fiber-reinforced vegetable oil - polymer composites has increased in various technical... more The use of fiber-reinforced vegetable oil - polymer composites has increased in various technical fields. However, the long-term operating performance of these materials is still not well understood, limiting the development of these composites. In this study, the water absorption performance of hybrid composites, which consist of kenaf fiber and glass fiber as reinforcement, epoxy resin and acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) as a matrix, and montmorillonite (MMT) nano clays as a filler was evaluated with the function of different fibers layering order. The hand lay-up method is used to produce the composites with the variable number of kenaf fibers and glass fibers layer sequences. The water absorption kinetics of epoxy/AEPO reinforced hybrid kenaf/glass fiber-filled MMT composites are described in this paper. It has been observed that the water absorption rate of the composites depends on the fiber layering sequences. The alternative sequence of Glass-Kenaf-Kenaf-Glass and Kenaf...
Materials Science Forum, 2021
In this study, the effect of different treatments and the addition of maleic anhydride grafted po... more In this study, the effect of different treatments and the addition of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) on the mechanical and thermal properties of Alpinia galanga (AG) fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were investigated. The AG fibers were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) as well as treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The samples were first prepared by melt blending method before being injected to specimen dumbbell shape using an injection moulding machine. Three different fiber loadings were studied, such as 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt%. The tensile test results revealed that the NaOH and 3-APE treatments increased the tensile strength of AG/HDPE composites with the addition of MAPE at all fiber loadings, whereas tensile strength of PTSA treatment improved at 3 wt% fiber loading. The morphological studies confirmed a better adhesion between treated fiber and HDPE matrix with the inclusion o...
Polymers, 2021
The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, autom... more The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest av...
Journal of Natural Fibers, 2020
This research is aimed to investigate the effect of different weight percent of kenaf and empty f... more This research is aimed to investigate the effect of different weight percent of kenaf and empty fruit bunch (EFB) hybrid compositions and fiber fractions (wt%) on the mechanical and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester (UPE)/epoxidized palm oil (EPO) composite. The kenaf and EFB fibers were first treated with an alkali solution before being pressed using a hydraulic hot-pressed machine. In this study, three different kenaf/EFB hybridization compositions were studied which are 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, and 50/50 (wt%) at three different fiber weight fractions (9%, 12%, and 15%) reinforced in UPE/ EPO resin. The fiber treatment successfully removed the majority of the moisture, cellulose, and hemicellulose of kenaf and EFB fiber. The mechanical study revealed that the higher composition of EFB in kenaf/EFB hybrid fiber increased Young's modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of the resulted composite at 9 and 12 wt% fiber fractions. Thermal analysis proved that the hybridization fibers and higher fiber weight fractions improved the thermal stability by reducing the decomposition rate of the composites. Overall, kenaf/EFB hybridization reinforced in UPE/EPO resin is a good approach toward green composite development.
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018
The main focus of this study was to understand the effects of various amounts of montmorrillonite... more The main focus of this study was to understand the effects of various amounts of montmorrillonite nanoclay (MMT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 phr) on mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption of epoxy-based resins with bio-based curing agent-Phenalkamines Cardolite NX-2003D. The influence of MMT nanoclay loading on mechanical and thermal properties epoxy resin with bio-based hardener were investigated by tensile, flexural and izod impact testing, thermogravimetric analysis and water absorption The obtained results showed that the addition of MMT nanoclay increased the tensile and flexural modulus as well as thermal stability of the epoxy based resins with bio-based hardener at a certain MMT loading. The resulting resins exhibited tensile and flexural modulus relatively close to the modulus of the unfilled epoxy resin. The resins with 0.5 phr MMT showed the highest tensile and flexural strength in which the improvement were about 10.2 % and 9.38 %, respectively when compared to that of pristine epoxy resin. Nevertheless, the izod impact strength and elongation at break were minimally reduced with the addition of MMT nanoclay loadings.
Advanced Materials Research, 2012
Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as a... more Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as alternative to replace traditional synthetic fibers. This is due to the increased environmental and sustainability awareness. In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with untreated and treated agro-waste natural fibers Alpinia galanga. Alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide was used to improve the interface adhesion between fibers and polyethylene matrix. Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites were prepared using an injection molding machine at various fiber contents of 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% and characterized. Experimental studies have shown that in general fibers function as filler in polyethylene composites and exhibited tensile strength relatively close to the strength of the unfilled composites. The increasing of Alpinia galanga content decreased elongation at break and increased the Youngs modulus of Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites. It was also observed...
Advanced Materials Research, 2013
Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyeth... more Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The results indicate that agro-waste fibers generally function as potential natural-organic fillers as well as show an attribute of reinforcement in PE-agro-waste composites at a certain fiber loading. Minimally reduced tensile strength from 28 MPa of unfilled PE, addition of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers also resulted in reinforcement of up to 31 MPa at 6 wt% agro-waste fibers loading. Findings also reveal that alkali treatment was effective to impart surface modification of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers and hence improved tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal stability of PE-agro-waste composites.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014
Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved th... more Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved the addition of eco degradant and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The Alpinia galanga agro waste fibers at 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% were compounded in an internal mixer with the addition of 5 wt% MA-g-PE and eco degradant. The composite specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. The results show that the maximum tensile strength of 33 MPa was obtained for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) & 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) treated fiber composites with eco degradant and MA-g-PE at 15 wt% fiber loading compared to that of pristine HDPE (28 MPa). All the treated composites show an improvement in tensile strength. This indicates that the treatments using NaOH&3-APE and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) with addition of eco degradant and PE-g-MA improved adhesion between Alpinia galanga fiber and HDPE matrix. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs show the presence of ...
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2019
Vegetable oil (VO) is the latest alternative found to be one of the ideal candidates for producti... more Vegetable oil (VO) is the latest alternative found to be one of the ideal candidates for production of bio-based polymeric units. There are two main methods for producing bio-based epoxy resins and composites: the direct synthesis of VO and the blends of epoxy with VO incorporated with natural or synthetic fibers. However, it is more challenging to produce a fully green bio-based epoxy composite, as they have relatively low strength that limits their applications. Thus, this article is designed to review the present research advances on VO-based epoxy resins and their composites with bio-based hardener incorporated with fibers or fillers.
Reviews in Chemical Engineering
The surge of knowledge among researchers pertaining to the excellent properties of graphene has l... more The surge of knowledge among researchers pertaining to the excellent properties of graphene has led to the utilisation of graphene as a reinforced filler in polymer composites. Different methods of graphene preparation, either bottom-up or top-down methods, are important requirements of starting materials in producing reinforced properties in the composites. The starting graphene material produced is either further functionalised or directly used as a filler in thermoset polymer matrixes. An effective interaction between graphene and polymer matrixes is important and can be achieved by incorporating graphene into a thermoset polymer matrix through melt mixing, solution mixing or in situ polymerisation processes. In addition, by taking into consideration the importance of green and sustainable composites, the details of previous work on graphene reinforced bio-thermoset polymer matrixes is discussed. The resultant mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were associated to...
Materials Science Forum
This research aim to investigate the effect of graphite loadings in unsaturated polyester (UPE) /... more This research aim to investigate the effect of graphite loadings in unsaturated polyester (UPE) / acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) blend resin. The modification of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) to AEPO was carried out using acrylation process and further blended with synthetic UPE resin. Graphite powder was added at 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1 phr into the UPE/AEPO blend resin and cured in an oven at 100 °C and 160 °C. FTIR spectrums showed the disappearance of oxirane ring and existence of carbon double bond indicating successful of AEPO synthesis process. Tensile and Izod impact test revealed that, graphite showed different effects to neat UPE and UPE/AEPO blend resin. In neat UPE, graphite significantly improved the stiffness properties at 0.1 phr additions. However in UPE/AEPO blend resin, the toughness properties were improved with increased graphite loadings.
New bio-based epoxy resin were prepared by blending epoxy resin with acrylated epoxidized (AEPO) ... more New bio-based epoxy resin were prepared by blending epoxy resin with acrylated epoxidized (AEPO) palm and cured with a Phenalkamines Cardolite NX-2003D bio-based hardener. The various amounts of montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 phr were incorporated in the epoxy-AEPO blend to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy/AEPO resin. The samples were cured in an oven at 25 ºC for 3 h and post cured at 80 ºC for 6h.The mechanical and thermal properties, morphology as well as water absorption of epoxy, epoxy/AEPO blend and epoxy/AEPO/MMT nanocomposite were studied. The obtained results showed that incorporation of 0.5 phr of MMT nanoclay in epoxy resin increased the tensile strength and modulus as well as thermal stability of the epoxy/AEPO resin. The morphology of epoxy/AEPO/MMT nanocomposite confirmed the intercalated structure of MMT nanoclay in the epoxy resin matrix. The finding proved that 0.5 phr MMT loading was sufficient to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/AEPO resin.