saifullah khan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by saifullah khan

Water

Weather and climate have been participating in an imperative function in both the expansion and c... more Weather and climate have been participating in an imperative function in both the expansion and crumple of mankind civilizations diagonally across the globe ever since the prehistoric eras. The Neolithic Mehrgarh (ca. 7000–2500 BC) and Balochistan and Indus Valley civilizations (ca. 2500–1500 BC), in Sindh Province in Pakistan, have been the spotlight of explorations to historians, anthropologists, and archeologists in terms of their origin, development, and collapse. However, very rare consideration has been given previously to the role of weather and climate, sanitation, and wastewater technologies in highlighting the lessons of these formerly well-developed ancient metropolitan civilizations. This study presents an existing climate of the archaeological sites, sanitation, and wastewater technologies to recognize the different elements that influenced the evolution of the civilization mystery. In addition, it is recommended that the weather and climate conditions in southwest Asia...

Sustainability, 2020

This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus... more This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type o...

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 2006

Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures were employed for the biotransformation of (-)-caryo... more Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures were employed for the biotransformation of (-)-caryophyllene oxide (1), and four metabolites, 15-hydroxycaryophyllene oxide (2), 4β ,5α- dihydroxycaryophyll-8(13)-ene (3), 2β -hydroxycaryophyllene oxide (4), and 2-hydroxy-4,5- epoxycaryophyllan-13-ol (5) were obtained. Metabolites 4 and 5 were found to be new compounds, and their structures were deduced by different spectroscopic techniques.

Turkish Journal of Biology

2021 International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST)

In Pakistan the bacteriological contamination of drinking water has been reported to be one of th... more In Pakistan the bacteriological contamination of drinking water has been reported to be one of the most serious issue, it can lead to water borne diseases. The objective of this study is to check the quality of drinking water, occurrence of pathogenic organism and analysis of different distribution points as well as related filter plant which supplying water for drinking and other purposes to different areas of Karachi after filtration and chlorination. The prime concern of the study is linked with SDG-06. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods are increasingly being used to identify fecal contamination sources in drinking water. This study assessed the bacteriological qualities of drinking water, prevalence of Escherichia coli and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated Coliforms in different towns of Karachi during January 2017 to December 2018. 105 drinking water samples were collected from 21 different towns of Karachi for assessment. Different bacterial species were isolated using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility study was carried out using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Analysis of the samples revealed that approximately 68 % of the water samples were not fit for human consumption. Duringsubject study twenty-three (23) bacterial isolates were obtained, out of them, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Escherichiacoli had the highest percentage of occurrence (66.66%) and(42.85%)respectively. The most effective antibiotic was Tetracycline tezobactam followed by Meropenemeimipenem &Aztreonam against 08 most hazardous bacterial species. It was determined that multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) E. coli organisms exist in large numbers within the major reservoirs of enteric diseases. The presence of these multi-drug resistant strains in water samples could facilitate transmission of antibiotic resistance. MAR (multiple antibiotic resistances) indexing is likely to provide a useful tool for better risk assessment by identifying contamination from high-risk environments. The presence or absence of MAR E. coli would give more significance to current arbitrary numerical standard. Such type of data is essential to observe changing patterns in water borne diseases and provide valuable information for future risk management and prevention strategies. Analysis of the samples revealed that approximately 68 % of the water samples were not fit for human consumption. Duringsubject study twenty-three (23) bacterial isolates were obtained, out of them, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Escherichiacoli had the highest percentage of occurrence (66.66%) and(42.85%)respectively. The most effective antibiotic was Tetracycline tezobactam followed by Meropenemeimipenem &Aztreonam against 08 most hazardous bacterial species. It was determined that multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) E. coli organisms exist in large numbers within the major reservoirs of enteric diseases. The presence of these multi-drug resistant strains in water samples could facilitate transmission of antibiotic resistance. MAR (multiple antibiotic resistances) indexing is likely to provide a useful tool for better risk assessment by identifying contamination from high-risk environments. The presence or absence of MAR E. coli would give more significance to current arbitrary numerical standard. Such type of data is essential to observe changing patterns in water borne diseases and provide valuable information for future risk management and prevention strategies. The presence of these multi-drug resistant strains in water samples could facilitate transmission of antibiotic resistance. MAR (multiple antibiotic resistances) indexing is likely to provide a useful tool for better risk assessment by identifying contamination from high-risk environments. The presence or absence of MAR E. coli would give more significance to current arbitrary numerical standard. Such type of data is essential to observe changing patterns in water borne diseases and provide valuable information for future risk management and prevention strategies.

Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl p-aminophenol or APAP) is used worldwide for its antipyretic and anti-inf... more Acetaminophen (N-acetyl p-aminophenol or APAP) is used worldwide for its antipyretic and anti-inflammatory potential. However, APAP overdose sometimes causes severe liver damage. In this study, we elucidated the protective effects of carveol in liver injury, using molecular and in silico approaches. Male BALB/c mice were divided into two experimental cohorts, to identify the best dose and to further assess the role of carveol in the nuclear factor E2-related factor; nuclear factor erythroid 2; p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. The results demonstrated that carveol significantly modulated the detrimental effects of APAP by boosting endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, such as nuclear translocation of Nrf2 gene, a master regulator of the downstream antioxidant machinery. Furthermore, an inhibitor of Nrf2, called all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), was used, which exaggerated APAP toxicity, in addition to abrogating the protective effects of carveol; this effect was accompanied by overexp...

International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 2019

The study evaluates the water discharge of the Indus and its sub-rivers in the arid region of Pak... more The study evaluates the water discharge of the Indus and its sub-rivers in the arid region of Pakistan from1940-2004 using the annual changes in addition to seasonal flux and inconsistencies in culmination of the water flow.Currently, in Pakistan, the gross per capita water availability shows notable dwindle during 1951 till 2000. Owing todecline in precipitation (0.6inch or 15.2mm) and amplify in degree of hotness of 1.60C for the period of 1960-2000, thewater discharge throughout Pakistan particularly in the arid region reveals a susceptible stipulation from 1940-2004.During Rabi season, the decline in the water discharge of the Indus River and its tributaries show a drasticdecline/reduction, while it remains stable in Kharif season and could do with adaptation instantly. The annual waterdischarge indicates a positive deviation in the Kabul River, while it is negative in Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravirivers. Most of the rivers in Baluchistan are altered into seasonal torrents and...

International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 2020

The study area comprises of humid and undifferentiated highland climates having total precipitati... more The study area comprises of humid and undifferentiated highland climates having total precipitation of52inches (1320mm) and fluctuation of -5.3inches or -134millimeters (1961-2014). The study area was a highly humidclimate in 1961, while recently it seems on the porch of sub-humid ambiance. The annual trends show depletion in theprecipitation concentration since 1980. Based on temperature, there are three types of temperature zones that are cool,cold and highlands. The maximum temperature recorded in June as well as July and reversed in January. The averagetemperature indicates a rise of 0.20C, which is higher during winters and converse in summers. The swell in the degreeof hotness enhanced the water anxiety as well as the recoil of glaciers and increased the rate of natural hazards. Thehydrology of the area is highly susceptible to the alteration in weather conditions in terms of glaciers retreat; fall inriver flow, sub-surface water, natural disasters, desiccation of ponds and wa...

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 2020

Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2019

The primary goal of this paper is to solve the investment problem based on linguistic picture dec... more The primary goal of this paper is to solve the investment problem based on linguistic picture decision making method under the linguistic triangular picture linguistic fuzzy environment. First to define the triangular picture linguistic fuzzy numbers. Further, we define operations on triangular picture linguistic fuzzy numbers and their aggregation operator namely, triangular picture fuzzy linguistic induce OWA (TPFLIOWA) and triangular picture fuzzy linguistic induce OWG (TPFLIOWG) operators. Multi-criteria group decision making method is developed based on TPFLIOWA and TPFLIOWG operators and solve the uncertainty in the investment problem. We study the applicability of the proposed decision making method under triangular picture linguistic fuzzy environment and construct a descriptive example of investment problem. We conclude from the comparison and sensitive analysis that the proposed decision making method is more effective and reliable than other existing models.

PLoS currents, Jan 7, 2018

Chikungunya is an incipient disease, caused by Chikungunya virus (CHKV) that belongs to genus alp... more Chikungunya is an incipient disease, caused by Chikungunya virus (CHKV) that belongs to genus alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. In this study, during an outbreak of CHKV in Dec 2016 in Karachi, Pakistan, samples were collected from patients presenting with fever, tiredness and pain in muscles and joints. Total 126 sera were tested for the presence of Chikungunya infection through ELISA and Real-time Reverse Transcriptase PCR assay. This study showed that approx 79.4% samples were positive for CHKV. To our knowledge, this is the first reported outbreak from last decades in which the presence of CHKV is confirmed in Karachi while affecting such large no. of individuals.. CHKV diagnosis should be considered by the scientists and clinicians as a differential diagnosis in febrile patients, and appropriate control strategies must be adopted for its surveillance.

Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A, Jan 8, 2016

Insecure gastropexy, gastric mucosa overgrowth, granulation tissue formation, and a nonhealing ga... more Insecure gastropexy, gastric mucosa overgrowth, granulation tissue formation, and a nonhealing gastrostomy are unwanted consequences encountered in the current minimally invasive gastrostomy tube (GT) placement techniques. Aiming to overcome these problems we have developed a simplified laparoscopic-assisted GT insertion (LAG) procedure using guided transabdominal U-stitches (GTU) gastropexy. We retrospectively reviewed all LAG cases performed in our institute using the GTU technique. In brief, a curved clamp is inserted intragastrically through the laparoscopic port and guides a needle across the abdominal and gastric walls to exit, then re-enter back, through the port in an out-in-out fashion creating multiple spaced transabdominal U-stitches that are tied over pledgets. Between March 2008 and January 2015, 31 cases had LAG attempted using GTU. Two cases were converted to open procedures for non-LAG-related reasons. The median age of the remaining 29 cases was 37 (range, 0.3-154.9...

2015 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), 2015

In the last decade, cooperative communication and network coding techniques gained rising attenti... more In the last decade, cooperative communication and network coding techniques gained rising attention. Based on these techniques, this paper introduces a novel protocol called cooperation and network coding based MAC (CNCMAC) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It employs cooperative automatic repeat request (ARQ) and network coding techniques to enhance throughput. The CNC-MAC protocol works in two phases. In the first phase - cooperation - data is sent to relay nodes. The second phase - network coding - minimizes received packets. The performance of the CNC-MAC protocol is compared with cooperative ARQ-MAC, another common protocol in this domain. The simulation results indicate that CNC-MAC outperforms ARQ-MAC.

2015 17th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 2015

Cooperative driving and the associated need for vehicular communication motivate vehicular ad-hoc... more Cooperative driving and the associated need for vehicular communication motivate vehicular ad-hoc networks VANETs). One major challenge is to provide for robust communicationin spite of highly dynamic topologies and the presence of shielding obstacles-without installing extra relay infrastructure. Traffic-density information and density estimation schemes are a valuable asset to approach this challenge. In this light we propose a novel routing protocol. Furthermore, extensive simulations are provided to support our case.

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact that age and stage of career a salesperson has o... more The purpose of this paper is to study the impact that age and stage of career a salesperson has on the factors causing turnover in the pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan. An effort is made to identify the major factors that causes salesperson turnover and a total of eight factors are identified. To measure their effects a questionnaire survey was conducted involving 540 salespersons working in the Pharmaceutical industry. The respondents were categorized into three groups based on their age and experience. Results show that there was no difference in response to leadership behavior, role ambiguity, satisfaction, job alternatives and ethical behavior prevailing in the organization across all groups, regardless of age and experience. While the responses varied significantly in response to pay, work environment and job description. The research implies that in different stages of careers salespersons react differently to how much they work and how much they are paid against it. The or...

A study of temperature and rainfall fluctuation of Udigram, Swat, reveals decrease in annual rain... more A study of temperature and rainfall fluctuation of Udigram, Swat, reveals decrease in annual rainfall during the past 15 years. As a result climate has become sub-humid in 2000, as compared to the humid in 1980. The valley receives both summer and winter rainfall, but the annual share of winter rain is higher than summer season. January is the coldest month when the temperature falls to freezing point, and June is the hottest month when the temperature exceeds 30 degree Celsius. There are four rainy seasons i.e. winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and the post monsoon. The temperature of the valley increases at the rate of 1oC per year since 1995. The summer rain shows little decrease, whereas the average winter rainfall declined at the rate of 7.3cm per year during the past six years since 1995. If the rainfall of the valley decreases at this rate, then the climate of the area will be semi-arid by 2020. This climatic fluctuation may be the result of the changes in the air pressure, wind ...

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2013

The existing multiattribute group decision making methods with interval-valued intuitionistic fuz... more The existing multiattribute group decision making methods with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) sets only consider weights of the experts who participated in decision making, however the reliabilities of that are not considered at all. In order to solve this problem and make a much scientific decision, a transformation method from IVIF value to belief degree is defined based on the frame of discernment consisting of only excellent and non-excellent two hypotheses. Then the basic probability assignment (BPA) function computing method is introduced by discounting belief degrees with both weights and reliabilities. The derived BPA functions are combined by the analytically evidential reasoning (ER) methodology for two times, the one is to combine BPA functions on all attributes with respect to a specified expert, and the other is to combine the combined BPA functions for all experts with respect to a specified alternative. Finally, the relative coefficient is employed to rank the alternatives with IVIF sets. An example is proposed to illustrate the decision making process by the proposed method.