samuel majalija - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by samuel majalija

Veterinary Research, 2010

... Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E strips (Bio Merieux, Marcy-I'Etoile, France) were als... more ... Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E strips (Bio Merieux, Marcy-I'Etoile, France) were also used to confirm the identification of the ... This is probably because gentamicin has had limited use in chicken production (Bywater et al., 2004) and the available parenteral preparations are not ...

This study was conducted under the supervision of associate Professor Gay B. Elisha and co-superv... more This study was conducted under the supervision of associate Professor Gay B. Elisha and co-supervisor Dr Segal Heidi both of University of Cape Town, and associate Professor Francis Ejobi from Makerere University. I am greatly indebted to Professor Gay B. Elisha for the intellectual guidance, inspiration and patience during the entire study period. I am thankful to Dr Heidi Segal for equipping me with the needed skills in molecular biology and to associate Professor Francis Ejobi for the guidance during field work. 3.3.3 Genetic relatedness of clinical STEC strains in phases 1 and 3.3.4 Determination and analyses of individual bovine STEC colonies: relatedness to each other and to the clinical STEC .

Veterinary Medicine International

Veterinary Medicine International, Apr 20, 2023

Background. Poultry production in Uganda is growing at a fast rate due to increasing demand, notw... more Background. Poultry production in Uganda is growing at a fast rate due to increasing demand, notwithstanding, poor husbandry practices, and diseases, prompting farmers to rear healthy productive focks with antimicrobials. Te study evaluated the knowledge and practices as regards the use of antibiotics among poultry farmers in Masindi district and determined the antibiotic susceptibility profles of E. coli strains from chickens. Methods. A cross-sectional study using a closed-end questionnaire was conducted in 140 selected small-scale commercial poultry farms in Masindi district between June and December, 2020. Analyzed qualitative data were presented as frequencies, percentages, and their 95% confdence intervals (95% CI). Fecal swabs from chickens were inoculated onto a MacConkey agar, and E. coli was confrmed by standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk difusion method for 7 antibiotics. Results. Most farmers (74%) used antibiotics, mainly tetracycline (51.4%) and sulfonamides (28.6%), given to the chicks (45%), for both curative and prophylaxis purposes (80%), and via drinking water (67%). Farmers mainly used antibiotics recommended by the veterinarian (76.4%), more than relying on experience (10.7%), while 45% were involved in self-medicating the birds. On choosing the correct dosage, 45.7% read the instruction, and 42.9% consulted a veterinarian. Only 10.7% observed the drug withdrawal period, while 53.6% consumed eggs at home or sold eggs (35.7%) from birds under treatment. Of the 200 E. coli strains, 90 (45.0%) were resistant to one drug, 74 (37.0%) to two, and multidrug resistance to three classes of antibiotics was 36 (18.0%). Overall, E. coli resistance to tetracycline was (69.0%), ampicillin (37.0%), sulfonamides (36.0%), and to kanamycin (1.5%). Conclusions. Te small-scale poultry farmers frequently use antimicrobial drugs, mainly tetracycline and sulfonamides for curative and prophylaxis. Tus, enforcing measures against antibiotic use supported by a strong veterinary service sector and farmers' training on judicious use of antimicrobials are needed.

Research Square (Research Square), May 2, 2023

Background: Piggery production is a main income source for the rural poor in Uganda, where 1.3 mi... more Background: Piggery production is a main income source for the rural poor in Uganda, where 1.3 million households own about 4.47 million pigs. Nonetheless, health challenges and lack of knowledge by the farmers affect the productivity and pro ts of the pig enterprises. Thus, this study determined the knowledge and practices among smallholder pig farmers and the associated risk factors for pig gastrointestinal disorders in Masindi district, Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a closed-end questionnaire interview of 170 smallholder pig farmers in the rural district of Masindi, from April to July 2020. The qualitative data was analyzed and presented as frequencies, percentages, and their 95% con dence intervals. Bivariate and multi-variate analysis were used to determine factors associated with GIT disorders. Results: Of the 170 farmers, males and females were equal (50%), mostly as pig owners (91.2%), rural folks (88.8%), who raised other animal species (72.9%) and with 5-10 years (72.4%) of experience. Of these, 67.6% were married, mainly in age ranges of groups 19-50 (90.6%) and 47.6% had attained primary school level. Pig rearing was for income generation (95.5%) and 79.4% reported GIT on their farms, affecting local breeds (57.0%) of all age groups and throughout the year. Similarly, a majority of the farmers identi ed common clinical signs associated with GIT, transmission routes and adherence to biosecurity practices. However, 62.9% treated the sick pigs, 40.6% sold the sick pigs and only 25.9% consulted a veterinarian. At multivariable logistic regression analysis, being a female farmer (p = 0.018,

Zoonoses and public health, Nov 3, 2018

Many factors, including lack of knowledge, influence diagnosis and reporting of disease in Sub-Sa... more Many factors, including lack of knowledge, influence diagnosis and reporting of disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. Health Care workers (HCWs) are in constant interaction with communities and play an important role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, including zoonoses. We determined knowledge of HCWs regarding cause, vector, transmission, diagnosis and clinical symptoms of five zoonotic diseases: anthrax, brucellosis, rabies as well as Ebola and marburg haemorrhagic fevers in endemic western Uganda. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among HCWs based at health centres in and around Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area, Western Uganda. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure knowledge of these five most common zoonoses recently recorded in the area. Data were captured as true if the responses were correct or false if incorrect. Analyses were in STATA and inferential statistics by cross-tabulation, and a chi-square P-value of less than 0...

BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae, a capsulated lancet gram-positive bacterium, is the leading c... more BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae, a capsulated lancet gram-positive bacterium, is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children globally and is the primary cause of pneumonia.Pseudomonas aeruginosais an opportunistic human pathogen and the leading cause of nosocomial infections, among patients who are admitted to intensive care units. With the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, there is a shift of choice from allopathy to naturopathy, where herbs are common ingredients of medicines and components of treatment protocols. It is against this background that this study aimed to investigate the susceptibility ofP. aeruginosaandS. pneumoniaeto ethanolic and aqueous extracts of ginger using the agar well diffusion technique.MethodologyAbsolute (95%) Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents to make extracts from the ginger powder. The filtrate was dried, and the resulting substance was used to conduct antimicrobial tests onStreptococcus pneumoni...

This article cites 14 articles, 9 of which can be accessed free at:

BMC Research Notes, 2018

ObjectiveBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease usually acquired through direct contact with the infec... more ObjectiveBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease usually acquired through direct contact with the infected animals and consumption of contaminated milk and meat products. In humans Brucellosis presents similar signs with other febrile diseases like Malaria, typhoid and other febrile conditions. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Brucella abortus among patients with fever but were negative for Malaria.ResultsA cross-sectional study was carried out in Namayumba Health Centre IV, Wakiso district involving 200 participants. Blood samples was screened for B. abortus using Serum Agglutination Test and confirmed with Tube Agglutination test. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and human Brucellosis related risk factors. Human B. abortus sero-prevalence was at 7.5% (n = 200). The prevalence was high among participants aged 18–35 years (13.3%), muslims 12 (14.0%), those with no formal education (33.3%) and divorced 2 (14.3%). Consumi...

This study describes the molecular characteristics of STEC isolated from the pastoralist communit... more This study describes the molecular characteristics of STEC isolated from the pastoralist community of Nyabushozi in Southwestern Uganda. Faecal samples or rectal swabs of children with diarrhoea obtained in phases 1 and 2 were investigated for the presence of STEC by PCR detection of stx genes. During phase 1, cattle reared on range which were associated with households of sick children were investigated in parallel to the children for STEC excretion. STEC was isolated from E. coli in 7 of 80 (8.8%) children and in 15 of 216 (6.9%) bovines in phase 1. Similarly, STEC was isolated from 11 of 142 (7.7%) E. coli carrying children and 3 of 45 (6.7%) water samples in phase 2. Molecular characterization further ascertained the genetic relatedness of STEC. PFGE pro les of up to 10 colonies obtained from an individual source (child, bovine or water) and in total 185 STEC colonies were analysed. Nine pro les from 43 colonies (phase 1) and 15 pro les from 38 colonies (phase 2) obtained from c...

Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2006

No Abstract. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54(1) 2006: 79-81

Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

Background Post-exposure treatment for dog bites in humans aims at alleviating the risk of rabies... more Background Post-exposure treatment for dog bites in humans aims at alleviating the risk of rabies and promoting wound healing. Wound healing may be complicated by bacteria. This study identified the different bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibilities in infected dog bite wounds (DBWs) in Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 dog bite patients. Wound swabs from patients with infected DBWs were collected and inoculated into recommended media. They were cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. All isolated bacteria were identified based on colony characteristics, gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed for strains that were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method following the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The data were analysed using Stata version 15 software. Results Approximately half of the patients (52.9%, 199/376) presen...

Additional file 2. Interview guiding questions for Focus Group Discussions.

Additional file 1. Survey Questionnaire tool.

quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement ... more quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only. Un ive rsi ty of

PLOS ONE, 2021

Dog-mediated rabies is on the increase in Uganda despite the availability of post-exposure prophy... more Dog-mediated rabies is on the increase in Uganda despite the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP procedures are expounded in the Uganda Clinical Guidelines (UCG) of 2016. We assessed adherence by health workers to UCG while managing dog bites in two PEP centers and obtained insights into motivations of their practices. Using qualitative methods, we observed the health worker-patient encounters, reviewed medical records, and interviewed 14 health workers that were involved in managing dog bite injuries. We used deductive thematic analysis to identify codes in themes developed from UCG. We found that much of the history of the bites was taken, but it was neither verified nor written down on the patient’s file. Classification of wounds was inaccurate and ancillary laboratory assessments like culture and sensitivity tests were not conducted in all cases. Although antibiotics were given for both treatment and prophylactic purposes, the prescription was based on availabil...

xxi 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of this work: background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... more xxi 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of this work: background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Geographic, demographic and climate characteristics of the cattle corridor in Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Pastoral livestock system in Mbarara subregion . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Cattle: the source of one of the pathogenic groups of Escherichia coli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 E. coli associated with gastrointestinal infections . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 vii Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn

Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014

Intensification of aquaculture production in Uganda is likely to result into disease out-breaks l... more Intensification of aquaculture production in Uganda is likely to result into disease out-breaks leading to economic losses to commercial fish farms and associated natural aquatic ecosystems. This survey assessed health profiles of selected commercial fish farms and adjacent natural aquatic ecosystemsto identify fish diseases and parasites affecting Nile tilapia ( Oreochroms niloticus ) and African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in aquaculture systems in Uganda. Fish farms encounter disease out-breaks that cause low survival rates (0 - 30%), especially catfish hatcheries. Health management issues are not well understood by fish farmers, with some unable to detect diseased fish. Current control strategies to control aquatic pathogens include use of chemotherapeutants and antibiotics. Bacterial pathogens isolated included Flavobacterium columnare, Aeromonas sp., Edwardsiella sp., Psuedomonus sp., Steptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., and Vibrio sp. A high occurrence of Fla...