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Papers by saulo brito espino

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, Dec 31, 2022

36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2023)

Water

This work presents an original 3D code in FreeFem++ to recreate the behavior of anaerobic microor... more This work presents an original 3D code in FreeFem++ to recreate the behavior of anaerobic microorganisms in non-stirred anaerobic reactors with an intermittent feed. The physical and biochemical phenomena have been considered using a mathematical model based on a set of partial differential equations: Stokes, advection–diffusion, and diffusion–reaction. The description of the anaerobic metabolism was carried out by implementing the structured AMD1 model. The Galerkin finite element method has been used to solve the partial differential equations defined in the model. Finally, the methodology and procedures are presented by means of a concrete example. Thanks to the inclusion of this e-learning tool for use in virtual laboratories, it is possible to improve the understanding of engineering students on the functioning of the metabolism that takes place inside non-stirred anaerobic reactors that are fed discontinuously. This proposal reinforces to students, in a transversal way, both e...

Water

This work proposes a series of strategies and tools for the design and characterization of natura... more This work proposes a series of strategies and tools for the design and characterization of natural treatment systems of wastewater (NTSW) applied in livestock farms, considering the parameters of flow rate (Q), conductivity (EC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste generated, farm location, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and removal/reduction rate targets. The high organic load of the effluent generated in these farms has an important environmental impact, which is amplified in insular or isolated territories. The application of such treatment systems has demonstrated their suitability in these environments, but their design lacks proper characterization and sizing tools for their adequate operation. The proposed tools in this work are based on a collection of experimental data over a ten-year period of application of NTSW in real farms. This work contributes to facilitate the design and implementation of NTSW in farms located in isolated, island, or similar-size environme...

Water

In this study, the main elements that can make up a Natural Treatment System for Wastewater (NTSW... more In this study, the main elements that can make up a Natural Treatment System for Wastewater (NTSW), its most important parameters and properties of operation and design, have been analyzed, as well as the environmental problems derived from the generation of large amounts of slurry. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to improve the operation of these systems, associated with small and medium-sized livestock farms, in insular and isolated systems such as the Canary Islands. An Integrated and Resilient System (IRS) for monitoring and measuring operational variables quasi-continuous and in situ is proposed. Low-cost technology and open source hardware are employed, as well as application of the IoT (Internet of Things) strategies to share and analyze the information collected in the cloud. In view of the high degree of resilience and the simplicity of this type of technology, as well as its low cost, it is concluded that it is feasible to create a measurement syste...

11ª Feria Internacional Canagua&energía: Soluciones integrales de agua y energía para entornos aislados / Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 5 – 8 de octubre de 2017, promovida por el Cabildo de Gran Canaria y organizada por INFECAR, 2017

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

Desalination for the Environment Clean Water and Energy 2018 Athens, 2018

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2021

This article presents a proposal for modelling and numerical simulation with SCILAB with the aim ... more This article presents a proposal for modelling and numerical simulation with SCILAB with the aim of learning the continuous and discontinuous dynamics of anaerobic biological digesters. The objective is for the proposed design to be used in relevant Bachelor's and Master's degree course topics related to the area of environmental technology. The design is characterised by its versatility of the use in different situations and its employment of free and open-source tools. This latter aspect is an important characteristic as it allows the design to be modified quickly by students or teachers, depending on future needs. Some example simulation results are shown of the dynamic response of both continuous and discontinuous operation according to predefined operation specifications. By demonstrating these simulations, the design can be used to understand and learn the proposed objective.

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

Chemosphere, 2021

This paper reports results of a 5-year trial study of a natural treatment system for wastewater (... more This paper reports results of a 5-year trial study of a natural treatment system for wastewater (NTSW) on a livestock pig farm on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). The pilot plant consist of a rotary screen, a first-generation multi-chamber digester, and two horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetlands (HSFCW) with a pond installed between them. Results show that the removal efficiency of total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile solids (VS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the treatment were 91.77%, 95.99%, 82.62%, and 55.78%, respectively. Other removal values include 93.79% for total nitrogen (TN) and 93.05% for phosphorus (P2O5). The results demonstrate the suitability of NTSW solutions applied to livestock waste in pig farms and their potential application to other farms of similar size.

Science of The Total Environment, 2020

Anaerobic digestion technologies offer a set of advantages when they are implemented as a primary... more Anaerobic digestion technologies offer a set of advantages when they are implemented as a primary treatment phase prior to the use of constructed wetland systems in low cost wastewater facilities. The aim of this study is to describe a model capable of reflecting the complex functioning of anaerobic lagoons, subject to continuous flux in the feed pipe, taking into account that physicochemical properties are subject to a concentration gradient and biochemical ones to simultaneous reactions which depend on each other. Based on both Stokes and advection-diffusion-reaction equations, the proposed model includes twenty-one variables to describe hydraulic, physical, biochemical and physicochemical characteristics that take place in different points of the system and at different moments of time. Drawn up by the International Water Association, the anaerobic digestion model ADM1 is included for the purpose of incorporating the anaerobic processes in the calculation. The finite element method was used to solve the nonlinear, second order partial differential equations of the model. The calculation strategy was designed using a flowchart. Using the open-source FreeFem++ software, a simulation of the mathematical model, in bi-dimensional space, is presented to demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of the proposed model. This yields essential information about the performance of the substrate, cells, and the biochemical reaction products in each of the points within the reactor. Simulations show the potential of this methodology to carry out studies of the behaviour of each of the variables contemplated in the model, as well as comparative studies of the various possible options. In addition, this methodology can be used to help modify the behaviour of the variables based on digester geometry and the boundary values the system is subject to. From the results, it can be concluded that the proposed methodology can be a useful tool for calculating and designing the aforementioned synergistic systems of anaerobic digester plug-flow reactors and constructed wetlands.

En el presente art́ıculo se presenta el diseño, fabricación y puesta en marcha de un biodigestor ... more En el presente art́ıculo se presenta el diseño, fabricación y puesta en marcha de un biodigestor anaerobio a escala de laboratorio para el estudio del crecimiento de microorganismos en función de diferentes parámetros, donde se ha medido, en continuo, el potencial redox, el pH, la presión y la temperatura. Para ello se ha utilizado, en primer lugar un sistema compacto de control y toma de datos(Arduino one). Este diseño ha sido desarrollado para ayudar a los estudiantes de ingenieŕıa a aprender y entender el funcionamiento de un biodigestor que, ayudado de las nuevas tecnoloǵıas, nos permite conocer diversas propiedades del sistema en cualquier momento, aśı como su evolución en el tiempo. De este modo se puede trazar curvas de propiedades y relacionarlas unas con otra para obtener un mejor conocimiento del estudio en su conjunto. En este contexto, se ha ha estudiado la relación existente entre la reacción óxido-reducción y la actividad microbiana con el fin de que el potencial redox...

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2019

Water

This article presents a proposal of an anaerobic biodigester on a laboratory scale for introducin... more This article presents a proposal of an anaerobic biodigester on a laboratory scale for introducing the monitoring and sensing techniques of the growth of microorganisms according to different parameters, where the redox potential, pH, pressure, and temperature have been measured in quasi-continuous mode. For this task, a microcontroller system was used (Atmega328—Arduino). Importantly, the design is based on flexible and open-source software, hardware, and firmware (Scilab, Arduino, Processing), facilitating its modification for other related studies. This design was developed to help engineering students to learn and to understand the operation of an anaerobic biodigester, which allows us to know various properties of the system at any time, as well as its evolution over time. In this way, property curves can be drawn and related to each other to obtain a better understanding of the biodigester operation. In this context, the relationship between the oxide-reduction reaction and mi...

Water

Anaerobic lagoons are natural wastewater treatment systems suitable for swine farms in small comm... more Anaerobic lagoons are natural wastewater treatment systems suitable for swine farms in small communities due to its low operational and building costs, as well as for the environmental sustainability that these technologies enable. The local weather is one of the factors which greatly influences the efficiency of the organic matter degradation within anaerobic lagoons, since microbial growth is closely related to temperature. In this manuscript, we propose a mathematical model which involves the two-dimensional Stokes, advection–diffusion-reaction and heat transfer equations for an unstirred fluid flow. Furthermore, the Anaerobic Digestion Model No1 (ADM1), developed by the International Water Association (IWA), has been implemented in the model. The partial differential equations resulting from the model, which involve a large number of state variables that change according to the position and the time, are solved through the use of the Finite Element Method. The results of the sim...

Journal of Environmental Management

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, Dec 31, 2022

36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2023)

Water

This work presents an original 3D code in FreeFem++ to recreate the behavior of anaerobic microor... more This work presents an original 3D code in FreeFem++ to recreate the behavior of anaerobic microorganisms in non-stirred anaerobic reactors with an intermittent feed. The physical and biochemical phenomena have been considered using a mathematical model based on a set of partial differential equations: Stokes, advection–diffusion, and diffusion–reaction. The description of the anaerobic metabolism was carried out by implementing the structured AMD1 model. The Galerkin finite element method has been used to solve the partial differential equations defined in the model. Finally, the methodology and procedures are presented by means of a concrete example. Thanks to the inclusion of this e-learning tool for use in virtual laboratories, it is possible to improve the understanding of engineering students on the functioning of the metabolism that takes place inside non-stirred anaerobic reactors that are fed discontinuously. This proposal reinforces to students, in a transversal way, both e...

Water

This work proposes a series of strategies and tools for the design and characterization of natura... more This work proposes a series of strategies and tools for the design and characterization of natural treatment systems of wastewater (NTSW) applied in livestock farms, considering the parameters of flow rate (Q), conductivity (EC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste generated, farm location, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and removal/reduction rate targets. The high organic load of the effluent generated in these farms has an important environmental impact, which is amplified in insular or isolated territories. The application of such treatment systems has demonstrated their suitability in these environments, but their design lacks proper characterization and sizing tools for their adequate operation. The proposed tools in this work are based on a collection of experimental data over a ten-year period of application of NTSW in real farms. This work contributes to facilitate the design and implementation of NTSW in farms located in isolated, island, or similar-size environme...

Water

In this study, the main elements that can make up a Natural Treatment System for Wastewater (NTSW... more In this study, the main elements that can make up a Natural Treatment System for Wastewater (NTSW), its most important parameters and properties of operation and design, have been analyzed, as well as the environmental problems derived from the generation of large amounts of slurry. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to improve the operation of these systems, associated with small and medium-sized livestock farms, in insular and isolated systems such as the Canary Islands. An Integrated and Resilient System (IRS) for monitoring and measuring operational variables quasi-continuous and in situ is proposed. Low-cost technology and open source hardware are employed, as well as application of the IoT (Internet of Things) strategies to share and analyze the information collected in the cloud. In view of the high degree of resilience and the simplicity of this type of technology, as well as its low cost, it is concluded that it is feasible to create a measurement syste...

11ª Feria Internacional Canagua&energía: Soluciones integrales de agua y energía para entornos aislados / Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 5 – 8 de octubre de 2017, promovida por el Cabildo de Gran Canaria y organizada por INFECAR, 2017

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

Desalination for the Environment Clean Water and Energy 2018 Athens, 2018

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2021

This article presents a proposal for modelling and numerical simulation with SCILAB with the aim ... more This article presents a proposal for modelling and numerical simulation with SCILAB with the aim of learning the continuous and discontinuous dynamics of anaerobic biological digesters. The objective is for the proposed design to be used in relevant Bachelor's and Master's degree course topics related to the area of environmental technology. The design is characterised by its versatility of the use in different situations and its employment of free and open-source tools. This latter aspect is an important characteristic as it allows the design to be modified quickly by students or teachers, depending on future needs. Some example simulation results are shown of the dynamic response of both continuous and discontinuous operation according to predefined operation specifications. By demonstrating these simulations, the design can be used to understand and learn the proposed objective.

7th International Congress on Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), 17-19 July 2017, Canary Islands. SPAIN, 2017

Chemosphere, 2021

This paper reports results of a 5-year trial study of a natural treatment system for wastewater (... more This paper reports results of a 5-year trial study of a natural treatment system for wastewater (NTSW) on a livestock pig farm on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). The pilot plant consist of a rotary screen, a first-generation multi-chamber digester, and two horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetlands (HSFCW) with a pond installed between them. Results show that the removal efficiency of total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile solids (VS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the treatment were 91.77%, 95.99%, 82.62%, and 55.78%, respectively. Other removal values include 93.79% for total nitrogen (TN) and 93.05% for phosphorus (P2O5). The results demonstrate the suitability of NTSW solutions applied to livestock waste in pig farms and their potential application to other farms of similar size.

Science of The Total Environment, 2020

Anaerobic digestion technologies offer a set of advantages when they are implemented as a primary... more Anaerobic digestion technologies offer a set of advantages when they are implemented as a primary treatment phase prior to the use of constructed wetland systems in low cost wastewater facilities. The aim of this study is to describe a model capable of reflecting the complex functioning of anaerobic lagoons, subject to continuous flux in the feed pipe, taking into account that physicochemical properties are subject to a concentration gradient and biochemical ones to simultaneous reactions which depend on each other. Based on both Stokes and advection-diffusion-reaction equations, the proposed model includes twenty-one variables to describe hydraulic, physical, biochemical and physicochemical characteristics that take place in different points of the system and at different moments of time. Drawn up by the International Water Association, the anaerobic digestion model ADM1 is included for the purpose of incorporating the anaerobic processes in the calculation. The finite element method was used to solve the nonlinear, second order partial differential equations of the model. The calculation strategy was designed using a flowchart. Using the open-source FreeFem++ software, a simulation of the mathematical model, in bi-dimensional space, is presented to demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of the proposed model. This yields essential information about the performance of the substrate, cells, and the biochemical reaction products in each of the points within the reactor. Simulations show the potential of this methodology to carry out studies of the behaviour of each of the variables contemplated in the model, as well as comparative studies of the various possible options. In addition, this methodology can be used to help modify the behaviour of the variables based on digester geometry and the boundary values the system is subject to. From the results, it can be concluded that the proposed methodology can be a useful tool for calculating and designing the aforementioned synergistic systems of anaerobic digester plug-flow reactors and constructed wetlands.

En el presente art́ıculo se presenta el diseño, fabricación y puesta en marcha de un biodigestor ... more En el presente art́ıculo se presenta el diseño, fabricación y puesta en marcha de un biodigestor anaerobio a escala de laboratorio para el estudio del crecimiento de microorganismos en función de diferentes parámetros, donde se ha medido, en continuo, el potencial redox, el pH, la presión y la temperatura. Para ello se ha utilizado, en primer lugar un sistema compacto de control y toma de datos(Arduino one). Este diseño ha sido desarrollado para ayudar a los estudiantes de ingenieŕıa a aprender y entender el funcionamiento de un biodigestor que, ayudado de las nuevas tecnoloǵıas, nos permite conocer diversas propiedades del sistema en cualquier momento, aśı como su evolución en el tiempo. De este modo se puede trazar curvas de propiedades y relacionarlas unas con otra para obtener un mejor conocimiento del estudio en su conjunto. En este contexto, se ha ha estudiado la relación existente entre la reacción óxido-reducción y la actividad microbiana con el fin de que el potencial redox...

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2019

Water

This article presents a proposal of an anaerobic biodigester on a laboratory scale for introducin... more This article presents a proposal of an anaerobic biodigester on a laboratory scale for introducing the monitoring and sensing techniques of the growth of microorganisms according to different parameters, where the redox potential, pH, pressure, and temperature have been measured in quasi-continuous mode. For this task, a microcontroller system was used (Atmega328—Arduino). Importantly, the design is based on flexible and open-source software, hardware, and firmware (Scilab, Arduino, Processing), facilitating its modification for other related studies. This design was developed to help engineering students to learn and to understand the operation of an anaerobic biodigester, which allows us to know various properties of the system at any time, as well as its evolution over time. In this way, property curves can be drawn and related to each other to obtain a better understanding of the biodigester operation. In this context, the relationship between the oxide-reduction reaction and mi...

Water

Anaerobic lagoons are natural wastewater treatment systems suitable for swine farms in small comm... more Anaerobic lagoons are natural wastewater treatment systems suitable for swine farms in small communities due to its low operational and building costs, as well as for the environmental sustainability that these technologies enable. The local weather is one of the factors which greatly influences the efficiency of the organic matter degradation within anaerobic lagoons, since microbial growth is closely related to temperature. In this manuscript, we propose a mathematical model which involves the two-dimensional Stokes, advection–diffusion-reaction and heat transfer equations for an unstirred fluid flow. Furthermore, the Anaerobic Digestion Model No1 (ADM1), developed by the International Water Association (IWA), has been implemented in the model. The partial differential equations resulting from the model, which involve a large number of state variables that change according to the position and the time, are solved through the use of the Finite Element Method. The results of the sim...

Journal of Environmental Management