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Papers by Dr. Salman Anwar

Annals of Human and Social Sciences , 2024

The aim and objective of this paper is to analyse local government elections 2001 in district Pes... more The aim and objective of this paper is to analyse local government elections 2001 in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Local government is a very significant tier of governance in democratic societies. It manages the affairs of government at grass root level i.e. villages, towns, tehsils and districts. Pakistan inherited a more controlled and centralized local government system from British India after its inception in 1947. Unfortunately this important tier of governance did not developed with the passage of time in Pakistan. The devolution of power plan 2001 was an important step taken by General Pervez Musharraf. Reforms were introduced in civil bureaucracy and police and local bodies were strengthened. The study is based on qualitative method with Interviews, personal observations and common masses perceptions about the local government system in Pakistan. Results shows a power struggle between MNA's, MPA's and Nazims after the general elections in 2002. Bureaucracy with their colonial mindset succeeded in getting their powers back with the help of first tier of government.

Journal of Indian Studies , 2024

This study aims to analyze the seizure of Punjab by the East India Company, emphasizing the provi... more This study aims to analyze the seizure of Punjab by the East India Company, emphasizing the province's significance to consolidate its power in India. Punjab was the most productive and populated province of India. It was considered as the grain basket of India. After the establishment of Afghanistan as a new state in 1747, Ahmad Shah Abdali took control of most of the area of Punjab adjacent to Afghanistan. The weak administration of Mughal dynasty gave rise to Sikh rule in Punjab and they took control of Lahore in 1799 under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. The successors of Ahmad Shah could not resist to the might of Sikh’s and they lost control of Peshawar in 1818. After the death of Ranjeet Singh in 1839, the East India Company started their campaign of capturing the Punjab. In March 1846 Gulab Singh signed two treaties with East India Company, “The treaty of Lahore” and “The treaty of Amritsar”. After three years of these treaties the company formally captured Punjab in March 1849. This success consolidated their power in India from Dhaka in the East to Peshawar in the North-West. The strategic and economic importance of Punjab for British rule in India is discussed in detail in the paper.

Journal of Asian Development Studies, 2024

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic disruptions in various sectors worldwide... more The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic disruptions in various sectors worldwide, including education. This study aims at looking into the impact of COVID-19 on the academic performance of students at the BS level in District Peshawar, Pakistan. The study utilizes a mixed study approach to collect both quantitative as well as qualitative data. The findings of the study highlight several factors that have influenced the student's academic performance during the Covid-19 pandemic, such as the sudden shift to online learning, lack of access to technology, internet connectivity, limited interaction with class fellows and teachers, heightened the anxiety, stress levels and disruptions in study routines. The collected data indicates that most students have negative perceptions of academic performance. Additionally, the study examines the role of institutional support, such as online teaching methodologies and assessment strategies, in facilitating students' academic progress. Furthermore, this study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations to policymakers, educational institutions and stakeholders to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19 on BS students.

The Lighthouse Journal of Social Sciences, 2024

The Geneva Accord of 1988 marked a critical turning point in the Afghan conflict, bringing togeth... more The Geneva Accord of 1988 marked a critical turning point in the Afghan conflict, bringing together the warring factions for negotiations that resulted in a comprehensive agreement. The accord outlined a series of provisions, including the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan, the cessation of military aid to Afghan parties by external powers, the return of Afghan refugees, and a commitment to non-interference in Afghanistan's internal affairs. This historic agreement signaled the end of Soviet invasion in Afghanistan and raised hopes for a more stable and peaceful future for the war-torn country. The aftermath of the Geneva Accord had significant implications for Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Journal of Asian Development Studies , 2025

This paper analyses the impact of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 on British India from 1917 to ... more This paper analyses the impact of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 on British India from 1917 to 1947. A qualitative method was used to understand the complex interaction between global revolutionary movements and Indian political thought. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which led to the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) in Czarist Russia, served as a significant model for propagating Marxist ideologies in colonial India. The revolution's success inspired Indian revolutionaries, intellectuals, and political leaders to grapple with the challenges of anti-colonial struggle and socioeconomic inequalities. The research addresses two primary questions: the effects of the Bolshevik Revolution on the Indian political situation and how the Bolshevik Revolution affected the propagation of communism and socialism in India. The Communist Party of India (CPI) was established in 1925, formally reflecting communism's influence on Indian politics. Indian leftist scholars and politicians following the Bolshevik example demanded in the later part of the 1920s land reforms, workers' liberation, and the formation of a socialist state. Although the leftist scholars and political figures did not get mass popularity, it left, they left a valuable impact on Indian politics later on.

Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS), 2023

Khilafat Movement was started in British India immediately after the end of the First World War (... more Khilafat Movement was started in British India immediately after the end of the First World War (1914-18). Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the graduates of Sir Syed Muslim Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College, were its founding leaders. It got mass recognition when the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, joined the Movement. It also provided a solid platform for propagating his famous political philosophy of non-violence. Unfortunately, when the Movement was at its peak, Gandhi separated himself from it based on his non-violence approach. This study is focused on the impacts of the Khilafat Movement on Indian politics during the period 1920-40. The descriptive and exploratory method was adopted to analyze the results of the Movement. Religious movements like Shuddhi, Sanghatan and Tablighi Movement, and the religious political party, Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, were founded during and after the Movement. The Jamia Millia Islamia was fo...

Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 2020

This paper attempts to analyse the myths about the Durand Line Agreement between the British Indi... more This paper attempts to analyse the myths about the Durand Line Agreement between the British India and Afghanistan in 1893. Nineteenth century is considered as the century of imperialism. The two great powers i.e Great Britain and Russia were in competition to fulfill their imperialistic designs. Great Britain succeeded in taking full control of India and Russia annexed Khiva, Bokhara and Khokand currently Central Asian republics until 1870. Afghanistan was the only state left between the two giants. The British India tested its muscles in Afghanistan in 1839 and 1878 but failed to consolidate. The fear of Russian advancement during the Great Game compelled the British India to declare Afghanistan a buffer state and demarcate its boundaries. They started working on it immediately after the second Anglo-Afghan war in 1885. Resultantly the western boundaries of India were secured through the famous Durand Line Agreement in 1893 between Afghanistan and British India. After the independ...

Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2020

Education is the soul of a society. It is a long term investment by a state to develop its human ... more Education is the soul of a society. It is a long term investment by a state to develop its human capital. Those countries which invested heavily in human development are reaping the benefits. Education and health as indicators of human development are of utmost importance. Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) in the extreme north of Pakistan is a mountainous area. Before the construction of Karakoram Highway (KKH), their status of education and health was extremely miserable. Only 3 middle and 80 primary schools were available in the entire area of Gilgit-Baltistan. Similarly, 2 hospitals and 10 small dispensaries were available in the health sector. Therefore, this study is an effort to evaluate the impact of KKH on education and health development of Gilgit-Baltistan. Results show a significant change and development, especially in the education sector. However, in the health sector, there is an intense need for more investment. As the area of Gilgit-Baltistan is vast and scattered, the people f...

I solemnly declare that the research work presented in the thesis titled "Impact of Karakoram Hig... more I solemnly declare that the research work presented in the thesis titled "Impact of Karakoram Highway on the SocioEconomic Development of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan" is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zerotolerance policy of the HEC and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore, I, as author of above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly refered/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of Ph,D., degree, the University reserves the right to withdraw/revoke my Ph.D., degree and that HEC and the University has the to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who

Central Asia, 2020

The paper aims to explore Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns(2007) from the deconstructiv... more The paper aims to explore Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns(2007) from the deconstructive perspective of gender construction through the untraditional and challenging role of women in patriarchal Afghan society. Hosseini is one of the acclaimed Afghan-American novelists whose art speaks against the concerns of discrimination and segregation on ethnic, religious and gender basis. His novels are deeply entrenched with his own observations and experiences to portray the grim realities and the woes of Afghan society that is badly torn by the unending wars on its soil. The deconstructive approach challenges the taken-for-granted patriarchal socio-cultural norms of Afghan society represented in A Thousand Splendid Suns. Women characters engage in diverse performances that question the stability of gender construction in the novel. The variability of gender in the novel depends upon performativity of the characters. In their actions, they generate multiple shades of gender identit...

Impact of Karakoram Highway on Land use and Agricultural Development of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 2019