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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Nutrition and Cancer
Abstract Background and aim: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Several studies... more Abstract Background and aim: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Several studies have investigated the effects of dietary patterns on prostate cancer risk, but this topic is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk. Methods: In a case-control study, 60 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 hospital-based controls were selected from two main hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Data on dietary intakes, anthropometric features, and demographic characteristics were collected. To determine the dietary patterns factor analysis, and to estimate the odds ratios (ORs), multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified: Western dietary (WD) pattern and Mediterranean dietary (MD) pattern. After adjusting for potential confounders, men who had higher scores for WD pattern (above the median) were more likely to have prostate cancer (OR = 5.15; 95% CI (1.44–18.47); P = 0.01) compared with men who had lower scores. A nonsignificant inverse association was found for MD pattern (OR = 0.62; 95% CI (0.22–1.77); P = 0.37). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that WD pattern may increase the risk of prostate cancer and the beneficial effects of MD pattern on prostate cancer risk need further research.
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, Jul 27, 2017
Background: Several studies have investigated the association between healthy plant foods intake ... more Background: Several studies have investigated the association between healthy plant foods intake and prostate cancer risk with inconsistent results. So this study was conducted to examine the existence of any possible association between healthy plant foods and prostate cancer risk. Materials and Methods: Sixty newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 controls engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. A validated 16o-items semi-quantitative FFQ was used to assess usual dietary intakes. Energy-adjusted amounts of healthy plant foods intake were calculated using the residual method. Logistic regression model was also used to derive beta estimates and odds ratios. Results: Cases were older and more likely to be inactive. In crude model, individuals in the highest tertile vs lowest tertile of total healthy plant foods (OR= 0.12; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.34), total fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.30), total vegetables (OR= 0.08; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.24), fresh fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.0...
Cell's ability to respond to its environment is necessary for maintaining homeostasis in the ... more Cell's ability to respond to its environment is necessary for maintaining homeostasis in the living organism. Extracellular signals that induce long-term responses affect many aspects of cell function, and enabling differentiated cells to changing their shape, metabolism, or movement. The process by which a signal on a cell’s surface is amplified and converted into a specific cellular response is a “Signaling Pathway”. Signaling Pathway’s Components are 1-Stimulus, 2-Receptor, 3-Secondary messengers, 4-Effector molecules, and 5-Response. Alterations in these signaling pathways cause many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and immune defects. A large number of bioactive dietary ingredients in food may provide protection at several stages of the cancer process. Representative bioactive components found in food that are protective against cancer include essential nutrients (i.e., calcium, zinc, selenium, folate, Vitamins C, D and E) as well as nonessential food components (i.e., carotenoids, flavonoids, indoles, allyl sulfur compounds, conjugated linoleic acid, n-3 fatty acids, and lipoic acid). Bioactive food components as a “Stimulus” of Signaling Pathway are usually small molecules of plant origin. These bioactive food components may modify simultaneously more than one cancer development mechanism such as hormonal balance, cell signaling, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Consumption of natural source substances confer chemopreventive activities. Chemoprevention refer to the use of nontoxic chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin to inhibit, retard, or even reverse the specific stage of carcinogenesis. The Success of chemoprevention lies in the understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. Multiple Signaling cascades by dietary ingredients within the cell include IGF-1 pathway, Nrf2, NF-kB AP-1, MAPK, and inflammatory mediator-related signaling Pathway. In Conclusion, A particular cancer chemopreventive dietary ingredients which may modulate the above Signaling pathway would provide opportunities for future design of chemopreventive agents based on molecular targeting. Key word: Chemoprevention, “Signaling Pathway” or “signal transduction”or “signaling system”
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a siprmilar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Biological rhythms are an integral component of essentially all aspects of life.These rhythms are... more Biological rhythms are an integral component of essentially all aspects of life.These rhythms are controlled in part by circadian clocks, The core-clock proteins are: CLOCK, BMAL1, NPAS2. These core-clock proteins associate and activate the transcription of many other clock genes Crys, Pers, Rev-Erbs, Rors. Circadian clocks are present in almost all tissues in mammals. The master or ‘central’ clock is located in the suprachiasmaticnucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus that responds to the environmental light–dark cycle . BMAL1 and CLOCK, Two Essential Components of the Circadian Clock, The circadian clock controls food processing and energy homeostasis by regulating the expression and/or activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol, amino acid, lipid, glycogen, and glucose metabolism.. In humans, many aspects of metabolism display circadian cycles, including 24-hour variation of glucose, insulin, and leptin ,glucagon, adiponectin, corticosterone, and ghrelin levels. ,Studies suggested connections between clock gene variation and development of cancer, metabolic syndrome, and obesity and food intake and Calorie restriction (CR). There are several nutrients, such as glucose, ethanol, adenosine, caffeine, thiamine, and retinoic acid, that link with phase-shift circadian rhythms. There is a lot of evidence that links feeding regimens, food components, and the biological clock. Caloric restriction; Restricted feeding; Nutrition; Metabolism; Circadian rhythms
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Nutrition and Cancer
Abstract Background and aim: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Several studies... more Abstract Background and aim: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Several studies have investigated the effects of dietary patterns on prostate cancer risk, but this topic is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk. Methods: In a case-control study, 60 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 hospital-based controls were selected from two main hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Data on dietary intakes, anthropometric features, and demographic characteristics were collected. To determine the dietary patterns factor analysis, and to estimate the odds ratios (ORs), multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified: Western dietary (WD) pattern and Mediterranean dietary (MD) pattern. After adjusting for potential confounders, men who had higher scores for WD pattern (above the median) were more likely to have prostate cancer (OR = 5.15; 95% CI (1.44–18.47); P = 0.01) compared with men who had lower scores. A nonsignificant inverse association was found for MD pattern (OR = 0.62; 95% CI (0.22–1.77); P = 0.37). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that WD pattern may increase the risk of prostate cancer and the beneficial effects of MD pattern on prostate cancer risk need further research.
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, Jul 27, 2017
Background: Several studies have investigated the association between healthy plant foods intake ... more Background: Several studies have investigated the association between healthy plant foods intake and prostate cancer risk with inconsistent results. So this study was conducted to examine the existence of any possible association between healthy plant foods and prostate cancer risk. Materials and Methods: Sixty newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 controls engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. A validated 16o-items semi-quantitative FFQ was used to assess usual dietary intakes. Energy-adjusted amounts of healthy plant foods intake were calculated using the residual method. Logistic regression model was also used to derive beta estimates and odds ratios. Results: Cases were older and more likely to be inactive. In crude model, individuals in the highest tertile vs lowest tertile of total healthy plant foods (OR= 0.12; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.34), total fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.30), total vegetables (OR= 0.08; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.24), fresh fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.0...
Cell's ability to respond to its environment is necessary for maintaining homeostasis in the ... more Cell's ability to respond to its environment is necessary for maintaining homeostasis in the living organism. Extracellular signals that induce long-term responses affect many aspects of cell function, and enabling differentiated cells to changing their shape, metabolism, or movement. The process by which a signal on a cell’s surface is amplified and converted into a specific cellular response is a “Signaling Pathway”. Signaling Pathway’s Components are 1-Stimulus, 2-Receptor, 3-Secondary messengers, 4-Effector molecules, and 5-Response. Alterations in these signaling pathways cause many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and immune defects. A large number of bioactive dietary ingredients in food may provide protection at several stages of the cancer process. Representative bioactive components found in food that are protective against cancer include essential nutrients (i.e., calcium, zinc, selenium, folate, Vitamins C, D and E) as well as nonessential food components (i.e., carotenoids, flavonoids, indoles, allyl sulfur compounds, conjugated linoleic acid, n-3 fatty acids, and lipoic acid). Bioactive food components as a “Stimulus” of Signaling Pathway are usually small molecules of plant origin. These bioactive food components may modify simultaneously more than one cancer development mechanism such as hormonal balance, cell signaling, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Consumption of natural source substances confer chemopreventive activities. Chemoprevention refer to the use of nontoxic chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin to inhibit, retard, or even reverse the specific stage of carcinogenesis. The Success of chemoprevention lies in the understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. Multiple Signaling cascades by dietary ingredients within the cell include IGF-1 pathway, Nrf2, NF-kB AP-1, MAPK, and inflammatory mediator-related signaling Pathway. In Conclusion, A particular cancer chemopreventive dietary ingredients which may modulate the above Signaling pathway would provide opportunities for future design of chemopreventive agents based on molecular targeting. Key word: Chemoprevention, “Signaling Pathway” or “signal transduction”or “signaling system”
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a siprmilar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Biological rhythms are an integral component of essentially all aspects of life.These rhythms are... more Biological rhythms are an integral component of essentially all aspects of life.These rhythms are controlled in part by circadian clocks, The core-clock proteins are: CLOCK, BMAL1, NPAS2. These core-clock proteins associate and activate the transcription of many other clock genes Crys, Pers, Rev-Erbs, Rors. Circadian clocks are present in almost all tissues in mammals. The master or ‘central’ clock is located in the suprachiasmaticnucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus that responds to the environmental light–dark cycle . BMAL1 and CLOCK, Two Essential Components of the Circadian Clock, The circadian clock controls food processing and energy homeostasis by regulating the expression and/or activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol, amino acid, lipid, glycogen, and glucose metabolism.. In humans, many aspects of metabolism display circadian cycles, including 24-hour variation of glucose, insulin, and leptin ,glucagon, adiponectin, corticosterone, and ghrelin levels. ,Studies suggested connections between clock gene variation and development of cancer, metabolic syndrome, and obesity and food intake and Calorie restriction (CR). There are several nutrients, such as glucose, ethanol, adenosine, caffeine, thiamine, and retinoic acid, that link with phase-shift circadian rhythms. There is a lot of evidence that links feeding regimens, food components, and the biological clock. Caloric restriction; Restricted feeding; Nutrition; Metabolism; Circadian rhythms