shila gurung - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by shila gurung

Research paper thumbnail of Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging and In-vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants of Nepal and effort towards formulation of antibacterial cream from the extracts

International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2021

Bacteria are single-celled microorganism which lack nuclear membrane but are metabolically active... more Bacteria are single-celled microorganism which lack nuclear membrane but are metabolically active causing many human diseases making itself an important therapeutic target in pharmacological sciences. Antibacterial agents are the group of materials that fight against such pathogenic bacteria, killing or reducing their metabolic activity. Meanwhile, various infectious diseases caused by virus, bacteria and other sources are being treated by locally available herbal remedies and are gaining interest among various indigenous and ethnic group. This study was conceived to figure out the scientific background of these selected medicinal plants by taking their traditional and local use as a reference basis for selection of these plants. Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula showed highest Total Phenolic content (TPC) with 94.63 ±5.22 µg GAE/mg of extract and Aleuritopteris bicolor showed highest Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) with 429.16±7.21µg QE/mg of extract. DPPH free radical scavenging study showed that Aleuritopteris bicolor showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity withIC50 value 46.76 μg/ml. Well diffusion method of antibacterial test showed that Cassia fistula showed best antibacterial activity against three bacteria followed by Crinum amoneum. This result coincides with the local and traditional use of these plant materials and provide scientific evidence for their anti-microbial property. This study even paved marvelous pathway for further study of these plant materials.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparation and characterization of phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small-scale

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Apr 9, 2019

Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemul... more Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemulsions may cause spontaneous formation of liposomes. The main objective of this study is to develop a method to prepare phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small scale (< 1 mL) and to minimize the formation of liposomes. A combination of hand extrusion and detergent removal methods was used in this study. Extrusion through polycarbonate membranes was performed in two steps, firstly using membranes of 400 nm followed by 200 nm membranes as the second step. Sodium cholate was used as a detergent to solubilize the formed liposomes which was later removed via dialysis. Nanoemulsions were characterized by measuring their particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM pictures. The stability of nanoemulsion stored under refrigeration was also studied. Fifty-one extrusion cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 400 nm pore size followed by onehundred fifty-three cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 200 nm produced nanoemulsions having particle size below 200 nm (diameter). The nanoemulsions were found to be homogenous as depicted by polydispersity index (PDI) value below 0.1. Similarly, the zeta-potential was measured to be above-30 mV which is sufficient to keep nanoemulsions stable for as long as 7 months when stored under refrigeration. The Cryo-TEM pictures revealed 30 mM to be an optimum concentration of sodium cholate to prepare homogenous nanoemulsions with negligible proportion of liposomes. It was concluded that this method could be established as a small scale method of preparing nanoemulsions which will not only reduce the cost of preparation but also the disposal cost of toxic chemicals used for functionalizing nanoemulsions for scientific research.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of Sol–Gels for Treatment of Gynaecological Conditions—Physiological Perspectives and Emerging Concepts in Intravaginal Drug Delivery

Gels, 2022

Approaches for effective and sustained drug delivery to the female reproductive tract (FRT) for t... more Approaches for effective and sustained drug delivery to the female reproductive tract (FRT) for treating a range of gynaecological conditions remain limited. The development of versatile delivery platforms, such as soluble gels (sol–gels) coupled with applicators/devices, holds considerable therapeutic potential for gynaecological conditions. Sol–gel systems, which undergo solution-to-gel transition, triggered by physiological conditions such as changes in temperature, pH, or ion composition, offer advantages of both solution- and gel-based drug formulations. Furthermore, they have potential to be used as a suitable drug delivery vehicle for other novel drug formulations, including micro- and nano-particulate systems, enabling the delivery of drug molecules of diverse physicochemical character. We provide an anatomical and physiological perspective of the significant challenges and opportunities in attaining optimal drug delivery to the upper and lower FRT. Discussion then focuses o...

Research paper thumbnail of Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Floating Tablet of Amlodipine Besylate Using Natural Organic Polymers

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics

Objective: This study was designed to formulate and evaluate the gastro retentive floating tablet... more Objective: This study was designed to formulate and evaluate the gastro retentive floating tablets of Amlodipine besylate by using different proportions of four polymers, namely xanthan gum, gum acacia, carbopol 940, and HPMC K 100 M. Methods: Nine different batches of the floating tablets were formulated by direct compression technique. The constant amount of gas generating agents, namely, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, were used for the floating character. The powder blend was subjected to pre-compression parameters analysis and the prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, floating lag time, total floating time, and swelling index. In vitro dissolution study was carried out for 12 h as per the specification of Indian Pharmacopeia 2018. Results: For the optimized batch (4th batch), all the physicochemical parameters like angle of repose (33.47), Carr’s index (17.46%), Hausner’s ratio (1.21), w...

Research paper thumbnail of Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex: In vivo evaluation in mice burn model

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Carica papaya is traditionally used to treat various skin disorde... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: Carica papaya is traditionally used to treat various skin disorders, including wounds. It is widely used in developing countries as an effective and readily available treatment of various wounds, particularly burns. The aim of the study: This study was aimed at investigating the healing efficiency of papaya latex formulated as 1.0 and 2.5% hydrogels. Materials and methods: Burns were induced in Swiss albino mice divided into five groups as following; Group-I (negative control) received no treatment. Group-II was treated with Carbopol 974P NF empty gel. Groups-III and-IV were treated with Carbopol gel containing 1.0 and 2.5% of dried papaya latex, respectively. Group-V (positive control) received the standard drug (silver sulphadiazine and chlorhexidine gluconate cream). The efficacy of treatment was evaluated based on the hydroxyproline content, wound contraction and epithelialization time. Results: Hydroxyproline content was found to be significantly increased in the Group-III. Significant increase in percentage wound contraction was observed from day 12 in Group-IV and from day 20 in Groups-III and-V. The epithelialization time was found to be the shortest in Group-IV. Conclusion: It may be concluded that papaya latex formulated in the Carbopol gel is effective in the treatment of burns and thus supports its traditional use.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, Knowledge and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Western Nepal -A Cross-Sectional Study

Europasaian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021

Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as nonpsychotic depression occurring within ... more Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as nonpsychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.Upon evaluation of knowledge about postpartum depression, 90.3% of women were found to have a poor level of knowledge and 8.8% had a good knowledge level. The statistically significant factors associated with postpartum depression were the lack of support from family and partners (p<0.005). Conclusion: There was a comparatively low prevalence of P.P.D. in Western Nepal. Majority of the mothers (90.3%) were found not aware of P.P.D. The present study concluded on the need for educational intervention among the mothers regarding P.P.D. in Western Nepal.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparation and characterization of phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small-scale

Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemul... more Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemulsions may cause spontaneous formation of liposomes. The main objective of this study is to develop a method to prepare phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small scale (< 1 mL) and to minimize the formation of liposomes. A combination of hand extrusion and detergent removal methods was used in this study. Extrusion through polycarbonate membranes was performed in two steps, firstly using membranes of 400 nm followed by 200 nm membranes as the second step. Sodium cholate was used as a detergent to solubilize the formed liposomes which was later removed via dialysis. Nanoemulsions were characterized by measuring their particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM pictures. The stability of nanoemulsion stored under refrigeration was also studied. Fifty-one extrusion cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 400 nm pore size ...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, Knowledge and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Western Nepal - A Cross-Sectional Study

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences

Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within... more Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.U...

Research paper thumbnail of Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging and In-vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants of Nepal and effort towards formulation of antibacterial cream from the extracts

International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2021

Bacteria are single-celled microorganism which lack nuclear membrane but are metabolically active... more Bacteria are single-celled microorganism which lack nuclear membrane but are metabolically active causing many human diseases making itself an important therapeutic target in pharmacological sciences. Antibacterial agents are the group of materials that fight against such pathogenic bacteria, killing or reducing their metabolic activity. Meanwhile, various infectious diseases caused by virus, bacteria and other sources are being treated by locally available herbal remedies and are gaining interest among various indigenous and ethnic group. This study was conceived to figure out the scientific background of these selected medicinal plants by taking their traditional and local use as a reference basis for selection of these plants. Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula showed highest Total Phenolic content (TPC) with 94.63 ±5.22 µg GAE/mg of extract and Aleuritopteris bicolor showed highest Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) with 429.16±7.21µg QE/mg of extract. DPPH free radical scavenging study showed that Aleuritopteris bicolor showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity withIC50 value 46.76 μg/ml. Well diffusion method of antibacterial test showed that Cassia fistula showed best antibacterial activity against three bacteria followed by Crinum amoneum. This result coincides with the local and traditional use of these plant materials and provide scientific evidence for their anti-microbial property. This study even paved marvelous pathway for further study of these plant materials.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparation and characterization of phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small-scale

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Apr 9, 2019

Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemul... more Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemulsions may cause spontaneous formation of liposomes. The main objective of this study is to develop a method to prepare phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small scale (< 1 mL) and to minimize the formation of liposomes. A combination of hand extrusion and detergent removal methods was used in this study. Extrusion through polycarbonate membranes was performed in two steps, firstly using membranes of 400 nm followed by 200 nm membranes as the second step. Sodium cholate was used as a detergent to solubilize the formed liposomes which was later removed via dialysis. Nanoemulsions were characterized by measuring their particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM pictures. The stability of nanoemulsion stored under refrigeration was also studied. Fifty-one extrusion cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 400 nm pore size followed by onehundred fifty-three cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 200 nm produced nanoemulsions having particle size below 200 nm (diameter). The nanoemulsions were found to be homogenous as depicted by polydispersity index (PDI) value below 0.1. Similarly, the zeta-potential was measured to be above-30 mV which is sufficient to keep nanoemulsions stable for as long as 7 months when stored under refrigeration. The Cryo-TEM pictures revealed 30 mM to be an optimum concentration of sodium cholate to prepare homogenous nanoemulsions with negligible proportion of liposomes. It was concluded that this method could be established as a small scale method of preparing nanoemulsions which will not only reduce the cost of preparation but also the disposal cost of toxic chemicals used for functionalizing nanoemulsions for scientific research.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of Sol–Gels for Treatment of Gynaecological Conditions—Physiological Perspectives and Emerging Concepts in Intravaginal Drug Delivery

Gels, 2022

Approaches for effective and sustained drug delivery to the female reproductive tract (FRT) for t... more Approaches for effective and sustained drug delivery to the female reproductive tract (FRT) for treating a range of gynaecological conditions remain limited. The development of versatile delivery platforms, such as soluble gels (sol–gels) coupled with applicators/devices, holds considerable therapeutic potential for gynaecological conditions. Sol–gel systems, which undergo solution-to-gel transition, triggered by physiological conditions such as changes in temperature, pH, or ion composition, offer advantages of both solution- and gel-based drug formulations. Furthermore, they have potential to be used as a suitable drug delivery vehicle for other novel drug formulations, including micro- and nano-particulate systems, enabling the delivery of drug molecules of diverse physicochemical character. We provide an anatomical and physiological perspective of the significant challenges and opportunities in attaining optimal drug delivery to the upper and lower FRT. Discussion then focuses o...

Research paper thumbnail of Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Floating Tablet of Amlodipine Besylate Using Natural Organic Polymers

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics

Objective: This study was designed to formulate and evaluate the gastro retentive floating tablet... more Objective: This study was designed to formulate and evaluate the gastro retentive floating tablets of Amlodipine besylate by using different proportions of four polymers, namely xanthan gum, gum acacia, carbopol 940, and HPMC K 100 M. Methods: Nine different batches of the floating tablets were formulated by direct compression technique. The constant amount of gas generating agents, namely, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, were used for the floating character. The powder blend was subjected to pre-compression parameters analysis and the prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, floating lag time, total floating time, and swelling index. In vitro dissolution study was carried out for 12 h as per the specification of Indian Pharmacopeia 2018. Results: For the optimized batch (4th batch), all the physicochemical parameters like angle of repose (33.47), Carr’s index (17.46%), Hausner’s ratio (1.21), w...

Research paper thumbnail of Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex: In vivo evaluation in mice burn model

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Carica papaya is traditionally used to treat various skin disorde... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: Carica papaya is traditionally used to treat various skin disorders, including wounds. It is widely used in developing countries as an effective and readily available treatment of various wounds, particularly burns. The aim of the study: This study was aimed at investigating the healing efficiency of papaya latex formulated as 1.0 and 2.5% hydrogels. Materials and methods: Burns were induced in Swiss albino mice divided into five groups as following; Group-I (negative control) received no treatment. Group-II was treated with Carbopol 974P NF empty gel. Groups-III and-IV were treated with Carbopol gel containing 1.0 and 2.5% of dried papaya latex, respectively. Group-V (positive control) received the standard drug (silver sulphadiazine and chlorhexidine gluconate cream). The efficacy of treatment was evaluated based on the hydroxyproline content, wound contraction and epithelialization time. Results: Hydroxyproline content was found to be significantly increased in the Group-III. Significant increase in percentage wound contraction was observed from day 12 in Group-IV and from day 20 in Groups-III and-V. The epithelialization time was found to be the shortest in Group-IV. Conclusion: It may be concluded that papaya latex formulated in the Carbopol gel is effective in the treatment of burns and thus supports its traditional use.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, Knowledge and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Western Nepal -A Cross-Sectional Study

Europasaian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021

Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as nonpsychotic depression occurring within ... more Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as nonpsychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.Upon evaluation of knowledge about postpartum depression, 90.3% of women were found to have a poor level of knowledge and 8.8% had a good knowledge level. The statistically significant factors associated with postpartum depression were the lack of support from family and partners (p<0.005). Conclusion: There was a comparatively low prevalence of P.P.D. in Western Nepal. Majority of the mothers (90.3%) were found not aware of P.P.D. The present study concluded on the need for educational intervention among the mothers regarding P.P.D. in Western Nepal.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparation and characterization of phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small-scale

Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemul... more Phospholipids have been used to prepare liposomes. The use of phospholipids to stabilize nanoemulsions may cause spontaneous formation of liposomes. The main objective of this study is to develop a method to prepare phospholipid stabilized nanoemulsions in small scale (< 1 mL) and to minimize the formation of liposomes. A combination of hand extrusion and detergent removal methods was used in this study. Extrusion through polycarbonate membranes was performed in two steps, firstly using membranes of 400 nm followed by 200 nm membranes as the second step. Sodium cholate was used as a detergent to solubilize the formed liposomes which was later removed via dialysis. Nanoemulsions were characterized by measuring their particle size, polydispersity index and zeta-potential using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM pictures. The stability of nanoemulsion stored under refrigeration was also studied. Fifty-one extrusion cycles through polycarbonate membrane of 400 nm pore size ...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, Knowledge and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Western Nepal - A Cross-Sectional Study

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences

Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within... more Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.U...