rozihana shekh zain - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by rozihana shekh zain
International Journal of Educational Management, 2014
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting knowledge sharing among a... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting knowledge sharing among academic staff in universities. Utilizing the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as the underlying research framework, the main objective of this study was threefold. First, was to examine the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, and trust with knowledge sharing intention. Second, was to examine the relationship among factors, i.e., self-efficacy, social networks and extrinsic rewards with attitude toward knowledge sharing intention and the third objective was to find out the relationship between organizational support and subjective norm. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed among academic staff at three social science faculties in one public university in Malaysia. Collectively, 117 usable responses were returned. Partial Least Square analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Findings – The results indicated that of the two components of ...
Charting a Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance and health of individu... more Stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance and health of individuals or workers. Job stress can affect productivity and quality of workers if not dealt with properly and effectively. This study investigates the relationship between organizational climate, management support, and workplace relationship with employees' job stress by conducting a survey among 114 employees working at one of the private colleges in Perlis. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis techniques, and the results revealed all the three independent variables, organization climate, management support, and workplace relationship, have a significant negative relationship with employees' job stress. This study had been crucial for organization to understand how the organization climate, management support, and workplace relationship affect the employees' job stress and several recommendations were put forth for the practitioners in enhancing the level of employees' job stress by acknowledging the importance of all variables. Keywords Job stress • Organization climate • Management support • Workplace relationship 39.1 Introduction Job stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance, health, and productivity of individuals or employees. Difference from general stress, job stress is specifically a result of work settings. In work settings, various factors can cause stress, such as the work task, the workplace, the job characteristics, role conflict, or workers' capabilities (Jou et al. 2013). Job stress threatens the health of the workers (Bowen et al. 2014) and damages their job performance (Wei et al. 2016;
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021
The Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education introduced entrepreneurship mandatory subjects to all s... more The Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education introduced entrepreneurship mandatory subjects to all students at the nation public universities. Universities and colleges have offered entrepreneurship programs or courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Even though most HLI students were taught with entrepreneur courses or programs, the entrepreneurial activities among the students are still ambiguous. This paper main objective is to investigate the relationship between role model, family background, and entrepreneurship curriculum and content with the entrepreneurial inclination. The data were collected from the Faculty of Business and Management student in Higher Learning Institution. The study indicates that all variables were proven important in explaining the inclination towards entrepreneurship. The findings will facilitate the university in developing curriculum and initiatives that align with students' goals in defining their future endeavors as entrepreneurs.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021
The relevance of today's work arrangement that is now being questioned due to the current pandemi... more The relevance of today's work arrangement that is now being questioned due to the current pandemic situation had driven the researcher to examine the relationship between the impacts of telecommuting work arrangement and employee performance during the Movement Control Order (MCO) due to COVID-19 pandemic. The telecommuting work arrangement has played a significant role in Malaysia nowadays and it has become one of the mechanisms to ensure business continuity. The study has adopted cross-sectional survey research design to examine the relationship between variables. The data was collected via online survey from 152 respondents that Work From Home (WFH) during Movement Control Order (MCO) in Northern Malaysia. The findings had revealed that all of telecommuting impacts particularly job autonomy; work-family balance and level of occupational stress have a significant relationship with employees' performance. Thus, it was indicates that majority of the respondents prefer telecommuting and are aware with the flexibility, and other benefits offered by it. The findings of the study should assist the employers to enhance the level of acceptance of this unfamiliar working concept among Malaysian which eventually will lead to the achievement of excellent performance in organization. It also serves as useful information to the organization and the policymakers who considered implementing this new working concept.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance is among the best-... more The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance is among the best-researched topics in entrepreneurship research. These studies have been conducted in various national contexts. While a first meta-analysis by Rauch et al. finds no significant difference between EO's effects based on the continent in which the firm is based, the present study considers how national cultural and macroeconomic drivers impact the EOperformance relationship. Building upon 177 studies with data from 41 countries, the metaanalysis consolidates this literature stream, contributing to the evidence-based entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), typically encompassing an innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking dimension, was introduced three decades ago to measure the degree of entrepreneurial behavior in strategy making (Miller, 1983). Since then, a significant number of empirical studies have examined the EO-performance relationship. While most studies find a positive performance relationship, the strength of this relationship varies significantly across various studies and contexts (Wales, Gupta, & Moussa, 2012). Based on these studies, Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin, and Frese (2009) conducted the first meta-analysis on the EO-performance relationship (k = 51; N = 14,259; r c = .242) and found that firm size and industry adherence were major moderators of the EO-performance relationship. However, considerable variance across studies remained in their meta-analysis, so further examination of the possible determinants of the EO-performance relationship is warranted. The present study complements Rauch et al. (2009), as it conducts a meta-analysis to determine whether national-level factors impact the EO-performance relationship. This determination would be a promising development in EO research since there is theoretical reasoning that institutions at the national level impact the effectiveness of strategic postures (Scott, 2001; Burgess & Steenkamp, 2006). This reasoning suggests that some of the unexplained variance in Rauch et al.'s (2009) meta-analysis might be explained by national-level factors. The first step in Rauch et al.'s (2009) meta-analysis was an examination of geographic regions-in their case, continents-as moderators of the EO-performance relationship. The authors found no moderating effect, perhaps because there is a need for a more detailed analysis since there are multiple, possibly independent national-level institutional factors that impact EO's effectiveness. An aggregation of countries, with all their divergent characteristics, may hide their differences. This study contributes to EO research in several ways. First, it consolidates the existing research on EO's performance consequences that has been conducted in various countries (Wales et al., 2012). To date, it has been possible to compare the strength of coefficients across studies in various countries only by "visual inspection," rather than through statistical inferences to determine whether significant differences exist. Second, the present study shows which national-level factors moderate the EOperformance relationship, taking national cultural dimensions and economic, political, and regulatory factors into account. Comparing geographic entities like countries or continents may not be detailed enough since there are multiple relevant nation-level characteristics that should be taken into account (Tsui, Nifadkar, & Ou, 2007). Third, this meta-analysis contributes to the evidence-based approach in empirical entrepreneurship research. Good evidence is given when empirical relationships are based on several studies and several observations, rather than on just one study and one observation (Frese, Bausch, Schmidt, Rauch, & Kabst, 2012). Such evidence-based research may be particularly important for EO research since existing empirical studies on EO's performance consequences tend to be heterogeneous, especially in terms of the national settings in which the EOperformance relationship has been examined (Wales et al., 2012). Our meta-analysis provides decision makers with recommendations on the aggregate strength of the EO-performance relationship and on the national-level contingency factors of this relationship. The paper is organized as follows. First, we lay out the theoretical foundations and derive the moderating hypotheses. Next, we describe our methodology. Then we present the results of the meta-analysis. Finally, we discuss our findings, the implications of our study and identify gaps that can be addressed in future research. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES EO, Firm Performance, and National Dependency of the Performance Effects Since EO's origins in strategic-choice theory (Child, 1972), a large body of research has contributed to the development of the EO posture such that it is now understood to comprise all "processes, practices, and decision-making activities that lead to new entry" (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996; p. 136). In most cases, in line with Miller's (1983) seminal work on the topic, EO has been conceptualized along three sub-dimensions: innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. A unidimensional view of these sub-dimensions dominates since extant research has shown that they tend to correlate positively and strongly (Wales et al., 2012). Innovativeness refers to a willingness to depart from proven practices, while proactiveness means "taking initiative by anticipating and pursuing new opportunities" (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996; p. 146). Risk-taking is associated with significant debt and commitments of resources (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). In 1996, Lumpkin and Dess added two sub-dimensions, autonomy and aggressiveness. Aggressiveness refers to a firm's endeavors to outperform industry rivals, while they define autonomy as "independent action (…) aimed at bringing forth a business concept or vision and carrying it out to completion" (Lumpkin & Dess, 2001; p. 431). A large body of research in EO literature has been dedicated to the question concerning how EO improves firm performance. Entrepreneurial organizations have the ability to be the first to market a new product that matches changed customer preferences and to use this first-mover advantage to translate their actions into superior performance (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). Building 4 upon these conceptual arguments, most of the studies in a large body of quantitative research conducted in various industry and national contexts have confirmed the positive performance consequences of EO (e.g., Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005). However, extant research also indicates that the strength of the EO-performance relationship depends on contextual moderators. In an effort to clarify the EO-performance relationship, we seek to determine the extent to which this relationship depends on moderators at the national level. The national level appears to be particularly promising as a determinant of the EOperformance relationship. Extant research has almost exclusively examined the performance consequences individually in single-country settings, such as in the US (e.g., Covin, Green, & Slevin, 2006), in European countries (e.g., Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005) or in Asian countries (e.g., Tang, Tang, Marino, Zhang, & Li, 2008). Some of these studies are even motivated by their assumption that the EO-performance relationship is special in a particular context (e.g., EO study from Tang et al., 2008 in China). Another reason that the national level appears to be promising as a determinant of this important relationship is that the meta-analysis from Rauch et al. (2009) finds no significant differences in the EO-performance relationship among four continents (the US, Europe, Asia and Australia). The aggregation of countries into these groups may have hidden differences between countries since research in the international business area has shown that various factors at the nation level which are important to understand the EO-performance relationship fully (Burgess & Steenkamp, 2006). Therefore, a deeper examination of the nationallevel factors that may drive the EO-performance relationship is called for. To detect the relevant national-level factors, we take an institutional perspective, which has often been employed to investigate the prevalence and effectiveness of various types of strategies across national contexts (e.g., Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wight, 2000; Bruton, Ahlstrom, & Li, 2010). The institutional perspective assumes that there are informal institutions (national cultural dimensions) and formal institutions (the economic, regulatory, and political environment) at the national level that determine the "rules of the game" in strategy implementation (North, 1991; Peng, Wang, & Jiang, 2008). While the institutional theory is our umbrella perspective which informs us about relevant drivers at the national level, we integrate insights from cross-cultural psychology to investigate the informal institutions. We follow Roberts and Greenwood (1997) and Brouthers (2002) in arguing that the performance impact of a strategic orientation like EO is strongest when strategic choices fit well with institutional variables. In the following, we explain how the informal and formal institutional factors impact the EO-performance relationship. Contextual Moderators of the EO-Performance Relationship National Cultural Context. Culture is the "collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one group from those of another" (Hofstede, 1981; p. 24). Extant research indicates that nations typically have homogeneous cultures, whereas cultures between nations tend to be heterogeneous, making nations a suitable criteria for examining cultures (Minkov & Hofstede, 2012). Cross-cultural psychology literature provides national cultural dimensions along which differences between national cultures can be examined. National-cultural dimensions relate to problems all...
International Journal of Business and Management, 2009
Research in entrepreneurship field has magnetized the interest of many researchers as a tool of d... more Research in entrepreneurship field has magnetized the interest of many researchers as a tool of development for many countries. The study of the factors that leads people to become entrepreneurs has been a question of many researchers. This study explores the relationship between the Big-Five personality factors, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intention. As such, it fits squarely into the literature on the antecedents of entrepreneurship. Previous research has focused on the need for achievement as well as social psychological characteristics such as attitude and self-efficacy. This study looks at the extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, neuroticism, perceived barriers, perceived support and close support which are determinants of entrepreneurial intention. The data was gathered from 123 undergraduate students at one of the university branch campuses in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Data collection was based on voluntary basis, informed consent, and anonymity. Regression analyses indicate that entrepreneurial intention is positively correlated with extraversion, openness, and close support. In the final section, we discuss these results and discover a future research agenda.
International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2009
Most of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was developed in the West, ma... more Most of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was developed in the West, mainly North America. Not much is known about the meaningfulness and categories of OCB in other cultural environment such as Malaysia. This study investigates the dimensionality of OCB using a sample of hotel employees. Factors analysis of OCB items as rated by superiors revealed 5 dimensions, labeled as helping behavior, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, patience and civic virtue. Factor analysis of OCB items based on self-ratings (non manager employees) resulted in six dimensions, named as altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, effort expended and civic virtue. These results show that the forms of OCB seem to hold relatively well in another international context, although there are some differences.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2010
This study examines the influence of personal factors, emotional intelligence and organizational ... more This study examines the influence of personal factors, emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviors on deviant behaviors. The data are taken from 263 undergraduate business students from a public university located on the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings of this study indicated that sportsmanship and emotional intelligence significantly and negatively associated with deviant behaviors. Our results also indicate that male students and those with lower academic achievement had significantly higher level of deviant behaviors. In the last section, we discuss these results and identify limitations and future research agenda.
International Journal of Educational Management, 2014
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting knowledge sharing among a... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting knowledge sharing among academic staff in universities. Utilizing the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as the underlying research framework, the main objective of this study was threefold. First, was to examine the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, and trust with knowledge sharing intention. Second, was to examine the relationship among factors, i.e., self-efficacy, social networks and extrinsic rewards with attitude toward knowledge sharing intention and the third objective was to find out the relationship between organizational support and subjective norm. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed among academic staff at three social science faculties in one public university in Malaysia. Collectively, 117 usable responses were returned. Partial Least Square analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Findings – The results indicated that of the two components of ...
Charting a Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance and health of individu... more Stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance and health of individuals or workers. Job stress can affect productivity and quality of workers if not dealt with properly and effectively. This study investigates the relationship between organizational climate, management support, and workplace relationship with employees' job stress by conducting a survey among 114 employees working at one of the private colleges in Perlis. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis techniques, and the results revealed all the three independent variables, organization climate, management support, and workplace relationship, have a significant negative relationship with employees' job stress. This study had been crucial for organization to understand how the organization climate, management support, and workplace relationship affect the employees' job stress and several recommendations were put forth for the practitioners in enhancing the level of employees' job stress by acknowledging the importance of all variables. Keywords Job stress • Organization climate • Management support • Workplace relationship 39.1 Introduction Job stress is an important phenomenon and is often associated with performance, health, and productivity of individuals or employees. Difference from general stress, job stress is specifically a result of work settings. In work settings, various factors can cause stress, such as the work task, the workplace, the job characteristics, role conflict, or workers' capabilities (Jou et al. 2013). Job stress threatens the health of the workers (Bowen et al. 2014) and damages their job performance (Wei et al. 2016;
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021
The Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education introduced entrepreneurship mandatory subjects to all s... more The Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education introduced entrepreneurship mandatory subjects to all students at the nation public universities. Universities and colleges have offered entrepreneurship programs or courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Even though most HLI students were taught with entrepreneur courses or programs, the entrepreneurial activities among the students are still ambiguous. This paper main objective is to investigate the relationship between role model, family background, and entrepreneurship curriculum and content with the entrepreneurial inclination. The data were collected from the Faculty of Business and Management student in Higher Learning Institution. The study indicates that all variables were proven important in explaining the inclination towards entrepreneurship. The findings will facilitate the university in developing curriculum and initiatives that align with students' goals in defining their future endeavors as entrepreneurs.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021
The relevance of today's work arrangement that is now being questioned due to the current pandemi... more The relevance of today's work arrangement that is now being questioned due to the current pandemic situation had driven the researcher to examine the relationship between the impacts of telecommuting work arrangement and employee performance during the Movement Control Order (MCO) due to COVID-19 pandemic. The telecommuting work arrangement has played a significant role in Malaysia nowadays and it has become one of the mechanisms to ensure business continuity. The study has adopted cross-sectional survey research design to examine the relationship between variables. The data was collected via online survey from 152 respondents that Work From Home (WFH) during Movement Control Order (MCO) in Northern Malaysia. The findings had revealed that all of telecommuting impacts particularly job autonomy; work-family balance and level of occupational stress have a significant relationship with employees' performance. Thus, it was indicates that majority of the respondents prefer telecommuting and are aware with the flexibility, and other benefits offered by it. The findings of the study should assist the employers to enhance the level of acceptance of this unfamiliar working concept among Malaysian which eventually will lead to the achievement of excellent performance in organization. It also serves as useful information to the organization and the policymakers who considered implementing this new working concept.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance is among the best-... more The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance is among the best-researched topics in entrepreneurship research. These studies have been conducted in various national contexts. While a first meta-analysis by Rauch et al. finds no significant difference between EO's effects based on the continent in which the firm is based, the present study considers how national cultural and macroeconomic drivers impact the EOperformance relationship. Building upon 177 studies with data from 41 countries, the metaanalysis consolidates this literature stream, contributing to the evidence-based entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), typically encompassing an innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking dimension, was introduced three decades ago to measure the degree of entrepreneurial behavior in strategy making (Miller, 1983). Since then, a significant number of empirical studies have examined the EO-performance relationship. While most studies find a positive performance relationship, the strength of this relationship varies significantly across various studies and contexts (Wales, Gupta, & Moussa, 2012). Based on these studies, Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin, and Frese (2009) conducted the first meta-analysis on the EO-performance relationship (k = 51; N = 14,259; r c = .242) and found that firm size and industry adherence were major moderators of the EO-performance relationship. However, considerable variance across studies remained in their meta-analysis, so further examination of the possible determinants of the EO-performance relationship is warranted. The present study complements Rauch et al. (2009), as it conducts a meta-analysis to determine whether national-level factors impact the EO-performance relationship. This determination would be a promising development in EO research since there is theoretical reasoning that institutions at the national level impact the effectiveness of strategic postures (Scott, 2001; Burgess & Steenkamp, 2006). This reasoning suggests that some of the unexplained variance in Rauch et al.'s (2009) meta-analysis might be explained by national-level factors. The first step in Rauch et al.'s (2009) meta-analysis was an examination of geographic regions-in their case, continents-as moderators of the EO-performance relationship. The authors found no moderating effect, perhaps because there is a need for a more detailed analysis since there are multiple, possibly independent national-level institutional factors that impact EO's effectiveness. An aggregation of countries, with all their divergent characteristics, may hide their differences. This study contributes to EO research in several ways. First, it consolidates the existing research on EO's performance consequences that has been conducted in various countries (Wales et al., 2012). To date, it has been possible to compare the strength of coefficients across studies in various countries only by "visual inspection," rather than through statistical inferences to determine whether significant differences exist. Second, the present study shows which national-level factors moderate the EOperformance relationship, taking national cultural dimensions and economic, political, and regulatory factors into account. Comparing geographic entities like countries or continents may not be detailed enough since there are multiple relevant nation-level characteristics that should be taken into account (Tsui, Nifadkar, & Ou, 2007). Third, this meta-analysis contributes to the evidence-based approach in empirical entrepreneurship research. Good evidence is given when empirical relationships are based on several studies and several observations, rather than on just one study and one observation (Frese, Bausch, Schmidt, Rauch, & Kabst, 2012). Such evidence-based research may be particularly important for EO research since existing empirical studies on EO's performance consequences tend to be heterogeneous, especially in terms of the national settings in which the EOperformance relationship has been examined (Wales et al., 2012). Our meta-analysis provides decision makers with recommendations on the aggregate strength of the EO-performance relationship and on the national-level contingency factors of this relationship. The paper is organized as follows. First, we lay out the theoretical foundations and derive the moderating hypotheses. Next, we describe our methodology. Then we present the results of the meta-analysis. Finally, we discuss our findings, the implications of our study and identify gaps that can be addressed in future research. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES EO, Firm Performance, and National Dependency of the Performance Effects Since EO's origins in strategic-choice theory (Child, 1972), a large body of research has contributed to the development of the EO posture such that it is now understood to comprise all "processes, practices, and decision-making activities that lead to new entry" (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996; p. 136). In most cases, in line with Miller's (1983) seminal work on the topic, EO has been conceptualized along three sub-dimensions: innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. A unidimensional view of these sub-dimensions dominates since extant research has shown that they tend to correlate positively and strongly (Wales et al., 2012). Innovativeness refers to a willingness to depart from proven practices, while proactiveness means "taking initiative by anticipating and pursuing new opportunities" (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996; p. 146). Risk-taking is associated with significant debt and commitments of resources (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). In 1996, Lumpkin and Dess added two sub-dimensions, autonomy and aggressiveness. Aggressiveness refers to a firm's endeavors to outperform industry rivals, while they define autonomy as "independent action (…) aimed at bringing forth a business concept or vision and carrying it out to completion" (Lumpkin & Dess, 2001; p. 431). A large body of research in EO literature has been dedicated to the question concerning how EO improves firm performance. Entrepreneurial organizations have the ability to be the first to market a new product that matches changed customer preferences and to use this first-mover advantage to translate their actions into superior performance (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). Building 4 upon these conceptual arguments, most of the studies in a large body of quantitative research conducted in various industry and national contexts have confirmed the positive performance consequences of EO (e.g., Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005). However, extant research also indicates that the strength of the EO-performance relationship depends on contextual moderators. In an effort to clarify the EO-performance relationship, we seek to determine the extent to which this relationship depends on moderators at the national level. The national level appears to be particularly promising as a determinant of the EOperformance relationship. Extant research has almost exclusively examined the performance consequences individually in single-country settings, such as in the US (e.g., Covin, Green, & Slevin, 2006), in European countries (e.g., Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005) or in Asian countries (e.g., Tang, Tang, Marino, Zhang, & Li, 2008). Some of these studies are even motivated by their assumption that the EO-performance relationship is special in a particular context (e.g., EO study from Tang et al., 2008 in China). Another reason that the national level appears to be promising as a determinant of this important relationship is that the meta-analysis from Rauch et al. (2009) finds no significant differences in the EO-performance relationship among four continents (the US, Europe, Asia and Australia). The aggregation of countries into these groups may have hidden differences between countries since research in the international business area has shown that various factors at the nation level which are important to understand the EO-performance relationship fully (Burgess & Steenkamp, 2006). Therefore, a deeper examination of the nationallevel factors that may drive the EO-performance relationship is called for. To detect the relevant national-level factors, we take an institutional perspective, which has often been employed to investigate the prevalence and effectiveness of various types of strategies across national contexts (e.g., Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wight, 2000; Bruton, Ahlstrom, & Li, 2010). The institutional perspective assumes that there are informal institutions (national cultural dimensions) and formal institutions (the economic, regulatory, and political environment) at the national level that determine the "rules of the game" in strategy implementation (North, 1991; Peng, Wang, & Jiang, 2008). While the institutional theory is our umbrella perspective which informs us about relevant drivers at the national level, we integrate insights from cross-cultural psychology to investigate the informal institutions. We follow Roberts and Greenwood (1997) and Brouthers (2002) in arguing that the performance impact of a strategic orientation like EO is strongest when strategic choices fit well with institutional variables. In the following, we explain how the informal and formal institutional factors impact the EO-performance relationship. Contextual Moderators of the EO-Performance Relationship National Cultural Context. Culture is the "collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one group from those of another" (Hofstede, 1981; p. 24). Extant research indicates that nations typically have homogeneous cultures, whereas cultures between nations tend to be heterogeneous, making nations a suitable criteria for examining cultures (Minkov & Hofstede, 2012). Cross-cultural psychology literature provides national cultural dimensions along which differences between national cultures can be examined. National-cultural dimensions relate to problems all...
International Journal of Business and Management, 2009
Research in entrepreneurship field has magnetized the interest of many researchers as a tool of d... more Research in entrepreneurship field has magnetized the interest of many researchers as a tool of development for many countries. The study of the factors that leads people to become entrepreneurs has been a question of many researchers. This study explores the relationship between the Big-Five personality factors, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intention. As such, it fits squarely into the literature on the antecedents of entrepreneurship. Previous research has focused on the need for achievement as well as social psychological characteristics such as attitude and self-efficacy. This study looks at the extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, neuroticism, perceived barriers, perceived support and close support which are determinants of entrepreneurial intention. The data was gathered from 123 undergraduate students at one of the university branch campuses in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Data collection was based on voluntary basis, informed consent, and anonymity. Regression analyses indicate that entrepreneurial intention is positively correlated with extraversion, openness, and close support. In the final section, we discuss these results and discover a future research agenda.
International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2009
Most of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was developed in the West, ma... more Most of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was developed in the West, mainly North America. Not much is known about the meaningfulness and categories of OCB in other cultural environment such as Malaysia. This study investigates the dimensionality of OCB using a sample of hotel employees. Factors analysis of OCB items as rated by superiors revealed 5 dimensions, labeled as helping behavior, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, patience and civic virtue. Factor analysis of OCB items based on self-ratings (non manager employees) resulted in six dimensions, named as altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, effort expended and civic virtue. These results show that the forms of OCB seem to hold relatively well in another international context, although there are some differences.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2010
This study examines the influence of personal factors, emotional intelligence and organizational ... more This study examines the influence of personal factors, emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviors on deviant behaviors. The data are taken from 263 undergraduate business students from a public university located on the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings of this study indicated that sportsmanship and emotional intelligence significantly and negatively associated with deviant behaviors. Our results also indicate that male students and those with lower academic achievement had significantly higher level of deviant behaviors. In the last section, we discuss these results and identify limitations and future research agenda.