abeer toson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by abeer toson

Research paper thumbnail of فاعلية برنامج لتحسين مستوي جودة الحياة  وعلاقته بتحسين مفهوم الذات لدي التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم

جامعة عين شمس, 2019

Children are the nation's pulsating energy. The burden of shaping the children's personality fall... more Children are the nation's pulsating energy. The burden of shaping the children's personality falls on the family, school, educational, educational and health organizations and organizations, and in light of the concerted efforts of all, healthy socialization, a calm family environment and targeted educational and health programs are provided. To shape the character in a balanced and effective. And that the achievement of self-esteem for the human being and the quality of his life is a necessity for everyone, to live a life in which emotional balance is achieved, psychological and mental health, and students with learning disabilities suffer from a lack of self-esteem due to their low academic achievement. This negative feeling is reflected in one way or another on many And may be the cause of some mental disorders in adulthood, the study sought to measure the extent of the effectiveness of the program to achieve quality of life and raise the level of self-concept of students with learning disabilities and results resulted in the effectiveness of the program guidance in Raising the level of self-concept, and the quality of life I have students in a function

Research paper thumbnail of Applying Educational Accommodation for ADHD Pupils: Teachers and Parents Perspectives

www.ijses.net

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the disorders that threaten the learnin... more Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the disorders that threaten the learning quality of the students. Al-Karout (2014) stated that ADHD is a disorder that affect academic achievement and environmental adjustment among students at school. The author indicated various academic difficulties students with ADHD may face such as reading difficulties, reading comprehension, difficulties related to motor coordination and cognitive difficulties. Angelo and Giuliani (2012) mention that the school is the place where students with ADHD face difficulties the most. Therefore, the authors emphasized that it is critical for schools to plan educational programs including adjustment and services in order to support the learning journey for these students. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been keen to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities, and to provide all methods of health, educational and professional care; To help them integrate socially, professionally, and academically to the fullest extent of their abilities. In)2021) the decision of the Saudi Council of Ministers on the national project to deal with children with ADHD in primary schools was approved. This is a first step towards enhancing the learning process of students with ADHD at all educational levels.

Research paper thumbnail of The relationship between the big five personality traits and job satisfaction with virtual teaching among teachers of students with learning difficulties

www.jehp.net, 2022

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction has been described to be an important for individuals as well as for... more BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction has been described to be an important for individuals as well as for the society in general. However, several factors were introduced to be crucial for job satisfaction; one of the more influenced factors in satisfaction experiences is individual personality. The present study aim is to identify the relationship between the five major traits of personality and job satisfaction with virtual education among teachers of students with learning difficulties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research is a descriptive quantitative design. The research population consists of 94 male and female teachers who are involved in primary and intermediate public schools in Saudi Arabia. Data were then exposed to the analysis, namely, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and Mann-Whitney U test to obtain the answers to the research questions at the level of <0.05. RESULTS: Based on the results, the most common personality trait among the study sample is conscientiousness, while neuroticism was the least common among the five traits. It was also found that there are differences between males and females in all dimensions of job satisfaction with virtual education (satisfaction with the nature of work-the relationship with colleagues and bosses-the relationship with parents) and the overall score in favor of females, except for the dimension of the relationship with colleagues and superiors, where males and females are equal. CONCLUSION: The average score of the personality types and job satisfaction is moderate. Job satisfaction has a significant relationship with personality types. In addition, partial significant differences were found among the study variables. Given the importance of identifying teachers' personality in the workplace, reducing psychological and work factors effects in the educational environment among teachers can be helpful to enhance their job satisfaction. The study therefor, enumerated implications and recommendations based on the findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Universal design for learning principles and students with learning disabilities: an application with general education teachers in Saudi Arabia

Journal for Multicultural Education, 2022

Purpose-This study aims to identify the degree to which general education teachers use the princi... more Purpose-This study aims to identify the degree to which general education teachers use the principles of universal design for learning (UDL) in teaching and evaluating students with learning disabilities, moderated by gender, experience and qualification. Ethical approvals were requested and reported from teachers prior to their participation. Design/methodology/approach-This study collected questionnaire data from male and female teachers from the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between 2019 and 2021. Findings-General education teachers were devoted to using UDL principles for teaching and assessing students with learning disabilities. The one used most often was "Providing multiple tools for presenting information by the teacher." Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between participants whose experiences were 5-10 and < 5 years toward the third principle (providing learning opportunities that suit individual differences among students). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences possibly ascribed to qualification. However, there were statistically significant differences between those who held postgraduates and diploma holders, also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at <0.05 that could be ascribed to qualification variable. Originality/value-Teachers use UDL principles specifically. The current research is distinguished from previous studies as it targets teachers of general classes and measures how much they use UDL in teaching and evaluating students with learning disabilities. To the knowledge of the researcher, no Arab studies have examined this subject.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Study on the University Life Adjustment: The Case of Students with Disabilities

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 2021

The study aimed at identifying the university adjustment among students with disabilities accordi... more The study aimed at identifying the university adjustment among students with disabilities according to their different characteristics. Descriptive design was implemented using stratified randomization method to collect data from the study sample which comprised of (254) male and female students studying in Saudi universities. The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of adjustment based on gender, type of disability. On the other hand, significant differences were found in the level of adjustment to university based on academic year and university types. Based on the results, the study recommended expanding the development several academic and social among students with disabilities that helps them to achieve their goals at the university.

Research paper thumbnail of A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis on the Relationship between Cognitive Flexibility and Academic Achievement

The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achie... more The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achievement of female students in Saudi Arabia. A total of 200 female students from one university in eastern region of Saudi Arabia were included. The study applied a measure of cognitive flexibility and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the scores of students with attention deficit and hyperactivity on the cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, which necessitates the need to design empirical research to reduce the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among undergraduate students because it will have a positive impact on their academic achievement.

Research paper thumbnail of A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis on the Relationship between Cognitive Flexibility and Academic Achievement

Advances in Mechanics, 2021

The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achie... more The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achievement of female students in Saudi Arabia. A total of 200 female students from one university in eastern region of Saudi Arabia were included. The study applied a measure of cognitive flexibility and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the scores of students with attention deficit and hyperactivity on the cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, which necessitates the need to design empirical research to reduce the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among undergraduate students because it will have a positive impact on their academic achievement.

Research paper thumbnail of CHAPTER 11: PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF TEACHERS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES ABOUT VIRTUAL CLASS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SAUDI ARABIA

istes, 2021

The current study aimed to measure the professional satisfaction of teachers of students with lea... more The current study aimed to measure the professional satisfaction of teachers of students with learning difficulties about the distance education programs provided during the Corona pandemic The study group consisted of 50 teachers for students with learning difficulties in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The level of professional satisfaction of teachers with learning difficulties about the distance education programs offered during the Corona pandemic is not satisfactory, so the general trend of all the questionnaire axes was lack of approval. The absence of statistically significant differences on the dimensions of the questionnaire and the overall degree of the level of professional satisfaction of teachers with learning difficulties attributable to the educational qualification variable. The absence of statistically significant differences between the responses of teachers of learning difficulties on the dimensions of the questionnaire and its total degree due to the variable of the number of years of experience. The absence of statistically significant differences on the dimensions of the questionnaire and its overall degree to the responses of teachers of learning difficulties to measure their level of professional satisfaction with the distance education system due to the age group variable.

Research paper thumbnail of Attitudes of Learning Disabilities Teachers towards Use of Augmented Reality Technology

www.ijses.net, 2021

The study aimed to identify: the attitudes of learning disabilities teacher's towards using augme... more The study aimed to identify: the attitudes of learning disabilities teacher's towards using augmented reality technology as a means to facilitate learning process for students with learning disabilities in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and the extent effect of variables (i.e. gender, qualification, experience) on the attitudes of learning disabilities teachers towards using augmented reality technology. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive approach by the researcher through using a questionnaire as a research tool to measure the teachers' attitudes towards the use of augmented reality technology. A sample was 148 learning disabilities teachers, males and females, was selected randomly from the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Concerning statistical techniques used, the research tool was standardized using Cronbach Alpha and Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and other techniques such as Frequencies (F), Percentages (P), Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) were then calculated. Based on data analysis, the study revealed a number of findings, most notably: The attitudes of using augmented reality technology by the resource room teacher were positive from the sample's point of view positing ,there were no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards the use of augmented attributed to the variable of gender; there were no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards the use of augmented reality attributed to the variable of qualification; and there were statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards attributed to the variable of experience in favor of 1-5 years.

Research paper thumbnail of واقع ممارسة المعلمين للأنشطة اللامنهجية للحد من التنمر على التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم

مجلة التربية الخاصة والتأهيل , 2021

The current research aimed to identify the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activiti... more The current research aimed to identify the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying of students with learning disabilities, to know the extent of the influence of variables (gender-qualification-experience) on teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying for pupils with learning disabilities. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher used the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of 152 male and female teachers in general education and learning difficulties female teachers, who were selected by the simple random method. To achieve the objective of the research, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used, as the results of the current research resulted in most of the sample agreeing to use extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying people with learning disabilities, where the results showed statistically significant differences in the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying for those with learning difficulties attributable to the gender variable in favor of females, more experienced teachers, presence of statistically significant differences in the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying people with learning

Research paper thumbnail of واقع تطبيق معايير الجودة العالمية في الخدمات المقدمة للتلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم من وجهة نظر معلميهم

دراسات عربية في التربية وعلم النفس , 2021

Research paper thumbnail of CÓMO DETECTAR SARS-CoV-2 EMPLEANDO PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO

RA RIÓ GUENDARUYUBI, 2020

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an emerging coronavirus identified in 2019 and is responsible for the dis... more The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an emerging coronavirus identified in 2019 and is responsible for the disease called COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic, in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). At the beginning of May 2020, more than 4 million infected people have been confirmed in the world and more than 278 thousand deaths, estimating an economic impact of more than 3 billion dollars. In Mexico, a total of 36,327 positive cases have been confirmed. The impact of this disease is mainly associated with the rapid spread among the human population and the severity of the clinical signs, which, if not treated, can lead to death. Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent the disease and its control is based on the clinical diagnosis, which must be carried out by a specialist. This diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory tests, which are of two types, mainly: for the detection of the etiological agent (virological and molecular) and serological (detection of antibo...

Research paper thumbnail of فاعلية برنامج لتحسين مستوي جودة الحياة  وعلاقته بتحسين مفهوم الذات لدي التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم

جامعة عين شمس, 2019

Children are the nation's pulsating energy. The burden of shaping the children's personality fall... more Children are the nation's pulsating energy. The burden of shaping the children's personality falls on the family, school, educational, educational and health organizations and organizations, and in light of the concerted efforts of all, healthy socialization, a calm family environment and targeted educational and health programs are provided. To shape the character in a balanced and effective. And that the achievement of self-esteem for the human being and the quality of his life is a necessity for everyone, to live a life in which emotional balance is achieved, psychological and mental health, and students with learning disabilities suffer from a lack of self-esteem due to their low academic achievement. This negative feeling is reflected in one way or another on many And may be the cause of some mental disorders in adulthood, the study sought to measure the extent of the effectiveness of the program to achieve quality of life and raise the level of self-concept of students with learning disabilities and results resulted in the effectiveness of the program guidance in Raising the level of self-concept, and the quality of life I have students in a function

Research paper thumbnail of Applying Educational Accommodation for ADHD Pupils: Teachers and Parents Perspectives

www.ijses.net

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the disorders that threaten the learnin... more Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the disorders that threaten the learning quality of the students. Al-Karout (2014) stated that ADHD is a disorder that affect academic achievement and environmental adjustment among students at school. The author indicated various academic difficulties students with ADHD may face such as reading difficulties, reading comprehension, difficulties related to motor coordination and cognitive difficulties. Angelo and Giuliani (2012) mention that the school is the place where students with ADHD face difficulties the most. Therefore, the authors emphasized that it is critical for schools to plan educational programs including adjustment and services in order to support the learning journey for these students. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been keen to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities, and to provide all methods of health, educational and professional care; To help them integrate socially, professionally, and academically to the fullest extent of their abilities. In)2021) the decision of the Saudi Council of Ministers on the national project to deal with children with ADHD in primary schools was approved. This is a first step towards enhancing the learning process of students with ADHD at all educational levels.

Research paper thumbnail of The relationship between the big five personality traits and job satisfaction with virtual teaching among teachers of students with learning difficulties

www.jehp.net, 2022

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction has been described to be an important for individuals as well as for... more BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction has been described to be an important for individuals as well as for the society in general. However, several factors were introduced to be crucial for job satisfaction; one of the more influenced factors in satisfaction experiences is individual personality. The present study aim is to identify the relationship between the five major traits of personality and job satisfaction with virtual education among teachers of students with learning difficulties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research is a descriptive quantitative design. The research population consists of 94 male and female teachers who are involved in primary and intermediate public schools in Saudi Arabia. Data were then exposed to the analysis, namely, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and Mann-Whitney U test to obtain the answers to the research questions at the level of <0.05. RESULTS: Based on the results, the most common personality trait among the study sample is conscientiousness, while neuroticism was the least common among the five traits. It was also found that there are differences between males and females in all dimensions of job satisfaction with virtual education (satisfaction with the nature of work-the relationship with colleagues and bosses-the relationship with parents) and the overall score in favor of females, except for the dimension of the relationship with colleagues and superiors, where males and females are equal. CONCLUSION: The average score of the personality types and job satisfaction is moderate. Job satisfaction has a significant relationship with personality types. In addition, partial significant differences were found among the study variables. Given the importance of identifying teachers' personality in the workplace, reducing psychological and work factors effects in the educational environment among teachers can be helpful to enhance their job satisfaction. The study therefor, enumerated implications and recommendations based on the findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Universal design for learning principles and students with learning disabilities: an application with general education teachers in Saudi Arabia

Journal for Multicultural Education, 2022

Purpose-This study aims to identify the degree to which general education teachers use the princi... more Purpose-This study aims to identify the degree to which general education teachers use the principles of universal design for learning (UDL) in teaching and evaluating students with learning disabilities, moderated by gender, experience and qualification. Ethical approvals were requested and reported from teachers prior to their participation. Design/methodology/approach-This study collected questionnaire data from male and female teachers from the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between 2019 and 2021. Findings-General education teachers were devoted to using UDL principles for teaching and assessing students with learning disabilities. The one used most often was "Providing multiple tools for presenting information by the teacher." Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between participants whose experiences were 5-10 and < 5 years toward the third principle (providing learning opportunities that suit individual differences among students). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences possibly ascribed to qualification. However, there were statistically significant differences between those who held postgraduates and diploma holders, also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at <0.05 that could be ascribed to qualification variable. Originality/value-Teachers use UDL principles specifically. The current research is distinguished from previous studies as it targets teachers of general classes and measures how much they use UDL in teaching and evaluating students with learning disabilities. To the knowledge of the researcher, no Arab studies have examined this subject.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Study on the University Life Adjustment: The Case of Students with Disabilities

Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 2021

The study aimed at identifying the university adjustment among students with disabilities accordi... more The study aimed at identifying the university adjustment among students with disabilities according to their different characteristics. Descriptive design was implemented using stratified randomization method to collect data from the study sample which comprised of (254) male and female students studying in Saudi universities. The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of adjustment based on gender, type of disability. On the other hand, significant differences were found in the level of adjustment to university based on academic year and university types. Based on the results, the study recommended expanding the development several academic and social among students with disabilities that helps them to achieve their goals at the university.

Research paper thumbnail of A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis on the Relationship between Cognitive Flexibility and Academic Achievement

The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achie... more The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achievement of female students in Saudi Arabia. A total of 200 female students from one university in eastern region of Saudi Arabia were included. The study applied a measure of cognitive flexibility and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the scores of students with attention deficit and hyperactivity on the cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, which necessitates the need to design empirical research to reduce the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among undergraduate students because it will have a positive impact on their academic achievement.

Research paper thumbnail of A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis on the Relationship between Cognitive Flexibility and Academic Achievement

Advances in Mechanics, 2021

The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achie... more The current study measured the cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achievement of female students in Saudi Arabia. A total of 200 female students from one university in eastern region of Saudi Arabia were included. The study applied a measure of cognitive flexibility and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the scores of students with attention deficit and hyperactivity on the cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, which necessitates the need to design empirical research to reduce the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among undergraduate students because it will have a positive impact on their academic achievement.

Research paper thumbnail of CHAPTER 11: PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF TEACHERS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES ABOUT VIRTUAL CLASS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SAUDI ARABIA

istes, 2021

The current study aimed to measure the professional satisfaction of teachers of students with lea... more The current study aimed to measure the professional satisfaction of teachers of students with learning difficulties about the distance education programs provided during the Corona pandemic The study group consisted of 50 teachers for students with learning difficulties in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The level of professional satisfaction of teachers with learning difficulties about the distance education programs offered during the Corona pandemic is not satisfactory, so the general trend of all the questionnaire axes was lack of approval. The absence of statistically significant differences on the dimensions of the questionnaire and the overall degree of the level of professional satisfaction of teachers with learning difficulties attributable to the educational qualification variable. The absence of statistically significant differences between the responses of teachers of learning difficulties on the dimensions of the questionnaire and its total degree due to the variable of the number of years of experience. The absence of statistically significant differences on the dimensions of the questionnaire and its overall degree to the responses of teachers of learning difficulties to measure their level of professional satisfaction with the distance education system due to the age group variable.

Research paper thumbnail of Attitudes of Learning Disabilities Teachers towards Use of Augmented Reality Technology

www.ijses.net, 2021

The study aimed to identify: the attitudes of learning disabilities teacher's towards using augme... more The study aimed to identify: the attitudes of learning disabilities teacher's towards using augmented reality technology as a means to facilitate learning process for students with learning disabilities in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and the extent effect of variables (i.e. gender, qualification, experience) on the attitudes of learning disabilities teachers towards using augmented reality technology. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive approach by the researcher through using a questionnaire as a research tool to measure the teachers' attitudes towards the use of augmented reality technology. A sample was 148 learning disabilities teachers, males and females, was selected randomly from the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Concerning statistical techniques used, the research tool was standardized using Cronbach Alpha and Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and other techniques such as Frequencies (F), Percentages (P), Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) were then calculated. Based on data analysis, the study revealed a number of findings, most notably: The attitudes of using augmented reality technology by the resource room teacher were positive from the sample's point of view positing ,there were no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards the use of augmented attributed to the variable of gender; there were no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards the use of augmented reality attributed to the variable of qualification; and there were statistically significant differences between the attitudes of resource rooms teachers towards attributed to the variable of experience in favor of 1-5 years.

Research paper thumbnail of واقع ممارسة المعلمين للأنشطة اللامنهجية للحد من التنمر على التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم

مجلة التربية الخاصة والتأهيل , 2021

The current research aimed to identify the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activiti... more The current research aimed to identify the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying of students with learning disabilities, to know the extent of the influence of variables (gender-qualification-experience) on teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying for pupils with learning disabilities. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher used the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of 152 male and female teachers in general education and learning difficulties female teachers, who were selected by the simple random method. To achieve the objective of the research, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used, as the results of the current research resulted in most of the sample agreeing to use extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying people with learning disabilities, where the results showed statistically significant differences in the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying for those with learning difficulties attributable to the gender variable in favor of females, more experienced teachers, presence of statistically significant differences in the reality of teachers' practice extracurricular activities as a means to reduce bullying people with learning

Research paper thumbnail of واقع تطبيق معايير الجودة العالمية في الخدمات المقدمة للتلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم من وجهة نظر معلميهم

دراسات عربية في التربية وعلم النفس , 2021

Research paper thumbnail of CÓMO DETECTAR SARS-CoV-2 EMPLEANDO PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO

RA RIÓ GUENDARUYUBI, 2020

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an emerging coronavirus identified in 2019 and is responsible for the dis... more The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an emerging coronavirus identified in 2019 and is responsible for the disease called COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic, in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). At the beginning of May 2020, more than 4 million infected people have been confirmed in the world and more than 278 thousand deaths, estimating an economic impact of more than 3 billion dollars. In Mexico, a total of 36,327 positive cases have been confirmed. The impact of this disease is mainly associated with the rapid spread among the human population and the severity of the clinical signs, which, if not treated, can lead to death. Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent the disease and its control is based on the clinical diagnosis, which must be carried out by a specialist. This diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory tests, which are of two types, mainly: for the detection of the etiological agent (virological and molecular) and serological (detection of antibo...