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Research paper thumbnail of Heterogeneous multinationals and comparative advantage 1

This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous and potentially mu... more This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous and potentially multinational firms, relative endowment differences across countries, and consumer taste for variety. Firms are potentially multinational in that they can choose to supply the export market by means of either conventional exports or by establishing a production base abroad. Heterogeneity of firms is introduced via the Melitz model.

Research paper thumbnail of Appendix to the Conclusion

The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in Competition Law: What Works and What Doesn't Across National Jurisdictions?

Research paper thumbnail of The Economics of Actionable Subsidy Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The Games We Play – Simulation Models in Merger Analysis and Their Potential Use in Trade Litigation

Research paper thumbnail of From the Law of Valuation to Valuation of Law? On the Interplay of International Law and Economics in Fair Market Valuation

Research paper thumbnail of On Interpretation and Economic Analysis of Law

Research paper thumbnail of Economics in Investor–State Arbitration beyond Quantum

Research paper thumbnail of What to do if Economic Insights are Disputed: On the Challenge to Deal with Competing and Evolving Theories or Empirics in International Trade Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The TradeLab Network of Legal Clinics

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: Complex, Contentious but Oh-So-Important for the Sustainability of Trade and Investment Treaties

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion: The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: Summing Up and Looking Forward

Research paper thumbnail of The TradeLab Network of Legal Clinics: Capacity Building for a More Inclusive Globalization

International Review of Law, 2018

TradeLab is a global network of universities and training centers, founded in 2013, that conducts... more TradeLab is a global network of universities and training centers, founded in 2013, that conducts pro bono projects for developing countries and other stakeholders such as Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) (hereafter: "beneficiaries"). TradeLab's overall goal is "to empower countries and smaller stakeholders to reap the full development benefits of institutions and rules that govern our global economy". 4 TradeLab's contribution to capacity building centers on "legal clinics": small teams of students work from their respective places of study with and for specific beneficiaries on semestrial basis. Student teams are closely supervised by experienced academics and mentored by expert practitioners in the field. Using internet tools, students, experts, and beneficiaries on a given project are virtually connected across the globe, from centers of expertise in Geneva or Washington, DC, to remote places in Africa or Latin America. Research memoranda and other non-confidential output are posted on the TradeLab website for all interested parties to access. TradeLab thereby seeks to achieve three objectives: (i) help beneficiaries build capacity; (ii) train students; and (iii) inform and create awareness within the wider public. Inspired by crowdsourcing and the sharing-economy, TradeLab functions as a global innovation and learning network. No one pays (all contributions are made pro bono), but all participants gain: direct beneficiaries enjoy free help and on-the-job training; students "learn by doing" and receive university 1 This chapter was made possible thanks to the NPRP grant # [NPRP 7-1815-5-272] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investmen... more Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investment and competition. With chapters contributed by leading practitioners and academics, this volume draws upon investor-state arbitration and competition/antitrust disputes to focus on the application of economics to international trade law and specifically WTO law. Written in an accessible language suitable for a broad readership while providing concrete insights designed for the specialist, this book will be of use to those active or interested in the related fields of trade disputes, competition law, and investor-state arbitration.

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: A Coherent Way Forward

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016

In this paper we assess the quality and coherence of the use of economics in dispute settlement i... more In this paper we assess the quality and coherence of the use of economics in dispute settlement in two fields of international economic law: international trade and international investment law. We argue that four economic concepts are frequently used and/or of critical importance for both international trade and investment law. Those concepts are the concepts of "likeness"/"like circumstances", causality, "necessity" and damage calculation. We highlight differences in the way in which economics has been applied to assess these concepts and argue that coherence in the use of economics can be increased by reassessing the way in which economics is brought into submissions by parties and the processes that are relevant for adjudicators when interpreting economic evidence. We argue that a common set of guidelines for submitting quantitative evidence in WTO or investor-state dispute settlement proceedings can contribute greatly to setting quality standards and to creating trust as to the reliability and acceptability of economic evidence submitted to adjudicators. In an appendix to this paper we make suggestions as to what such guidelines could look like.

Research paper thumbnail of Regionalism: moving from fragmentation towards coherence

The Prospects of International Trade Regulation

Research paper thumbnail of A historical perspective on regionalism

Challenges for the Global Trading System

Research paper thumbnail of A 3-BLOC Dance: East Asian Regionalism and the North Atlantic Trade Giants

The Singapore Economic Review, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of A 3-BLOC Dance: East Asian Regionalism and the North Atlantic Trade Giants

The Singapore Economic Review, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Multinationals, intra-firm trade and FDI: A simple model

This paper models trade and FDI in a world consisting of two symmetric countries. Using a monopol... more This paper models trade and FDI in a world consisting of two symmetric countries. Using a monopolistic competition model of international trade which includes positive trade costs and endogenous multinational firms, we introduce an intermediate good and allow firms to fragment production internationally. The result is that under certain conditions, identical countries engage in both intra-industry FDI and intra-industry, intra-firm trade. This result provides a theoretical explanation for a well-observed but little explained phenomenon in the overlap between the theory of international trade and the theory of multinational enterprises. Examination of welfare demonstrates that firms make location choices that happen to maximise consumer welfare.

Research paper thumbnail of Heterogeneous multinationals and comparative advantage 1

This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous and potentially mu... more This paper presents a model of international trade that features heterogeneous and potentially multinational firms, relative endowment differences across countries, and consumer taste for variety. Firms are potentially multinational in that they can choose to supply the export market by means of either conventional exports or by establishing a production base abroad. Heterogeneity of firms is introduced via the Melitz model.

Research paper thumbnail of Appendix to the Conclusion

The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in Competition Law: What Works and What Doesn't Across National Jurisdictions?

Research paper thumbnail of The Economics of Actionable Subsidy Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The Games We Play – Simulation Models in Merger Analysis and Their Potential Use in Trade Litigation

Research paper thumbnail of From the Law of Valuation to Valuation of Law? On the Interplay of International Law and Economics in Fair Market Valuation

Research paper thumbnail of On Interpretation and Economic Analysis of Law

Research paper thumbnail of Economics in Investor–State Arbitration beyond Quantum

Research paper thumbnail of What to do if Economic Insights are Disputed: On the Challenge to Deal with Competing and Evolving Theories or Empirics in International Trade Disputes

Research paper thumbnail of The TradeLab Network of Legal Clinics

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: Complex, Contentious but Oh-So-Important for the Sustainability of Trade and Investment Treaties

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion: The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: Summing Up and Looking Forward

Research paper thumbnail of The TradeLab Network of Legal Clinics: Capacity Building for a More Inclusive Globalization

International Review of Law, 2018

TradeLab is a global network of universities and training centers, founded in 2013, that conducts... more TradeLab is a global network of universities and training centers, founded in 2013, that conducts pro bono projects for developing countries and other stakeholders such as Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) (hereafter: "beneficiaries"). TradeLab's overall goal is "to empower countries and smaller stakeholders to reap the full development benefits of institutions and rules that govern our global economy". 4 TradeLab's contribution to capacity building centers on "legal clinics": small teams of students work from their respective places of study with and for specific beneficiaries on semestrial basis. Student teams are closely supervised by experienced academics and mentored by expert practitioners in the field. Using internet tools, students, experts, and beneficiaries on a given project are virtually connected across the globe, from centers of expertise in Geneva or Washington, DC, to remote places in Africa or Latin America. Research memoranda and other non-confidential output are posted on the TradeLab website for all interested parties to access. TradeLab thereby seeks to achieve three objectives: (i) help beneficiaries build capacity; (ii) train students; and (iii) inform and create awareness within the wider public. Inspired by crowdsourcing and the sharing-economy, TradeLab functions as a global innovation and learning network. No one pays (all contributions are made pro bono), but all participants gain: direct beneficiaries enjoy free help and on-the-job training; students "learn by doing" and receive university 1 This chapter was made possible thanks to the NPRP grant # [NPRP 7-1815-5-272] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes

Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investmen... more Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investment and competition. With chapters contributed by leading practitioners and academics, this volume draws upon investor-state arbitration and competition/antitrust disputes to focus on the application of economics to international trade law and specifically WTO law. Written in an accessible language suitable for a broad readership while providing concrete insights designed for the specialist, this book will be of use to those active or interested in the related fields of trade disputes, competition law, and investor-state arbitration.

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Economics in International Trade and Investment Disputes: A Coherent Way Forward

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016

In this paper we assess the quality and coherence of the use of economics in dispute settlement i... more In this paper we assess the quality and coherence of the use of economics in dispute settlement in two fields of international economic law: international trade and international investment law. We argue that four economic concepts are frequently used and/or of critical importance for both international trade and investment law. Those concepts are the concepts of "likeness"/"like circumstances", causality, "necessity" and damage calculation. We highlight differences in the way in which economics has been applied to assess these concepts and argue that coherence in the use of economics can be increased by reassessing the way in which economics is brought into submissions by parties and the processes that are relevant for adjudicators when interpreting economic evidence. We argue that a common set of guidelines for submitting quantitative evidence in WTO or investor-state dispute settlement proceedings can contribute greatly to setting quality standards and to creating trust as to the reliability and acceptability of economic evidence submitted to adjudicators. In an appendix to this paper we make suggestions as to what such guidelines could look like.

Research paper thumbnail of Regionalism: moving from fragmentation towards coherence

The Prospects of International Trade Regulation

Research paper thumbnail of A historical perspective on regionalism

Challenges for the Global Trading System

Research paper thumbnail of A 3-BLOC Dance: East Asian Regionalism and the North Atlantic Trade Giants

The Singapore Economic Review, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of A 3-BLOC Dance: East Asian Regionalism and the North Atlantic Trade Giants

The Singapore Economic Review, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Multinationals, intra-firm trade and FDI: A simple model

This paper models trade and FDI in a world consisting of two symmetric countries. Using a monopol... more This paper models trade and FDI in a world consisting of two symmetric countries. Using a monopolistic competition model of international trade which includes positive trade costs and endogenous multinational firms, we introduce an intermediate good and allow firms to fragment production internationally. The result is that under certain conditions, identical countries engage in both intra-industry FDI and intra-industry, intra-firm trade. This result provides a theoretical explanation for a well-observed but little explained phenomenon in the overlap between the theory of international trade and the theory of multinational enterprises. Examination of welfare demonstrates that firms make location choices that happen to maximise consumer welfare.