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Papers by stefan bogaerts

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Preoccupied adult attachment style as a vulnerability factor in the prediction of PTSD among secu... more Preoccupied adult attachment style as a vulnerability factor in the prediction of PTSD among security workers

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2021

Forensic healthcare workers deal with patients with severe psychiatric and behavioral problems th... more Forensic healthcare workers deal with patients with severe psychiatric and behavioral problems that put them at an increased risk of developing work-related stress and burnout. Working with this target group of patients during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic with far-reaching restrictive measures can negatively affect the psychological well-being of forensic workers. Research suggests that resilience can buffer workplace stress and contribute positively to psychological well-being. However, research on resilience, psychological well-being and work-related stress among forensic healthcare workers is still lacking. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the interrelations between psychological well-being and resilience on the one hand and work-related stress and Covid-19 fear-related symptoms on the other hand. Self-report data were obtained from 318 healthcare workers (73.9% women) working in three Forensic Psychiatric Centers (M age = 44.20, SD = 14.31) and are i...

Full Professor of Forensic Psychology and Victimology at Tilburg University, INTERVICT, Law Schoo... more Full Professor of Forensic Psychology and Victimology at Tilburg University, INTERVICT, Law School. Forensic Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Catholic University Louvain. Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Faculty of Law. Head Research and Innovation Forensic Psychiatric Center De Kijvelanden/Dok Visiting Professor at the Advanced High School of Criminological Sciences – CRINVE. Member of LIBRA‟s Advisory Board Association nonprofit – Network for the study and the development of dynamics of mediation.

Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose o... more Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

BMC Psychology

Background Although systematic research on narcissism has been conducted for over 100 years, rese... more Background Although systematic research on narcissism has been conducted for over 100 years, researchers have only recently started to distinguish between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in relation to criminal behavior. In addition, there is some evidence suggesting that identity integration and self-control may underlie this association. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a theory-driven hypothetical model that investigates the complex associations between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, identity integration, self-control, and criminal behavior using structural equation modeling (SEM). Methods The total sample (N = 222) included 65 (29.3%) individuals convicted of criminal behavior and 157 (70.7%) participants from the community, with a mean age of 37.71 years (SD = 13.25). Criminal behavior was a grouping variable used as a categorical outcome, whereas self-report questionnaires were used to assess grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, self-control, and identit...

Objective: The Dark Triad (DT) traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) have been ... more Objective: The Dark Triad (DT) traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) have been linked with both alexithymia and maladaptive personality domains (negative effectivity, detachment, disinhibition, antagonism, psychoticism) comprised in the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) of the DSM 5. However, the differential associations of DT with the AMPD personality domains need to be further examined in research with homogeneous samples, in order to improve our understanding of malevolent personality traits. Method: We examined the associations between maladaptive personality domains, DT traits and alexithymia factors in 420 women aged between 18 and 66 years old. Results: Despite uniform bivariate associations, distinct profiles emerged from multiple regression analyses, in line with conceptual expectations. Antagonism was the only common positive predictor of all DT traits. Negative effectivity was positively associated with narcissism, but negatively with p...

Psychology of Music

Besides innate dancing or musical predispositions, other factors contributing to success in these... more Besides innate dancing or musical predispositions, other factors contributing to success in these highly competitive domains are important to investigate. The present study examined the role of personality and intelligence in ballet and musical school performance. Data were obtained from 155 high school ballet ( n = 75) and music ( n = 80) students in Serbia (75% females, mean age = 16.12, SD = 1.14). Personality traits were assessed with the Big Five Inventory, and intelligence was assessed with the Cybernetic Intelligence Tests Battery, which measures perceptual, verbal, and spatial abilities. A hierarchical multiple regression was computed to investigate if ballet or musical success could be predicted by personality traits and intelligence. Personality traits and intelligence explained 26% of the variance in ballet success and 35% of the variance in musical success. Conscientiousness and general intelligence predicted both ballet and musical success. Low neuroticism and perceptua...

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

In this study, growth trajectories (from admission until unconditional release) of crime-related ... more In this study, growth trajectories (from admission until unconditional release) of crime-related dynamic risk factors were investigated in a sample of Dutch forensic patients ( N = 317), using latent growth curve modeling. After testing the unconditional model, three predictors were added: first-time offender versus recidivist, age, and treatment duration. Postanalyses were chi-square difference tests, t tests, and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to assess differences in trajectories. Overall, on scale level, a decrease of risk factors over time was found. The predictors showed no significant slope differences although age and treatment duration differed significantly at some time points. The oldest age group performed worse, especially at later time points. Treatment duration effects were found at the second time point. Our results that forensic patients show a decrease in crime-related risk factors may indicate that treatment is effective. This study also found differences in growth...

Journal of Criminal Justice

Personality dysfunctions and psychopathy are central in most theories of crime. However, differen... more Personality dysfunctions and psychopathy are central in most theories of crime. However, different offense types are likely driven by different motivational factors. Therefore, it is plausible that distinct offender groups differ in terms of personality features. In the present study, child molesters, (non-sex) violent offenders and community participants were compared on self-report measures of personality functioning in the self-and interpersonal domains (i.e., self-control, identity integration, responsibility, relational capacity, and social concordance), and psychopathic traits. Methods: Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to examine differences between child molesters (N = 74), violent offenders (N = 64), and community participants (N = 238) on psychopathic traits and personality functioning. Results: Bivariate associations among personality features were largely consistent across groups. Violent offenders showed higher levels of personality dysfunctions and psychopathy, compared to both child molesters and community participants. Child molesters reported more selective impairments. Compared to community participants, child molesters reported significantly greater impairments in self-control, identity integration, responsibility, and relational capacities. Conclusions: The different personality profiles of the two offender groups corroborate the importance of applying different theoretical models and treatment approaches to child molesters and non-sex violent offenders.

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Background: Effective treatment interventions for criminal offenders are necessary to reduce risk... more Background: Effective treatment interventions for criminal offenders are necessary to reduce risk of criminal recidivism. Evidence about deviant electroencephalographic (EEG)-frequencies underlying disorders found in criminal offenders is accumulating. Yet, treatment modalities, such as neurofeedback, are rarely applied in the forensic psychiatric domain. Since offenders usually have multiple disorders, difficulties adhering to long-term treatment modalities, and are highly vulnerable for psychiatric decompensation, more information about neurofeedback training protocols, number of sessions, and expected symptom reduction is necessary before it can be successfully used in offender populations. Method: Studies were analyzed that used neurofeedback in adult criminal offenders, and in disorders these patients present with. Specifically aggression, violence, recidivism, offending, psychopathy, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance-use disorder (SUD), and cluster B personality disorders were included. Only studies that reported changes in EEG-frequencies posttreatment (increase/decrease/no change in EEG amplitude/power) were included. Results: Databases Psychinfo and Pubmed were searched in the period 1990-2017 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, resulting in a total of 10 studies. Studies in which neurofeedback was applied in ADHD (N = 3), SUD (N = 3), schizophrenia (N = 3), and psychopathy (N = 1) could be identified. No studies could be identified for neurofeedback applied in cluster B personality disorders, aggression, violence, or recidivism in criminal offenders. For all treatment populations and neurofeedback protocols, number of sessions varied greatly. Changes in behavioral levels ranged from no improvements to significant symptom reduction after neurofeedback training. The results are also mixed concerning posttreatment changes in targeted EEG-frequency bands. Only three studies established criteria for EEG-learning. Conclusion: Implications of the results for the applicability of neurofeedback training in criminal offender populations are discussed. More research focusing on neurofeedback and learning of cortical activity regulation is needed in populations with externalizing behaviors associated with violence and criminal behavior, as well as multiple comorbidities.

JMIR research protocols, Jan 25, 2017

Impulsivity and substance use disorder (SUD) are strongly interconnected, with persons scoring hi... more Impulsivity and substance use disorder (SUD) are strongly interconnected, with persons scoring high on impulsivity being more vulnerable to develop substance abuse, facing more challenges for successful treatment, and being more prone to engage in criminal behavior. Studies have shown that impulsivity and craving for substances are strongly correlated. Neurofeedback is an effective treatment to reduce impulsive behavior. This study intends to determine to what extent a neurofeedback-intervention that is aimed at reducing impulsivity can also reduce levels of craving in forensic patients with SUD and comorbid Axis I and/or II diagnoses. The main objective of this study is to investigate to what extent a reduction in impulsivity by a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-neurofeedback intervention will lead to a reduction in craving in a population of forensic psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of SUD. Participants will be male SUD patients with various comorbidities residing in an inpatient f...

Patients with end-stage renal disease reliant on maintenance hemodialysis therapy may be particul... more Patients with end-stage renal disease reliant on maintenance hemodialysis therapy may be particularly susceptible to developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after natural disasters. Cross-sectional study. Patients who received treatment at 9 New Orleans, LA, metropolitan area hemodialysis units before Hurricane Katrina made landfall on August 29, 2005, were recruited for the study. Overall, 391 patients completed the interview between April and October 2006 (participation rate, 85.6%). Demographic, dialysis-related, and evacuation characteristics. PTSD was assessed by using the 17-item PTSD Checklist and defined using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. Overall, 23.8% of hemodialysis patients reported symptoms consistent with PTSD. After adjustment for age and sex, black patients were 1.92 (95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 2.83) times more likely than whites to have PTSD. After age, race, and sex adjustment, PTSD was more common i...

This study examined parental sensitivity, relational attitude (i.e., trust, friendship, adult rom... more This study examined parental sensitivity, relational attitude (i.e., trust, friendship, adult romantic attachment), and personality disorders in the aetiology of sexual offences among a group of 84 child molesters and a matched normal control group (n = 80). The child molesters were selected from either a community-based, edu-cational training program (n = 51), or a Belgium prison (n = 33). Analyses using structural equation modeling found that both relational attitude and personality disorders differentiated between the child molesters and the comparison group. Implications for the aetiology and treatment of child molesting is discussed. KEY WORDS: sex offenders; pedophilia; interpersonal factors. In the past 15 years, research has focussed on the intimacy deficits of sexual offenders (Marshall, 1989; Smallbone & Dadds, 1998). Research has shown that child molesters and rapists experienced less intimacy than comparison groups of normal men (Marshall, 1994) or nonsexual delinquents ...

Journal of Personality Assessment

The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale is widely used to assess psychopathic traits in... more The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale is widely used to assess psychopathic traits in noninstitutionalized samples. Recent studies suggest that a three-factor structure measuring Egocentricity, Callousness, and Antisocial factors outperformed the original two-factor structure of the LSRP. This study replicated and extended these findings by examining the factor structure and construct validity of a Dutch version of the LSRP in a community sample (N ¼ 856, subsamples ranging between 140 and 572 participants). Confirmatory factor analysis results corroborated the superiority of the three-factor model of the LSRP, using 19 of the 26 LSRP items. Limitations included the need to specify correlated residuals for some indicators, although these were largely in line with prior studies. Across three subsamples, we found evidence for construct validity of the LSRP subscales. Egocentricity and Antisocial showed a pattern of differential associations with external correlates in accordance with theoretical expectations. Callousness shared some correlates with Egocentricity, others with Antisocial, and uniquely predicted low morality and high physical aggression. Few exceptions to the hypothesized associations were observed, mostly concerning Callousness. Overall, the LSRP three-factor model received further support in a Dutch sample, and is thus recommended in future research, possibly adding items to improve the performance of the Callousness factor.

International journal of law and psychiatry, Jan 12, 2016

To examine the criminal outcome of Flemish forensic psychiatric patients ('internees') af... more To examine the criminal outcome of Flemish forensic psychiatric patients ('internees') after medium security treatment. Also, the effect of conditional release on recidivism of two subgroups (internees under conditional release and internees who received unconditional release) was examined. Reconviction rates and revocation rates were collected for all participants. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to investigate recidivism rates while controlling for time at risk. During the 10-year period, 502 offenders were discharged from medium security treatment. Over a follow-up period averaging 3.6years, 7.4% of discharged patients were reconvicted or received a new 'not guilty by reason of insanity' (NGRI) verdict for a violent offence. One-quarter of the population had their conditional release revoked. Part of the study population was granted unconditional release. Reconviction rates were higher after unconditional release in comparison to conditional release. The ...

Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 2015

Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 2014

Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2015

In most epidemiological prevalence studies of child sexual abuse, the role of ethnicity remains u... more In most epidemiological prevalence studies of child sexual abuse, the role of ethnicity remains unclear. This study examined the prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in four non-Western ethnic minority groups and compared them with a native Dutch group. A sample of 3,426 young adults (aged 18-25) completed a structured, online survey on experiences of child sexual abuse. A total of 42.9% (n = 1,469) participants reported at least one form of child sexual abuse victimization before the age of 18. Surinamese and Turkish respondents' prevalence rates did not differ from the native Dutch youth. However, the Dutch Antillean respondents reported significantly higher rates of child sexual abuse on specific forms of abuse, whereas the Moroccan respondents reported lower rates compared with their native Dutch peers. With this study, we have more insight into the differences-however small they may be-between ethnic groups and native Dutch youth regarding child sexual abuse.