Tarek Mohamed - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tarek Mohamed

A prevailing machine suitable for different kinds of crop residues was selected for development t... more A prevailing machine suitable for different kinds of crop residues was selected for development to improve its performance and productivity to be suitable for chopping rice straw. The idea of development of the original machine is supplying a new pre-cutting device to help the main machine to reduce the required time to chop the rice straw to the suitable cutting length. This device would improve the performance and increase productivity of the original machine. The pre-cutting device was a rotor with 11 flanges and equipped with 4 straight blades for each flange. Each blade was fitted to the flange by 3 screw bolts, which were arranged in a spiral In an experiment on fresh rice straw to test the performance of the machine and the optimum values of affecting parameters, the original machine failed to chop rice straw and faced clogging many times, while the prototype machine gave the best result at 2000 rpm and the productivity was 0.95 ton/h at 14% moisture content and straw was at desirable, processable and compostable lengths. The costs of cutting one ton of rice straw was 19.6 LE which was cheaper than that obtained from the original one.

The current investigation was carried out at Tokgh Agricultural Engineering Station, Kalubia Gove... more The current investigation was carried out at Tokgh Agricultural Engineering Station, Kalubia Governorate to evaluate the developed chopper (Mohamed et al. 2001) with three kinds of crop residues (rice straw, cotton stalks and maize stalks).
The developed chopper was operated using KUBOTA tractor (model L3600) 37HP with seven levels of rotor speed (1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000 and 2200 rpm) and three levels of ratio between feeding roll speed to cutting rotor speed (1:10), (1:12.5) and (1:15). Productivity (Py), cutting lengths percentage (Plc), consumed energy (CE), operating costs, internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and pay back period (PBP) were estimated to evaluate the developed chopper.
The cutting lengths were classified into (≤ 1cm), (> 1 – 2cm), (> 2 – 6cm), (> 6 – 9cm), (> 9 – 15cm) and (> 15cm) for rice straw and (≤ 1cm), (> 1 – 2cm), (> 2 – 3cm), (> 3 – 4cm), (> 4 – 5cm), (> 5 – 6cm), (> 6 – 7cm) and (> 7cm) for cotton and maize stalks.
Rotor speed at 2000 rpm and the ratio between feeding roll speed to cutting rotor speed at (1:12.5) are achieved the optimum values of (Py), (Plc) and (CE). Also, the total costs for tractor and developed chopper were 19.7 LE/h. The crop residue chopper indicated that, (IRR) of 42 %, (NPV) of 1008.5 LE at 11 % interest rate and (PBP) of 3years.

A portable compact precision plug tray vegetable seeder was manufactured in Agricultural Engineer... more A portable compact precision plug tray vegetable seeder was manufactured in Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) workshop to plant fine and large vegetable seeds with low cost and high seed singulation ratio. The seeder was depended on a controlled negative and positive pressure passed through a set of nozzles to pick up and drop the seeds into the tray cells. For tomato seeds, four nozzles holders equipped with 209 nozzles with inner diameters of (0.47 mm, 0.62 mm, 0.76 mm and 1 mm for each set) were tested with negative pressure of (1, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.75 kPa). For cantaloupe-melon, four nozzles holders equipped with 84 nozzles with inner diameters of (0.76 mm, 1.00 mm, 1.2 mm and 1.4 mm) were tested with negative pressure of (6, 7, 8 and 9 kPa). The performance of the seeder was evaluated using seed singulation efficiency, seeding efficiency, seeder productivity, specific energy requirement and seeding cost. The machine succeeded to plant large and small seeds in different types of plug trays. The optimum nozzle diameter for planting tomato seeds was 0.62 mm operated at negative pressure of 1.25 kPa that gave percentage of single seed 89.95%, double seeds 4.79%, multiply seeds 2.39% and missed seeds 2.87%. Meanwhile, the optimum nozzle diameter for planting the cantaloupe-melon seeds was 1.20 mm operated at negative pressure 8.0 kPa that gave percentage of single seed 94.05%, double seeds 2.38%, multiple seeds 2.38% and missed seeds 1.19%. The productivity of precision vacuum trays seeder was 320 tray/ h (66880 and 26880 cells/ h) for tomato and cantaloupe-melon seeds respectively. The total power requirement for the seeder was 1.075 kW.h for tomato seeds and 1.216 kW.h for cantaloupe melon seeds. The consumed specific energy was (3.36×10-3 kWh/ tray) for tomato seeds and (3.80×10-3 kWh/ tray) for cantaloupe melon seeds. The total operating cost was 43.37 LE/h. The cost of one tray seeded by the machine was 0.14 LE/ tray comparing with (0.67 and 1.67) LE/try for hand seeding of (cantaloupe melon tray and tomato tray) respectively. The total fabrication cost of the seeding machine was 15000 LE with 2016 price level. The rental value of mechanical seeding per tray was

A continuous feeding mechanism for precision vacuum trays seeder was developed and fabricated fro... more A continuous feeding mechanism for precision vacuum trays seeder was developed and fabricated from locally materials for seeding single seed in the trays. The developed seeder was evaluated under two trays types of 84 and 209 cells, four different suction pressure levels (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kPa) & (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 kPa) and four different hole size diameters of seed plate (1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 mm) & (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mm) for cucumber and cabbage seeds respectively. The seeding unit comprises of different parts whose functions are coordinated to place one seed into the center of tray cells in certain position. Trays were placed one by one without any gap in between for continuous seeding. Seeded trays were collected from the other end of the machine. The performance of the seeder was evaluated using the singulation efficiency, seed utilization efficiency, seeding efficiency, the seeder productivity, the specific energy requirement and the seeding operation costs. It was found that the trays seeder productivity was 240 trays h-1 (20160 and 50160 cells h-1 for cucumber and cabbage seeds respectively). The proper seeder results for seeding singles seed in trays (90.5 and 70.4%) were obtained with the dual interaction effect between the suction pressure at 1.5 and 0.9 kPa and hole diameter at 1.6 and 0.8 mm for cucumber and cabbage seeds respectively, when the consumed specific energy of 4.16×10-3 kWh tray-1. The precision trays seeder reduced the estimated cost by 5 to 12 times than the seeding trays manually for cucumber and cabbage respectively.

The main objective of this research was to design, construct and evaluate a precision combined ma... more The main objective of this research was to design, construct and evaluate a precision combined machine (Dual purpose for cultivation and fertilization) for inter-row of corn plants to achieve high performance, low costs and minimum energy consumption. The machine was locally fabricated to be mounted on the tractor to suit the small and medium Egyptian farms. The field evaluation experiments were carried out in Shanawan village, El-Menofiya Governorate during summer season of 2015. Operation principles of the machine depending on, using an electronic control units to send consecutive signals. These signals were adapted to put dry chemical fertilizer on the soil in forms of spot placement, beside every plant (takbeesh). Performance of the developed machine was evaluated under four different machine forward speeds (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 km/h), three different cultivation depths (5, 8 and 11 cm), three different areas of fertilizers gate (1.5, 2.1 and 2.7cm 2 , which represent fertilize flow rate of about 2, 3 and 4 g/plant respectively) and four different speed ratios between wheel shaft speed and feeding shaft of the fertilization unit (1.2, 1.5, 1.7 and 2.0) at average of soil moisture content 18 % and 22 % during first and second cultivations. The combined machine was evaluated in terms of field capacity, field efficiency, weeding efficiency, injured corn plants, percentage of fertilizer, distribution efficiency, energy requirements and economic evaluation after two different planting methods (mechanical and manual) for corn plants. The obtained results concluded that the precision combined machine can be operated successfully for both first and second operations at the optimum operating parameters of 2.5 km/h forward speed, , 2 speed ratio, 2.1 cm 2 area of fertilizer gate (feeding opening)

ecent years, increasing fuel prices and environmental concerns have become a driving force for de... more ecent years, increasing fuel prices and environmental concerns have become a driving force for developing an alternative energy sources. Ethanol fuel is one of these alternatives. Rice straw is an attractive lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource and it is utilizing for producing valuable products like ethanol. On the other hand, it enables intensified simultaneous product formation and solid waste management. A Local vertical biological reactor was designed and fabricated for ethanol production using rice straw by (Saccharomyces cerevisae). The bioreactor was operated from 27 to 33°C using rice straw as carbon source, at 70% moisture content. High levels of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities were obtained. The overall performance of the bioreactor was promising for further investigation .The yield of ethanol obtained in the designed reactor is 20 % greater than conventional one as it produce 26.7g/L.

Leafy crops harvester prototype was modifying depending on the leafy crops characteristic like cr... more Leafy crops harvester prototype was modifying depending on the leafy crops characteristic like crop height leaves surface area crop stems. The prototype included frame, conveyor, collection box, and transmission system. Results provided the suitability of the modifying prototype to transportation and collecting leafy crops, the suitability of the modifying prototype was judged through the removal percentage, undamaged percentage and losses percentage. INTRODUCTION egetable is an important class of agricultural products at the national and international levels. They present core products that contribute to main food and drugs. The economy of the leafy vegetable e.g. spinach, parsley, basil, dill, cabbage, celery, lemon grass, baby spinach and thyme has been growing during the last decades due to the increasing demand to industry. The national production of leafy vegetables in the years of 2010 was 37000 tons. Parsley represents an example of economically important leafy crops. Parsley has many benefits and uses in the area of health and drugs. It has culinary uses seems to help blend other flavours. It ameliorates strong odours like garlic and fish. It works well with most foods except sweets, Medicinal Uses: parsley can also provide dietary sources of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), as well as vitamin A, vitamin C, and carotenoids (Rademaker, 2007). It is not worthy to mention that some medical Egypt companies produce some drugs from parsley. Mean while an important economic value of parsley is the exportation to international markets. One of the most important factors that guaranties good quality of the vegetable product is high performance of the harvesting techniques.

A potato digger was developed by adding a vibrating device to operate the digging blades and redu... more A potato digger was developed by adding a vibrating device to operate the digging blades and reduce the required drawbar pull and potato tuber bruising. The vibrating device includes beam holder, follower, cam and transmission system. The overall operating parameter (T) was also analyzed. The natural frequencies of the digging blade, potato tuber and disturbed soil were determined. The developed digger was tested at four levels of forward speed (0.9, 1.5, 1.9 and 3.2 km/h), four levels of vibrating amplitude (3, 5, 6 and 10 mm) and five levels of vibrating frequency (400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 rpm). The results showed that the drawbar pull of the developed digger was decreased by 25.17, 25.91, 28.43 and 30.47% at forward speeds of 0.9, 1.5, 1.9 and 3.2 km/h, respectively comparing with the original digger records at amplitude of 10 mm frequency of 1200 rpm. On the other hand, the developed digger succeed to operate with lower power tractors thus the harvesting cost was reduced by 28.5 %.

Through cooperation study between Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) and Central... more Through cooperation study between Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) and Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) farm machinery spare parts recommended to manufacture from an advanced iron casting called austempered Ductile Iron (ADI). The main objective of this research is to redesign a horizontal impact crusher hammer manufacture from (ADI) alloy by casting technology. Both of the original and the new manufactured hammers were tested in the Laboratory and in the Field. The final results indicated that the new hammer produced a highest percentage of fine crushed particles compare with original one. The wear rates were 0.037 g/h and 0.023 g/h for the original and new hammer respectively. This means that wear rate decreased by about 38% when replaced the redesigned hammer instead of the original one.

A mulching machine was designed and manufactured to suit different dimensions of strawberry raise... more A mulching machine was designed and manufactured to suit different dimensions of strawberry raised beds in Egypt in agriculture. The machine was used to cover the raised beds with plastic films and lay the GR irrigation pipes at the same time before dosing fumigant (Chloropicrin (CH 3 Br)) in the irrigation pipes network. The machine was tested in loamy sand soil at different forward speeds with different soil cutting depth, turn over angle, kick out angles, and skimmer angle. The results indicated that, the optimum cutting depth of the soil was 10 cm, the optimum skimmer turn over angle was 120 o , the optimum kick out angle was (30-40) o , and the optimum skimmer angle was 40 o when working at speeds of 1.5 km/h. The mulching efficiency ( m) was reached upto100%, 100%, 80%, and 45% at tractor forward speed of 1, 1.5, 2.10, and 2.5km/h respectively. On the other hand, the machine field capacity at the optimum tractor forward speed of (1.5 km/h) was 0.43 feddan/h, and 0.54 feddan/h with laying new GR pipes, and without laying GR pipes respectively. Meanwhile, the manual mulching was 1 feddan/day with mulching crew of nine workers. The specific energy at the effective field capacity was 19.95kW.h /feddan with laying new GR pipes and reached to 15.89 kW.h /feddan without laying new GR pipes. The total fabrication cost of the mulch machine was 30000 LE with 2017 price level. The total cost of operating the machine and the tractor was178.4 LE/h. The cost of mulching for one feddan was 330.4 LE without laying new GR pipes and 414.9 LE with laying new GR pipes comparing to 900LE/feddan for manual mulching .The reasonable rental price for the machine with narrow tires tractor was 400 LE/feddan and 500 LE/feddan that indicated (NPV) of 9890 LE and 9844 LE at 14 % interest rate without laying new GR pipes and with laying new GR pipes respectively. Also, the mulch machine payback period (PBP) was about 1.4 year with laying and without laying new GR pipes.

A mango picking machine was manufactured from selected light materials to be capable to reach to ... more A mango picking machine was manufactured from selected light materials to be capable to reach to the high position of mango fruits. The innovated design was depended on confirming the right cutting of the stem position to decrease latex bleeding, protecting the fruits from injures and preventing the fruits from fallen down. The picker cutting mechanism was consisted of two circular saws rotated vice versa towards inside direction and faced a counter sharp blade along the two centers of the cutting discs. The machine was tested on three cultivars of mango trees Keitt, Kent, and Tommy Atkins from low-stemmed trees cultivars and distinguished of big fruit volume. Also the fruit stem cross section was measured. The maximum dimensions of the fruits were taken to design the machine. Four types of circular saws at five cutting speeds of (2.78, 4.17, 5.56, 6.97 and8.34 m/s) were tested and studying the stem cutting efficiency (%) at each treatment. The results indicated that the optimum cutting circular saws were the 100 teeth saw discs with sharp edge when working at linear speed of 8.34 m/s that gave correct cutting stem percentage of 95% and only 5% undercut stems. Also, the results indicated that the optimum counter blade position was underneath the discs with over lapping 5 mm that gave the same cutting efficiency. The calculated power required to cut a fruit stem with a cross section of 87.5 mm 2 with two circular saws was 3.56watts, meanwhile, the results indicated the measured power was 4.8 watts, while the available power was 5.2 watts. Comparing the effect between manual picking by hook type stick and using the picker the on the fruits injures. In manual picking, the results indicated that the average percentages of (fallen fruits, injured fruits, and latex fruit) were (15.07%, 6.85%and 30.82%) respectively meanwhile, the innovated picker indicated injured percentage (2.28%, 2.43% and 4.86%) respectively. The total fabrication cost of the picker was 1500 LE with 2017 price level. The total operating costs was 21.37 LE/h. The rental value of mechanical was 22.82 LE/h. The picker indicated (NPV) of 844.3 LE at 14 % interest rate. The picker payback period (PBP) was about 1.3 year.

he high volume, low density characteristics of agricultural produced biomass are a significant im... more he high volume, low density characteristics of agricultural produced biomass are a significant impediment for using biomass for many processes as feedstock and bio-energy production. The low density of biomass increases transportation costs and decrease the performance of the different biomass processing equipments. Reducing appropriate size processes is the first step in densification. Crushing machine is considered as the main laboratory equipment for crashing samples. Imported laboratory crushing machines cost a foreign currency and suffered from shortage of spare parts. The aim of this research is design, manufacturing and evaluate of a small crushing machine suitable for both laboratory and commercial use for animal production producers have a small scale production capability. The methodology adopted was examining the most critical defects of conventional hammer mills and provide solutions. The small hammer mill was designed and constructed from locally available materials for crushing and grinding grain such as maize, and other materials rice straw, cotton straw, broad beans, etc. into small size enough to pass through the holes of the cylindrical sieve positioned beneath the hammer assembly. The crushing and grinding process is achieved by the use of a set of hammers in a crushing chamber which beats the materials feeds into drive particles small enough to pass through the aperture of the replaceable sieve positioned beneath the crushing chamber. The size aimed depends on the aperture of the replaceable screen; the fineness ranging from 600 µm to 2500µm. Based on the power ratings and output shaft speed of the existing crushing and grinding machines it was found that the main shaft speed rotating speed of 2000 rpm transmitted by a belt drive from a 1 kilowatt electric motor is suitable to mill effectively. The results showed that the maximum crushing efficiency was 94.7%. Also, the results showed a relation between nominal aperture () and the cumulative weight () obeyed a logarithmic function of the form (%) = () + , (A, B=constant).

ield experiments were carried out to design a machine for picking Chamomile (Matricariarecutita L... more ield experiments were carried out to design a machine for picking Chamomile (Matricariarecutita L.) in small holding. An experimental comb was manufactured to realize the parameters affected on picking, and then the main machine was designed, manufactured and tested. The machine was consists of a double knife sickle mower (70 cm width)powered with gasoline engine, 70 cm steel comb, cleaning brush reel and collecting basket. The main objectives of this study were evaluated the performance of the designed machine to cut and collect the flowers with apeduncle length of 3cm or less as a correct required cutting length underneath the flowers sepalsin small holding conditions. The designed machine was tested at different comb finger length (100,120,150and200mm), different comb finger angle (0 , 10 and 20) and different reel speeds (50,100,and150 r.p.m). The best results were accrued at150mm finger length and 10 finger angle with productivity of 37.2 kg/h of harvested dry flowers with correct stem cutting length percentage of 85.58%. Meanwhile, the total collecting flower ratio was 92.59%and 7.41 % losses at 100 rpm reel speed. On the other hand, the machine succeeded to decrease the picking crop costs. The cost of one kilogram of dry crop harvested by the machine reached to 0.32 LE/kg against 8.57 LE/kg of the crop collected by hand. Also, it realized using the machine keep the picked flowers complete without damage. This surly increase the market value of the flowers mechanically picked.

lean water for livestock is very effective on the animals health. In Egypt, Farmers usually use c... more lean water for livestock is very effective on the animals health. In Egypt, Farmers usually use concrete for constructing animals water trough. Sometimes, they use pans made from plastic or sheet metal. Using these methods without studying the behavior of the animals and the suitability of the design, cause big problems for the animals. The less availability of water in the troughs, make the animals suffering from thirstiness. On the other hand, exceed water that leakage causes many diseases especially inflammation of the hoofs. Concrete trough cause water pollution, high water losses from leakage and continuous requirements for washing. Usually, concrete troughs always need labor care to open water supply, check water level and maintenance. The innovative system dimensions were designed to comfort the animals to reach the water. The new system was manufactured from stainless steel 304 sheets, the trough was equipped with an automatic float to keep the level of the water constant and ease the animals to drink. The aim of this study is to design and fabricate a new system for drinking water trough for livestock, easy to install, easy to maintain and protect water from pollution. The results shows, the innovative system has low cost comparing with concrete trough. Also, the results showed that the innovative design use less water, prevent water pollution and decrease water contamination.

A conveyor rolls were developed to avoid soil particles to enter inside roll bearing by fitting t... more A conveyor rolls were developed to avoid soil particles to enter inside roll bearing by fitting the roll bearing housing outside the harvesting tunnel instate of built in bearing in roll head. Three sets of modified rolls with rod length of (180,200and 220 mm) were manufactured and fitted on 3 potato digger from the same model. The three digger performances were compared with a digger equipped with original rolls that roll bearing located inside the conveyor rolls. Every 50 hour of operating roll wearing, digger field capacity un-harvested tubers, and tubers bruising type was measured for each digger. The results indicated that, the new modified rolls operated extra hours more than the original rolls and not needed to change in some positions after 200 hours. Also, it found the position of roll fitting affected on the wearing rate of the roll head especially near the conveyor idler and near the conveyor agitator. The modified rolls dose not effect on the performance of the digger field capacity, un-harvested tubers and tuber bruising. The results indicated that the optimum designed rode length was 92 mm(total length 180mm) with thickness of 30 mm that gave lowest roll wearing rate at all positions of fitting and does not affect on the machine performance. The percentage of wearing was less than the original roll by 60% in some positions. The new modification was decreasing the maintenance costs for easy assembling and disassembling its parts in the field and not needed workshops or special tools. The modified locally manufactured one set of rolls (8 rolls) was 2720 L.E/season. Meanwhile, the cost of original one set of rolls was 8400L.E/season including replaced rolls saving 32.4% from purchasing cost.

Global climate change poses serious impacts on water resources and agriculture in the future. The... more Global climate change poses serious impacts on water resources and agriculture in the future. The aim of this research was to calculate water requirements and water Budget for maize, wheat and sugarcane grown in six governorates in Egypt under current climate and under ongoing climate change scenario up to 2100. The results indicated that water requirements and water Budget for maize, wheat and sugarcane will increase by 12 %–18% compared to the current water use depending on governorate location., where the applied irrigation amount is expected to increase in all governorates under climate change water Budget .This study investigates the projected changes in evapotranspiration and irrigation water demand for maize, wheat sugar cane crop Middle and Upper Egypt. The mean air temperature as statistically downscaled and compared with the current climate, defined as the period 1971–2000. FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation was used to estimate ETo by using the climatic data. Evapotranspiration is estimated based on the predicted maximum and minimum using the RCPs scenarios (RCP2.6. – RCP4.5 – RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) during three time series (2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100). The obtained results revealed that the maximum and minimum air temperatures were increased under all RCPs scenarios compared to current data. Moreover, the RCP8.5 had the highest maximum and minimum air temperature compared to the other RCPs scenarios. It was found that for all future periods the annual evapotranspiration will increase for the all agro-meteorological zones by uneven values. The main results in this study revealed that ETo significant increase in different tested time series compared to current ETo values. The values of ETo in long term (2071-2100) were higher than short (2011-2040) or mid-term (2041-2070) with respect to the current situation. The highest ETo values were predicted in this study by RCP8.5 during the 2071 – 2100 time series in the Upper Egypt region. The estimation of water Budget of the major crops in different agro-climatic zone show that winter season had the highest cultivated area with wheat followed by summer season. Upper Egypt region has the largest cultivated area of maize and sugar cane during different cultivation season. Total water Budget (WB) for maize, wheat and sugar cane during the different cultivating seasons revealed that WB will increase under all scenarios in comparison with the current conditions. The highest water use efficiency was recorded in the Upper Egypt climatic zone during the winter season. Winter season gave the highest water use efficiency under (WUE) current and future conditions. Moreover, all RCPs scenarios had lower WUE than the current conditions during different time series. Regardless of the seasons, the RCP8.5 gave the lowest WUE in comparison with the other RCPs scenarios. This paper suggested a adaptation options for better water management for maize, wheat and sugar cane crop Middle and Upper Egypt region, such as Gated pipe system consumed total water budget in Middle and Upper Egypt.

Field experiments were carried out to design a machine for picking Chamomile (Matricaria recutita... more Field experiments were carried out to design a machine for picking Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) in small holding. An experimental comb was manufactured to realize the parameters affected on picking, and then the main machine was designed, manufactured and tested. The machine was consists of a double knife sickle mower (70 cm width) powered with gasoline engine, 70 cm steel comb, cleaning brush reel and collecting basket. The main objectives of this study were evaluated the performance of the designed machine to cut and collect the flowers with a peduncle length of 3cm or less as a correct required cutting length underneath the flowers sepals in small holding conditions. The designed machine was tested at different comb finger length (100,120,150 and 200mm), different comb finger angle (0 , 10 and 20)and different reel speeds(50,100,and150 r.p.m). The best results were accrued at 150 mm finger length and 10 finger angle with productivity of 37.2 kg/h of harvested dry flowers with correct stem cutting length percentage of 85.58%. Meanwhile, the total collecting flower ratio was 92.59% and 7.41 % losses at 100 rpm reel speed. On the other hand, the machine succeeded to decrease the picking crop costs. The cost of one kilogram of dry crop harvested by the machine reached to 0.32 LE/kg against 8.57 LE/kg of the crop collected by hand. Also, it realized using the machine keep the picked flowers complete without damage. This surly increase the market value of the flowers mechanically picked.

Clinical Ophthalmology, 2014